Risk factors and risk-based protective factors for violent offending : A study of young Victorians

Journal article

Hemphill, Sheryl A., Heerde, Jessica A. and Scholes-Balog, Kirsty E.. (2016). Risk factors and risk-based protective factors for violent offending : A study of young Victorians. Journal of Criminal Justice. 45, pp. 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.012
AuthorsHemphill, Sheryl A., Heerde, Jessica A. and Scholes-Balog, Kirsty E.
Abstract

Purpose
The present study aims to examine risk factors and risk-based and interactive protective factors for violent offending in a group of 437 young Australians.

Methods
Participants were recruited into the study when they were in Grade 5 (age 10–11 years) and followed up almost annually until young adulthood (age 18–19 years). Measures of violent offending, risk and protective factors, and demographics were obtained through a modification of the Communities That Care youth survey. The data collected enabled identification of groups of students at-risk of violent offending according to drug use, low family socioeconomic status, and antisocial behavior.

Results
Very few associations were found between the risk factors and risk-based protective factors measured in this study (e.g., belief in the moral order, religiosity, peer recognition for prosocial involvement, attachment to parents, low commitment to school, and poor academic performance) and later self-reported violent offending. There were no statistically significant interactive protective factors.

Conclusions
Further longitudinal analyses with large sample sizes are needed to examine risk factors and risk-based protective factors and interactive protective factors in at-risk groups. The findings support the need for multi-faceted prevention and early intervention approaches that target multiple aspects of youth's lives.

