A metabolic syndrome severity score: A tool to quantify cardio-metabolic risk factors

Journal article


Wiley, Joshua and Carrington, Melinda Jane. (2016). A metabolic syndrome severity score: A tool to quantify cardio-metabolic risk factors. Preventive Medicine. 88, pp. 189 - 195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.04.006
AuthorsWiley, Joshua and Carrington, Melinda Jane
Abstract

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardio-metabolic risk factors and is associated with increased mortality. There is no standard, validated way to assess the severity of aggregated metabolic syndrome risk factors. Cardiovascular and diabetes risk factor data came from two studies conducted in Australia from 2006 to 2010 in adults aged 18 or above. In medication free adults, sex-specific clinical thresholds and Principal Component Analysis were used to develop a formula to calculate a metabolic syndrome severity score (MetSSS). These scores were compared to scores derived using the same process in subgroups by sex, age, medication status, and time. We also examined the MetSSS in relation to other known risk factors. In 2125 adults (57.6 ± 14.7 years of age), the MetSSS ranged from 0 to 8.7 with a mean of 2.6. There were strong correlations (.95–.99) between the MetSSS in medication free adults and the MetSSS calculated from subgroups. MetSSS predicted medication initiation for hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia over six months (OR = 1.31, 95% CI [1.00–1.70], per MetSSS unit, p = .043). Lower education, medication prescription, history of smoking and age were associated with higher MetSSS (all p < .05). Higher physical but not mental health quality of life was associated with lower MetSSS (p < .001). A standardized formula to measure cardio-metabolic risk factor severity was constructed and demonstrated expected relations with known risk factors. The use of the MetSSS is recommended as a measure of change within individuals in cardio-metabolic risk factors and to guide treatment and management.

Keywordsmetabolic syndrome; risk factors; cardiovascular disease; diabetes
Year2016
JournalPreventive Medicine
Journal citation88, pp. 189 - 195
PublisherElsevier B.V.
ISSN0091-7435
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.04.006
Scopus EID2-s2.0-84964395584
Page range189 - 195
Research GroupMary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Publisher's version
File Access Level
Controlled
Place of publicationNetherlands
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Hale, T. Sigi, Kane, Andrea M., Kaminsky, Olivia, Tung, Kelly L., Wiley, Joshua F., McGough, James J., Loo, Sandra K. and Kaplan, Jonas T.. (2014). Visual network asymmetry and default mode network function in ADHD : An fMRI study. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 5(81), pp. 1 - 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00081
Changes in self-efficacy and outcome expectancy as predictors of anxiety outcomes from the CALM study
Brown, Lily A., Wiley, Joshua F., Wolitzky-Taylor, Kate, Roy-Byrne, Peter, Sherbourne, Cathy, Stein, Murray B., Sullivan, Greer, Rose, Raphael D., Bystritsky, Alexander and Craske, Michelle G.. (2014). Changes in self-efficacy and outcome expectancy as predictors of anxiety outcomes from the CALM study. Depression and Anxiety. 31(8), pp. 678 - 689. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22256
Cardiovascular disease prevention via a nurse-facilitated intervention clinic in a regional setting : The Protecting Healthy Hearts Program
Carrington, Melinda and Stewart, Simon. (2014). Cardiovascular disease prevention via a nurse-facilitated intervention clinic in a regional setting : The Protecting Healthy Hearts Program. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 14(4), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515114537022
The Child Anxiety Impact Scale : Examining parent-and child-reported impairment in child anxiety disorders
Langley, Audra, Falk, Avital, Peris, Tara, Wiley, Joshua, Kendall, Philip, Ginsburg, Golda, Birmaher, Boris, March, John, Albano, Ann Marie and Piacentini, John. (2014). The Child Anxiety Impact Scale : Examining parent-and child-reported impairment in child anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 43(4), pp. 579 - 591. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.817311
Prolonged impact of home versus clinic-based management of chronic heart failure: Extended follow-up of a pragmatic, multicentre randomized trial cohort
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda, Horowitz, John, Marwick, Thomas, Newton, Phillip, Davidson, Patricia, Macdonald, Peter, Thompson, David R., Chan, Yih Kai and Krum, Henry. (2014). Prolonged impact of home versus clinic-based management of chronic heart failure: Extended follow-up of a pragmatic, multicentre randomized trial cohort. International Journal of Cardiology. 174(3), pp. 600 - 610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.164
