The development and validation of the pictorial motivation scale in physical activity

Journal article

Reid, Greg, Vallerand, Robert J., Poulin, Carole and Crocker, Peter. (2009). The development and validation of the pictorial motivation scale in physical activity. Motivation and Emotion. 33(2), pp. 161 - 172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9117-x
AuthorsReid, Greg, Vallerand, Robert J., Poulin, Carole and Crocker, Peter
Abstract

The purpose of the present research was to report the validation of the pictorial motivation scale in English. This scale is designed for adolescents and adults with an intellectual disability who are unable to independently read a questionnaire. The scale has a picture and phrase depicting 16 items related to participation in sport and physical activity; four for each of the following subscales, intrinsic motivation, self-determined extrinsic motivation, non self-determined extrinsic motivation, and amotivation. Phase 1 of the research describes the formal translation of the scale from French to English. Results from three studies conducted with Special Olympians (Phase 2) and adolescents in a special school (Phases 3 and 4) provided support for the internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and factorial and construct validity of the scale. Overall, the scale would appear to be sufficiently reliable and valid to warrant its continued use and further development.

Keywordsmotivation; validation; intellectual disability; self-determination
Year2009
JournalMotivation and Emotion
Journal citation33 (2), pp. 161 - 172
PublisherSpringer
ISSN0146-7239
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9117-x
Page range161 - 172
Research GroupInstitute for Positive Psychology and Education
Place of publicationUnited States of America
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Vallerand, Robert, Paquet, Y, Philippe, Frederick and Charest, Julie. (2010). On the Role of Passion for Work in Burnout : A Process Model. Journal of Personality. 78(1), pp. 289 - 312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00616.x
Motivational clusters and performance in a real-life setting
Gillet, Nicolas, Vallerand, Robert J. and Rosnet, Elisabeth. (2009). Motivational clusters and performance in a real-life setting. Motivation and Emotion. 33(1), pp. 49 - 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9115-z
Passion in referees: Examining their affective and cognitive experiences in sport situations
Philippe, Frederick L., Vallerand, Robert J., Andrianarisoa, Joeline and Brunel, Philippe. (2009). Passion in referees: Examining their affective and cognitive experiences in sport situations. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 31(1), pp. 77 - 96. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.1.77
Passion for driving and aggressive driving behavior: A look at their relationship
Philippe, Frederick L., Vallerand, Robert J., Richer, Isabelle, Vallieres, Evelyne and Bergeron, Jacques. (2009). Passion for driving and aggressive driving behavior: A look at their relationship. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 39(12), pp. 3020 - 3043. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00559.x
On the development of harmonious and obsessive passion: The role of autonomy support, activity specialization, and identification with the activity
Mageau, Genevieve A., Vallerand, Robert J., Charest, Julie, Salvy, Sarah-Jeanne, Lacaille, Nathalie, Bouffard, Therese and Koestner, Richard. (2009). On the development of harmonious and obsessive passion: The role of autonomy support, activity specialization, and identification with the activity. Journal of Personality. 77(3), pp. 601 - 646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00559.x
Self-determined motivation in sport and exercise groups
Vallerand, Robert J. and Standage, Martyn. (2009). Self-determined motivation in sport and exercise groups. In In M. Beauchamp and M. Eys (Ed.). Group dynamics in exercise and sport psychology - Contemporary themes pp. 179 - 199 Routledge.
When winning is everything: On passion, identity, and aggression in sport
Donahue, Eric G., Rip, Blanka and Vallerand, Robert J.. (2009). When winning is everything: On passion, identity, and aggression in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 10(5), pp. 526 - 534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.002
Passion does make a difference in people's lives: A look at well-being in passionate and non-passionate individuals
Philippe, Frederick L., Vallerand, Robert J. and Lavigne, Genevieve L.. (2009). Passion does make a difference in people's lives: A look at well-being in passionate and non-passionate individuals. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. 1(1), pp. 3 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2008.01003.x
Trajectories of affective states in adolescent hockey players: Turning point and motivational antecedents
Gaudreau, Patrick, Amiot, Catherine E. and Vallerand, Robert J.. (2009). Trajectories of affective states in adolescent hockey players: Turning point and motivational antecedents. Developmental Psychology. 45(2), pp. 307 - 319. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014134
On the costs and benefits of gaming: The role of passion
Lafreniere, Marc-Andre K., Vallerand, Robert J., Donahue, Eric G. and Lavigne, Genevieve L.. (2009). On the costs and benefits of gaming: The role of passion. CyberPsychology, Behavior and Social Networking. 12(3), pp. 285 - 290. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0234
Cohesiveness, coach's interpersonal style and psychological needs: Their effects on self-determination and athletes' subjective well-being
Blanchard, Celine M., Amiot, Catherine E., Perreault, Stephane, Vallerand, Robert J. and Provencher, Pierre. (2009). Cohesiveness, coach's interpersonal style and psychological needs: Their effects on self-determination and athletes' subjective well-being. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 10(5), pp. 545 - 551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.005
Passion et controle: Une analyse conceptuelle