Keywordsviolent offending; risk factors; risk-based protective factors; longitudinal study; cumulative risk index; cumulative protective index
Year2016
JournalJournal of Criminal Justice
Journal citation45, pp. 94-100
PublisherElsevier Ltd
ISSN0047-2352
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.012
PubMed ID27325904
Scopus EID2-s2.0-84958206029
PubMed Central IDPMC4912019
Open accessPublished as green open access
Page range94-100
FunderNational Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health
Australian Research Council (ARC)
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
Australian Catholic University (ACU)
Research GroupInstitute for Learning Sciences and Teacher Education (ILSTE)
Author's accepted manuscript
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Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online15 Feb 2016
Publication process dates
Accepted05 Feb 2016
ARC Funded ResearchThis output has been funded, wholly or partially, under the Australian Research Council Act 2001
Grant IDR01-DA012140
DPO663371
DPO877359
DP1095744
594793
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Hemphill, Sheryl A., Kotevski, Aneta, Tollit, Michelle, Smith, Rachel, Herrenkohl, Todd I., Toumbourou, John W. and Catalano, Richard F.. (2012). Longitudinal predictors of cyber and traditional bullying perpetration in Australian secondary school students. Journal of Adolescent Health. 51(1), pp. 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.019
Alcohol warning labels: unlikely to effect alcohol-related beliefs and behaviours in adolescents
Scholes-Balog, Kirsty, Heerde, Jessica, Hemphill and Prof., Sheryl A. Hemphill. (2012). Alcohol warning labels: unlikely to effect alcohol-related beliefs and behaviours in adolescents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 36(5), pp. 524 - 529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00934.x
Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use in Washington State, the United States and Victoria, Australia :A longitudinal study
Hemphill, Sheryl Ann, Heerde, Jessica Anne, Herrenkohl, Todd, Patton, George, Toumbourou, John and Catalano, Richard. (2011). Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use in Washington State, the United States and Victoria, Australia :A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health. 49(3), pp. 312 - 320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.12.017
Longitudinal consequences of adolescent bullying perpetration and victimisation : A study of students in Victoria, Australia
Hemphill, Sheryl A., Kotevski, Aneta, Herrenkohl, Todd I., Bond, Lyndal, Kim, Min Jung, Toumbourou, John W. and Catalano, Richard F.. (2011). Longitudinal consequences of adolescent bullying perpetration and victimisation : A study of students in Victoria, Australia. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health. 21(2), pp. 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.802
Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy and the First Year Postpartum in an Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study
Gartland, D, Hemphill, Sheryl Ann, Hegarty, Kathryn and Brown, S. (2011). Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy and the First Year Postpartum in an Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 15(5), pp. 570 - 578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-010-0638-z
Early Age Alcohol Use and Later Alcohol Problems in Adolescents :individual and Peer Mediators in a Bi-National Study
Mason, Walter, Toumbourou, John, Herrenkohl, Todd, Hemphill, Sheryl, Catalano, Richard and Patton, George. (2011). Early Age Alcohol Use and Later Alcohol Problems in Adolescents :individual and Peer Mediators in a Bi-National Study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 25(4), pp. 625 - 633. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023320
Rural Adolescent Alcohol, Tobacco, and illicit Drug Use :A Comparison of Students in Victoria, Australia, and Washington State, United States
Coomber, Kerri, Toumbourou, John, Miller, Peter, Staiger, Petra, Hemphill, Sheryl and Catalano, Richard. (2011). Rural Adolescent Alcohol, Tobacco, and illicit Drug Use :A Comparison of Students in Victoria, Australia, and Washington State, United States. The Journal of Rural Health. 27(4), pp. 409 - 415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2010.00360.x
Content analysis of school anti-bullying policies :A comparison between New Zealand and Victoria, Australia
Marsh, Louise, McGee, Rob, Hemphill, Sheryl A. and Williams, Sheila. (2011). Content analysis of school anti-bullying policies :A comparison between New Zealand and Victoria, Australia. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 22, pp. 172 - 177.
Gender differences in the impact of families on alcohol use :a lagged longitudinal study of early adolescents
Kelly, Adrian, O'Flaherty, Martin, Toumbourou, John, Connor, Jason, Hemphill, Sheryl and Catalano, Richard. (2011). Gender differences in the impact of families on alcohol use :a lagged longitudinal study of early adolescents. Addiction. 106(8), pp. 1427 - 1436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03435.x
Influence of family factors and supervised alcohol use on adolescent alcohol use and harms: Similarities between youth in different alcohol policy contexts
McMorris, Barbara J., Catalano, Richard F., Kim, Min Jung, Toumbourou, John W. and Hemphill, Sheryl A.. (2011). Influence of family factors and supervised alcohol use on adolescent alcohol use and harms: Similarities between youth in different alcohol policy contexts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 72(3), pp. 418 - 428. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2011.72.418
Pubertal stage and the prevalence of violence and social/relational aggression
Hemphill, Sheryl Ann, Kotevski, Aneta, Herrenkohl, Todd, Toumbourou, John, Carlin, John, Catalano, Richard and Patton, George. (2010). Pubertal stage and the prevalence of violence and social/relational aggression. Pediatrics. 126(2), pp. 298 - 305. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0574
Are rates of school suspension higher in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods? : An Australian study
Hemphill, Sheryl Ann, Toumbourou, John, Smith, Rachel, Kendall, Garth, Rowland, Bosco, Freiberg, Kate and Williams, Joanne. (2010). Are rates of school suspension higher in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods? : An Australian study. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 21(1), pp. 12 - 18.
Early childhood aetiology of internalising difficulties: A longitudinal community study
Bayer, J., Sanson, Ann and Hemphill, Sheryl. (2009). Early childhood aetiology of internalising difficulties: A longitudinal community study. Journal of Public Mental Health: the art, science and politics of creating a mentally healthy society. 11(1), pp. 4 - 14.
Alcohol use and related harms in school students in the USA and Australia
Toumbourou, John W., Hemphill, Sheryl Ann, McMorris, Barbara J., Catalano, Richard F. and Patton, George C.. (2009). Alcohol use and related harms in school students in the USA and Australia. Health Promotion International. 24(4), pp. 373 - 382. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dap037
Modifiable determinants of youth violence in Australia and the United States: A longitudinal study
Hemphill, Sheryl Ann, Smith, Rachel, Toumbourou, John W., Herrenkohl, Todd I., Catalano, Richard F., McMorris, Barbara J. and Romaniuk, Helena. (2009). Modifiable determinants of youth violence in Australia and the United States: A longitudinal study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 42(3), pp. 289 - 309. https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.42.3.289
Longitudinal examination of physical and relational aggression as precursors to later problem behaviors in adolescents