Cardiometabolic risk and disease in Indigenous Australians : The heart of the heart study
Brown, Alex, Carrington, Melinda, McGrady, Michele, Lee, Geraldine, Zeitz, Christopher, Krum, Henry, Rowley, Kevin and Stewart, Simon. (2014). Cardiometabolic risk and disease in Indigenous Australians : The heart of the heart study. International Journal of Cardiology. 171, pp. 377 - 383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.026
Post-discharge electrocardiogram Holter monitoring in recently hospitalized individuals with chronic atrial fibrillation to enhance therapeutic monitoring and identify potentially predictive phenotypes
Ball, Jocasta Clare, Carrington, Melinda Jane, Thompson, David, Horowitz, John and Stewart, Simon. (2014). Post-discharge electrocardiogram Holter monitoring in recently hospitalized individuals with chronic atrial fibrillation to enhance therapeutic monitoring and identify potentially predictive phenotypes. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515114547650
The Child Anxiety Impact Scale: Examining Parent- and Child-Reported Impairment in Child Anxiety Disorders
Langley, Audra K., Falk, Avital, Peris, Tara, Wiley, Joshua F., Kendall, Philip C., Ginsburg, Golda, Birmaher, Boris, March, John, Albano, Ann Marie and Piacentini, John. (2014). The Child Anxiety Impact Scale: Examining Parent- and Child-Reported Impairment in Child Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 43(4), pp. 579 - 591. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.817311
Lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in urban Africans presenting with communicable versus non-communicable forms of heart disease : The 'Heart of Soweto' hospital registry study
Lyons, Jasmine, Sliwa, Karen, Carrington, Melinda, Raal, Frederick, Pretorius, Sandra, Thienemann, Friedrich and Stewart, Simon. (2014). Lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in urban Africans presenting with communicable versus non-communicable forms of heart disease : The 'Heart of Soweto' hospital registry study. BMJ Open. 4(7), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005069
Perceived social support mediates anxiety and depressive symptom changes following primary care intervention
Dour, Halina J., Wiley, Joshua F., Roy-Byrne, Peter, Stein, Murray B., Sullivan, Greer, Sherbourne, Cathy D., Bystritsky, Alexander, Rose, Raphael D. and Craske, Michelle G.. (2014). Perceived social support mediates anxiety and depressive symptom changes following primary care intervention. Depression and Anxiety. 31(5), pp. 436 - 442. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22216
Long-term tolerance and efficacy of adjunctive exenatide therapy on glycaemic control and bodyweight in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective study from a specialist diabetes outpatient clinic
Carrington, Melinda Jane, Chan, Yih, Stewart, Simon, Sjourke, B., Brazilek, R. and Cohen, N.. (2014). Long-term tolerance and efficacy of adjunctive exenatide therapy on glycaemic control and bodyweight in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective study from a specialist diabetes outpatient clinic. Internal Medicine Journal. 44(4), pp. 345 - 353. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12377
Redefining the ECG in urban South Africans : Electrocardiographic findings in heart disease-free Africans
Sliwa, Karen, Lee, Geraldine, Carrington, Melinda, Obel, Pro and Stewart, Simon. (2013). Redefining the ECG in urban South Africans : Electrocardiographic findings in heart disease-free Africans. International Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.005
The frequency and cost of treatment perceived to be futile in critical care
Huynh, Thanh, Kleerup, Eric, Wiley, Joshua F., Savitsky, Terrance, Guse, Diana, Garber, Bryan and Wenger, Neil. (2013). The frequency and cost of treatment perceived to be futile in critical care. JAMA Internal Medicine. 173(20), pp. 1887 - 1894. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10261
Time from symptoms to definitive diagnosis of idiopathic pulmnary arterial hypertension : The delay study
Strange, Geoff, Kermeen, Fiona, Gabbay, Eli, Williams, Trevor, Carrington, Melinda, Stewart, Simon and Keogh, Anne. (2013). Time from symptoms to definitive diagnosis of idiopathic pulmnary arterial hypertension : The delay study. Pulmonary Circulation. https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-8932.109919
Women Versus Men with Chronic Atrial Fibrillation: insights from the Standard Versus Atrial Fibrillation spEcific managemenT studY (SAFETY)