Vallerand, Robert J., Lavigne, Genevieve L. and Carbonneau, N.. (2009). Passion et controle: Une analyse conceptuelle. In In Y. Paquet (Ed.). Psychologie due controle: Theories et applications pp. 189 - 205 Editions De Boeck.
La theorie de l'autodetermination et le modele hierarchique de la motivation intrinseque et extrinseque: Perspectives integratives
Lafreniere, Marc-Andre K., Vallerand, Robert J. and Carbonneau, Noemie. (2009). La theorie de l'autodetermination et le modele hierarchique de la motivation intrinseque et extrinseque: Perspectives integratives. In In P. Carre and F. Fenouillet (Ed.). Traite de psychologie de la motivation pp. 47 - 66 Dunod.
On the dynamic relationships between contextual (or general) and situational (or state) motivation toward exercise and physical activity: A longitudinal test of the top-down and bottom-up hypothesis
Lavigne, Genevieve L., Hauw, Nicolas, Vallerand, Robert J., Brunel, Philippe, Blanchard, Celine, Cadorette, Isabelle and Angot, Christophe. (2009). On the dynamic relationships between contextual (or general) and situational (or state) motivation toward exercise and physical activity: A longitudinal test of the top-down and bottom-up hypothesis. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 7(2), pp. 147 - 168. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671897
Goal motives, well-being and physical health: A integrative model
Miquelon, Paule and Vallerand, Robert J.. (2008). Goal motives, well-being and physical health: A integrative model. Canadian Psychology. 49(3), pp. 241 - 249. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012759
The role of passion for teaching in intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes
Carbonneau, Noemie, Vallerand, Robert J., Fernet, Claude and Guay, Frederic. (2008). The role of passion for teaching in intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology. 100(4), pp. 977 - 987. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012545
Actual environments do affect motivation and psychological adjustment: A test of self-determination theory in a natural setting
Philippe, Frederick L. and Vallerand, Robert J.. (2008). Actual environments do affect motivation and psychological adjustment: A test of self-determination theory in a natural setting. Motivation and Emotion. 32(2), pp. 81 - 89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9087-z
An examination of the relationship between passion and subjective well-being in older adults
Rousseau, Francois L. and Vallerand, Robert J.. (2008). An examination of the relationship between passion and subjective well-being in older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 66(3), pp. 195 - 211. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.66.3.b
Passion in sport: On the quality of the coach-athlete relationship
Lafreniere, Marc-Andre K., Jowett, Sophia, Vallerand, Robert J., Donahue, Eric G. and Lorimer, Ross. (2008). Passion in sport: On the quality of the coach-athlete relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 30(5), pp. 541 - 560. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.5.541
Special issue on self-determination theory: A Canadian contribution
Vallerand, Robert J., Pelletier, Luc G. and Koestner, Richard. (2008). Special issue on self-determination theory: A Canadian contribution. Canadian Psychology. 49(3), pp. 181 - 181. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012803
Reflections on self-determination theory
Vallerand, Robert J., Pelletier, Luc G. and Koestner, Richard. (2008). Reflections on self-determination theory. Canadian Psychology. 49(3), pp. 257 - 262. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012804
Le modele hierarchique: Une analyse integrative des determinants et consequences de la motivation intrinseque et extrinseque
Vallerand, Robert J. and Miquelon, Paule. (2008). Le modele hierarchique: Une analyse integrative des determinants et consequences de la motivation intrinseque et extrinseque. In In R.V. Joule and P. Huguet (Ed.). Bilans et perspectives en psychologie sociale pp. 163 - 203 Presses Universitaires De Grenoble.
Aggression and non-aggression amongst six types of drivers
Vallieres, Evelyne, McDuff, Pierre, Vallerand, Robert J. and Bergeron, Jacques. (2008). Aggression and non-aggression amongst six types of drivers. In In L. Dorn, G. Matthews and I. Glendon (Ed.). Driver behaviour and training pp. 117 - 128 Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Developpement d'une echelle de satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux en contexte sportif
Gillet, Nicolas, Rosnet, Elisabeth and Vallerand, Robert J.. (2008). Developpement d'une echelle de satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux en contexte sportif. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 40(4), pp. 230 - 237. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013201
On the psychology of passion: In search of what makes people's lives most worth living
Vallerand, Robert J.. (2008). On the psychology of passion: In search of what makes people's lives most worth living. Canadian Psychology. 49(1), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.1
La Passion De Danser - Les deux cotes de la medaille
Rip, Blanka, Vallerand, Robert J. and Fortin, Sylvie. (2008). La Passion De Danser - Les deux cotes de la medaille. In In S. Fortin (Ed.). Danse et sante: Du corps intime au corps social pp. 183 - 196 Presses de l Universite du Quebec.
On passion and sports fans: A look at football
Vallerand, Robert J., Ntoumanis, Nikolaos, Philippe, Frederick L., Lavigne, Genevieve L., Carbonneau, Noemie, Bonneville-Roussy, Arielle, Lagace-Labonte, Camille and Maliha, Gabrielle. (2008). On passion and sports fans: A look at football. Journal of Sports Sciences. 26(12), pp. 1279 - 1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802123185
Passion and performance attainment in sport
Vallerand, Robert J., Mageau, Genevieve A., Elliot, Andrew J., Dumais, Alexandre, Demers, Marc-Andre and Rousseau, Francois L.. (2008). Passion and performance attainment in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 9(3), pp. 373 - 392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.05.003