Herrenkohl, Todd I., Catalano, Richard F., Hemphill, Sheryl Ann and Toumbourou, John W.. (2009). Longitudinal examination of physical and relational aggression as precursors to later problem behaviors in adolescents. Violence and Victims. 24(1), pp. 3 - 19. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.1.3
The impact of school suspensions: A student wellbeing issue
Hemphill, Sheryl Ann and Hargreaves, John. (2009). The impact of school suspensions: A student wellbeing issue. ACHPER Healthy Lifestyles Journal. 56(3-4), pp. 5 - 11.
Predicting female depression across puberty: A two-nation longitudinal study
Patton, George C., Olsson, Craig, Bond, Lyndal, Toumbourou, John W., Carlin, John B., Hemphill, Sheryl Ann and Catalano, Richard F.. (2008). Predicting female depression across puberty: A two-nation longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 47(12), pp. 1424 - 1432. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181886ebe
Aggression after paediatric traumatic brain injury: A theoretical approach
Dooley, Julian J., Anderson, Vicki, Hemphill, Sheryl Ann and Ohan, Jeneva. (2008). Aggression after paediatric traumatic brain injury: A theoretical approach. Brain Injury. 22(11), pp. 836 - 846. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050802425444
Adolescents' Expenditure On Alcohol: A Pilot Study
Hemphill, Sheryl and Munro, Geoffrey. (2007). Adolescents' Expenditure On Alcohol: A Pilot Study. Australian Journal of Social Issues. 42(4), pp. 623 - 636. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2007.tb00081.x
Mental health promotion and socio-economic disadvantage: lessons from substance abuse, violence and crime prevention and child health
Toumbourou, John, Hemphill, Sheryl, Tresidder, J., Humphreys, Cathy, Edwards, J and Murray, D. (2007). Mental health promotion and socio-economic disadvantage: lessons from substance abuse, violence and crime prevention and child health. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 18(3), pp. 184 - 190.
Risk Factors for Violence and Relational Aggression in Adolescence
Herrenkohl, Todd, McMorris, Barbara, Catalano, Richard, Abbott, Robert, Hemphill, Sheryl and Toumbourou, John. (2007). Risk Factors for Violence and Relational Aggression in Adolescence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence: concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence. 22(4), pp. 386 - 405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506296986
COMT Val158Met and 5HTTLPR functional loci interact to predict anxiety across adolescence: Results from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study (1992-2006)
Olsson, Craig, Byrnes, G., Anney, Richard, Collins, V, Hemphill, Sheryl, Williamson, R and Patton, George. (2007). COMT Val158Met and 5HTTLPR functional loci interact to predict anxiety across adolescence: Results from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study (1992-2006). Genes, Brain and Behavior. 6(7), pp. 647 - 652. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2007.00313.x
Comparison of the structure of adolescent problem behaviour in the United States and Australia
Hemphill, Sheryl, Herrenkohl, Todd, LaFazia, Andrea, McMorris, Barbara, Toumbourou, John, Arthur, Michael, Catalano, Richard, Hawkins, J. David and Bond, Lyndal. (2007). Comparison of the structure of adolescent problem behaviour in the United States and Australia. Crime and Delinquency. 53(2), pp. 303 - 321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705284682
Pubertal stage and deliberate self-harm in adolescents
Patton, George, Hemphill, Sheryl, Beyers, Jennifer, Catalano, Richard, Bond, Lyndal, Toumbourou, John and McMorris, Barbara. (2007). Pubertal stage and deliberate self-harm in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 46(4), pp. 508 - 514. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31803065c7
Variation in the gene coding for the M5 Muscarinic receptor (CHRM5) influences cigarette dose but is not associated with dependence to drugs of addiction: evidence from a prospective population based cohort study of young adults
Anney, Richard, Lotfi-Miri, Mehrnoush, Olsson, Craig, Reid, Sofie, Hemphill, Sheryl and Patton, George. (2007). Variation in the gene coding for the M5 Muscarinic receptor (CHRM5) influences cigarette dose but is not associated with dependence to drugs of addiction: evidence from a prospective population based cohort study of young adults. BMC Genetics. 8(46), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-8-46
Rates of Student-Reported Antisocial Behaviour, School Suspensions, and Arrests in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States
Hemphill, Sheryl, McMorris, Barbara, Toumbourou, John, Herrenkohl, Todd, Catalano, Richard and Matghers, Megan. (2007). Rates of Student-Reported Antisocial Behaviour, School Suspensions, and Arrests in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States. Journal of School Health. 77(6), pp. 303 - 311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00211.x
Prevalence of Substance Use and Delinquent Behaviour in Adolescents From Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States
McMorris, Barbara, Hemphill, Sheryl, Toumbourou, John, Catalano, Richard and Patton, George. (2007). Prevalence of Substance Use and Delinquent Behaviour in Adolescents From Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States. Health Education & Behavior. 34(4), pp. 634 - 650. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198106286272
Trajectories of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use into young adulthood
Patton, George, Coffey, Carolyn, Lynskey, Michael, Reid, Sofie, Hemphill, Sheryl, Carlin, John and Hall, Wayne. (2007). Trajectories of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use into young adulthood. Addiction. 102(4), pp. 607 - 615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01728.x
The Effect of School Suspensions and Arrests on Subsequent Adolescent Antisocial Behavior in Australia and the United States
Hemphill, Sheryl, Toumbourou, John, Herrenkohl, Todd, McMorris, Barbara and Catalano, Richard. (2006). The Effect of School Suspensions and Arrests on Subsequent Adolescent Antisocial Behavior in Australia and the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health. 39(5), pp. 736 - 744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.05.010
Parent influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties
Bayer, J., Sanson, Ann and Hemphill, Sheryl. (2006). Parent influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 27(6), pp. 542 - 559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2006.08.002
A cross-cultural study of behavioral inhibition in toddlers: East-West-North-South
Rubin, Kenneth H., Hemphill, Sheryl Ann, Chen, Xinyin, Hastings, Paul, Sanson, Ann V., Coco, Alida Lo, Zappulla, Carla, Chung, Ock-Boon, Park, Sung-Yun, Doh, Hyun Sim, Chen, Huichang and Sun, Ling. (2006). A cross-cultural study of behavioral inhibition in toddlers: East-West-North-South. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 30(3), pp. 219 - 226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406066723
Children's Moods, Fears, and Worries: Development of an Early Childhood Parent Questionnaire
Bayer, J., Sanson, Ann and Hemphill, Sheryl. (2006). Children's Moods, Fears, and Worries: Development of an Early Childhood Parent Questionnaire. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 14(1), pp. 41 - 49. https://doi.org/10.1177/10634266060140010401
Child and family predictors of therapy outcome for children with behavioral and emotional problems
Hemphill, Sheryl and Littlefield, Lyn. (2006). Child and family predictors of therapy outcome for children with behavioral and emotional problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 36(3), pp. 329 - 349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-005-0006-1