Ball, Jocasta, Carrington, Melinda, Wood, Kathryn and Stewart, Simon. (2013). Women Versus Men with Chronic Atrial Fibrillation: insights from the Standard Versus Atrial Fibrillation spEcific managemenT studY (SAFETY). PLoS ONE. 8(5), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065795
Determinants of achieving early blood pressure control with monotherapy in a primary care setting
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda, Swemmer, Carla, Kurstjens, Nicol, Brown, Alex, Burrell, Louise, Nelson, Mark, Stocks, Nigel and Jennings, Garry. (2013). Determinants of achieving early blood pressure control with monotherapy in a primary care setting. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.12164
Profile and burden of an evolving epidemic in the 21st century
Ball, Jocasta, Carrington, Melinda, McMurray, J and Stewart, Simon. (2013). Profile and burden of an evolving epidemic in the 21st century. International Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.093
A multicenter, randomized trial of a nurse-led, home-based intervention for optimal secondary cardiac prevention suggests some benefits for men but not for women : the Young at Heart Study
Carrington, Melinda, Chan, Yih Kai, Calderone, Alicia, Scuffham, Paul, Esterman, Adrian and Goldstein, Stan. (2013). A multicenter, randomized trial of a nurse-led, home-based intervention for optimal secondary cardiac prevention suggests some benefits for men but not for women : the Young at Heart Study. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000006
Navigating the fine line between benefit and risk in chronic atrial fibrillation : Rationale and Design of the standard versus Atrial fibrillation specific management study (SAFETY)
Carrington, Melinda, Ball, Jocasta, Horowitz, John, Marwick, Thomas, Mahadevan, Gnanadevan, Wong, Chiew, Abhayaratna, Walter, Haluska, Brian, Thompson, David and Scuffham, Paul. (2013). Navigating the fine line between benefit and risk in chronic atrial fibrillation : Rationale and Design of the standard versus Atrial fibrillation specific management study (SAFETY). International Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.065
Patient preferences and willingness-to-pay for a home or clinic based program of chronic heart failure management: findings from the Which? Trial
Stewart, Simon, Whitty, Jennifer, Carrington, Melinda, Calderone, Alicia, Marwick, Thomas, Horowitz, John, Krum, Henry, Davidson, Patricia, Macdonald, Peter and Reid, Christopher. (2013). Patient preferences and willingness-to-pay for a home or clinic based program of chronic heart failure management: findings from the Which? Trial. PLoS ONE. 8(3), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058347
Determinants of achieving early blood pressure control with monotherapy in a primary care setting
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda, Swemmer, Carla, Kurstjens, Nicol, Brown, Alex, Burrell, Louise, Nelson, Mark, Stocks, Nigel and Jennings, Garry. (2013). Determinants of achieving early blood pressure control with monotherapy in a primary care setting. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.12164
Atrial fibrillation : Profile and burden of an evolving epidemic in the 21st century
Ball, Jocasta, Carrington, Melinda, McMurray, J and Stewart, Simon. (2013). Atrial fibrillation : Profile and burden of an evolving epidemic in the 21st century. International Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.093
Navigating the fine line between benefit and risk in chronic atrial fibrillation : Rationale and design of the Standard versus Atrial Fibrillation spEcific managemenT studY (SAFETY)
Carrington, Melinda, Ball, Jocasta, Horowitz, John, Marwick, Thomas, Mahadevan, Gnanadevan, Wong, Chiew, Abhayaratna, Walter, Haluska, Brian, Thompson, David and Scuffham, Paul. (2013). Navigating the fine line between benefit and risk in chronic atrial fibrillation : Rationale and design of the Standard versus Atrial Fibrillation spEcific managemenT studY (SAFETY). International Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.065
Navigating the fine line between benefit and risk in chronic atrial fibrillation : Rationale and design of the Standard versus Atrial Fibrillation spEcific managemenT studY (SAFETY)
Carrington, Melinda, Ball, Jocasta, Horowitz, John, Marwick, Thomas, Mahadevan, Gnanadevan, Wong, Chiew, Abhayaratna, Walter, Haluska, Brian, Thompson, David and Scuffham, Paul. (2013). Navigating the fine line between benefit and risk in chronic atrial fibrillation : Rationale and design of the Standard versus Atrial Fibrillation spEcific managemenT studY (SAFETY). International Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.065
Mild cognitive impairment in high-risk patients with chronic atrial fibrillation : A forgotten component of clinical management?
Ball, Jocasta, Carrington, Melinda and Stewart, Simon. (2013). Mild cognitive impairment in high-risk patients with chronic atrial fibrillation : A forgotten component of clinical management? Heart. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303182
The Green, Amber, Red Delineation of Risk and Need (GARDiAN) management system : A pragmatic approach to optimizing heart health from primary prevention to chronic disease management
Carrington, Melinda J., Kok, Simon and Jansen, Kiki. (2013). The Green, Amber, Red Delineation of Risk and Need (GARDiAN) management system : A pragmatic approach to optimizing heart health from primary prevention to chronic disease management. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515112451702
Quality of life and cancer-related needs in patients with choroidal melanoma
Wiley, Joshua F., Laird, Kelsey, Beran, Tammy, McCannel, Tara and Stanton, Annette. (2013). Quality of life and cancer-related needs in patients with choroidal melanoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 97(11), pp. 1471 - 1474. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303635
Atrial fibrillation : Profile and burden of an evolving epidemic in the 21st century
Ball, Jocasta, Carrington, Melinda, McMurray, J and Stewart, Simon. (2013). Atrial fibrillation : Profile and burden of an evolving epidemic in the 21st century. International Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.093
Mild cognitive impairment in high-risk patients with chronic atrial fibrillation : A forgotten component of clinical management?
Ball, Jocasta, Carrington, Melinda and Stewart, Simon. (2013). Mild cognitive impairment in high-risk patients with chronic atrial fibrillation : A forgotten component of clinical management? Heart. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303182
Pressure points in primary care : Blood pressure and management of hypertension in 532 050 patients from 2005 to 2010
Carrington, Melinda, Jennings, Garry and Stewart, Simon. (2013). Pressure points in primary care : Blood pressure and management of hypertension in 532 050 patients from 2005 to 2010. Journal of Hypertension. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283606bc7
Quality of life and cancer-related needs in patients with choroidal melanoma
Wiley, Joshua, Laird, Kelsey, Beran, Tammy, McCannel, Tara and Stanton, Annette. (2013). Quality of life and cancer-related needs in patients with choroidal melanoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 97(11), pp. 1471 - 1474. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303635
Redefining the ECG in urban South Africans : Electrocardiographic findings in heart disease-free Africans
Sliwa, Karen, Lee, Geraldine, Carrington, Melinda, Obel, Pro, Okreglicki, Andrzeq and Stewart, Simon. (2013). Redefining the ECG in urban South Africans : Electrocardiographic findings in heart disease-free Africans. International Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.005
Women versus men with chronic atrial fibrillation: insights from the Standard Versus Atrial Fibrillation spEcific managemenT studY (SAFETY)
Ball, Jocasta, Carrington, Melinda, Wood, Kathryn and Stewart, Simon. (2013). Women versus men with chronic atrial fibrillation: insights from the Standard Versus Atrial Fibrillation spEcific managemenT studY (SAFETY). PLoS ONE. 8(5), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065795
Patient preferences and willingness-to-pay for a home or clinic based program of chronic heart failure management: findings from the Which? Trial
Stewart, Simon, Whitty, Jennifer, Carrington, Melinda, Calderone, Alicia, Marwick, Thomas, Horowitz, John, Krum, Henry, Davidson, Patricia, Macdonald, Peter and Reid, Christopher. (2013). Patient preferences and willingness-to-pay for a home or clinic based program of chronic heart failure management: findings from the Which? Trial. PLoS ONE. 8(3), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058347
The frequency and cost of treatment perceived to be futile in critical care
Huynh, Thanh, Kleerup, Eric, Wiley, Joshua, Savitsky, Terrance, Guse, Diana, Garber, Bryan and Wenger, Neil. (2013). The frequency and cost of treatment perceived to be futile in critical care. JAMA Internal Medicine (print). 173(20), pp. 1887 - 1894. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10261
Different lipid profiles according to ethnicity in the Heart of Soweto study cohort of de novo presentations of heart disease
Sliwa, Karen, Lyons, Jasmine, Carrington, Melinda, Lecour, Sandrin, Marais, A and Raal, Frederick. (2012). Different lipid profiles according to ethnicity in the Heart of Soweto study cohort of de novo presentations of heart disease. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 23(7), pp. 389 - 395. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2012-036
Impact of home versus clinic-based management of chronic heart failure : The WHiCH? (Which heart failure intervention is most cost-effective & consumer friendly in reducing hospital care) multicenter, randomized trial
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda, Marwick, Thomas, Davidson, Patricia, Macdonald, Peter, Horowitz, John, Krum, Henry, Newton, Phillip, Reid, Christopher and Chan, Yih Kai. (2012). Impact of home versus clinic-based management of chronic heart failure : The WHiCH? (Which heart failure intervention is most cost-effective & consumer friendly in reducing hospital care) multicenter, randomized trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 60(14), pp. 1239 - 1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.025
Patient preferences for the delivery of disease management in chronic heart failure : A qualitative study
Whitty, Jennifer, Carrington, Melinda, Stewart, Simon, Holliday, Julie, Marwick, Thomas and Scuffham, Paul. (2012). Patient preferences for the delivery of disease management in chronic heart failure : A qualitative study. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 27(3), pp. 201 - 207. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0b013e31821abf22
Contribution of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic to de novo presentations of heart disease in the Heart of Soweto Study cohort
Sliwa, Karen, Carrington, Melinda, Becker, Anthony, Thienemann, Friedrich and Ntsekhe, Mpiko. (2012). Contribution of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic to de novo presentations of heart disease in the Heart of Soweto Study cohort. European Heart Journal. 33(7), pp. 866 - 874. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr398
The 12-lead ECG in peripartum cardiomyopathy
Tibazarwa, Kemi, Lee, Geraldine, Mayosi, Bongani, Carrington, Melinda, Stewart, Simon and Sliwa, Karen. (2012). The 12-lead ECG in peripartum cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 23(6), pp. 322 - 329. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2012-006
Effect of intensive structured care on individual blood pressure targets in primary care : Multicentre randomised controlled trial
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda, Swemmer, Carla, Anderson, Craig, Kurstjens, Nicol, Amerena, John, Brown, Alex, Burrell, Louise, de Looze, Ferdinandus and Harris, Mark. (2012). Effect of intensive structured care on individual blood pressure targets in primary care : Multicentre randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal. 345(7884), pp. 1 - 16. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7156
Elevated risk factors but low burden of heart disease in urban African primary care patients : A fundamental role for primary prevention
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda, Pretorius, Sandra, Ogah, Okechukwu, Blauwet, Lori, Antras-Ferry, Jocelyn and Sliwa, Karen. (2012). Elevated risk factors but low burden of heart disease in urban African primary care patients : A fundamental role for primary prevention. International Journal of Cardiology. 158(2), pp. 205 - 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.022
Assessing cardiovascular risk in regional areas: The Healthy Hearts - Beyond City Limits program
Carrington, Melinda, Jennings, Garry, Clark, Robyn and Stewart, Simon. (2012). Assessing cardiovascular risk in regional areas: The Healthy Hearts - Beyond City Limits program. BMC Health Services Research. 12(1), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-296
Impact of Home Versus Clinic-Based Management of Chronic Heart Failure : The WHICH? (Which Heart Failure Intervention Is Most Cost-Effective & Consumer Friendly in Reducing Hospital Care) Multicenter, Randomized Trial
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda, Marwick, Thomas, Davidson, Patricia, Macdonald, Peter, Horowitz, John, Krum, Henry, Newton, Phillip, Reid, Christopher, Chan, Yih and Scuffham, Paul. (2012). Impact of Home Versus Clinic-Based Management of Chronic Heart Failure : The WHICH? (Which Heart Failure Intervention Is Most Cost-Effective & Consumer Friendly in Reducing Hospital Care) Multicenter, Randomized Trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 60(14), pp. 1239 - 1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.025
Exploring the potential to remain "Young @ Heart" : initial findings of a multi-centre, randomised study of nurse-led, home-based intervention in a hybrid health care system
Chan, Yih-Kai, Stewart, Simon, Calderone, Alicia, Scuffham, Paul, Goldstein, Stan and Carrington, Melinda J.. (2012). Exploring the potential to remain "Young @ Heart" : initial findings of a multi-centre, randomised study of nurse-led, home-based intervention in a hybrid health care system. International Journal of Cardiology. 154(1), pp. 52 - 58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.08.071
Heart failure, ventricular dysfunction and risk factor prevalence in Australian Aboriginal peoples : The Heart of the Heart Study
McGrady, Michele, Krum, Henry, Carrington, Melinda, Stewart, Simon, Zeitz, Christopher, Lee, Geraldine, Marwick, Thomas, Haluska, Brian and Brown, Alex. (2012). Heart failure, ventricular dysfunction and risk factor prevalence in Australian Aboriginal peoples : The Heart of the Heart Study. Heart. 98(21), pp. 1562 - 1567. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302229
Effect of intensive structured care on individual blood pressure targets in primary care : Multicentre randomised controlled trial
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda, Swemmer, Carla, Anderson, Craig, Kurstjens, Nicol, Amerena, John, Brown, Alex, Burrell, Louise, de Looze, Ferdinandus and Harris, Mark. (2012). Effect of intensive structured care on individual blood pressure targets in primary care : Multicentre randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal. 345(7884), pp. 1 - 16. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7156
The WHiCH? Trial: Rationale and design of a pragmatic randomized, multicentre comparison of home- vs. clinic-based management of chronic heart failure patients
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda J., Marwick, Thomas, Davidson, Patricia M., Macdonald, Peter, Horowitz, John, Krum, Henry, Newton, Phillip J., Reid, Christopher and Scuffham, Paul A.. (2011). The WHiCH? Trial: Rationale and design of a pragmatic randomized, multicentre comparison of home- vs. clinic-based management of chronic heart failure patients. European Journal of Heart Failure. 13(8), pp. 909 - 916. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr048
The clinical consequences and challenges of hypertension in urban-dwelling black Africans :insights from the Heart of Soweto Study
Stewart, Simon, Libhaber, Elena, Carrington, Melinda, Damasceno, Albertino, Abbasi, Haroon, Hansen, Craig, Wilkinson, David and Sliwa, Karen. (2011). The clinical consequences and challenges of hypertension in urban-dwelling black Africans :insights from the Heart of Soweto Study. International Journal of Cardiology. 146(1), pp. 22 - 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.05.061
A not-so-rare form of heart failure in urban black Africans :Pathways to right heart failure in the Heart of Soweto Study cohort
Stewart, Simon, Mocumbi, Ana, Carrington, Melinda, Pretorius, Sandra, Burton, Rosie and Sliwa, Karen. (2011). A not-so-rare form of heart failure in urban black Africans :Pathways to right heart failure in the Heart of Soweto Study cohort. European Journal of Heart Failure. 13(10), pp. 1070 - 1077. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr108
Optimising management of hypertension in primary care :The Valsartan intensified Primary Care Reduction of Blood Pressure (Viper-Bp) Study
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda, Swemmer, Carla, Kurstjens, Nicol and Jennings, Garry. (2011). Optimising management of hypertension in primary care :The Valsartan intensified Primary Care Reduction of Blood Pressure (Viper-Bp) Study. International Journal of Cardiology. 153(3), pp. 317 - 322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.12.055
Standing at the crossroads between new and historically prevalent heart disease :Effects of migration and socio-economic factors in the Heart of Soweto cohort study
Stewart, Simon, Carrington, Melinda, Pretorius, Sandra, Methusi, Puthuma and Sliwa, Karen. (2011). Standing at the crossroads between new and historically prevalent heart disease :Effects of migration and socio-economic factors in the Heart of Soweto cohort study. European Heart Journal. 32(4), pp. 492 - 499. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq439
Predisposing factors and incidence of newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in an urban African community : insights from the Heart of Soweto Study
Sliwa, Karen, Carrington, Melinda, Klug, Eric, Opie, Lionel, Lee, Geraldine and Stewart, Simon. (2010). Predisposing factors and incidence of newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in an urban African community : insights from the Heart of Soweto Study. Heart. 96(23), pp. 1878 - 1882. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2010.206938
Bridging the gap in heart failure prevention: Rationale and design of the Nurse-led intervention for Less Chronic Heart Failure (NiL-CHF) Study
Carrington, Melinda J. and Stewart, Simon. (2010). Bridging the gap in heart failure prevention: Rationale and design of the Nurse-led intervention for Less Chronic Heart Failure (NiL-CHF) Study. European Journal of Heart Failure. 12(1), pp. 82 - 88. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfp161
Pattern of blood pressure in Australian adults : Results from a National Blood Pressure Screening Day of 13,825 adults
Carrington, Melinda, Jennings, Garry L. and Stewart, Simon. (2010). Pattern of blood pressure in Australian adults : Results from a National Blood Pressure Screening Day of 13,825 adults. International Journal of Cardiology. 145(3), pp. 461 - 467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.06.003
Incidence and characteristics of newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease in Urban African adults : insights from the Heart of Soweto Study
Sliwa, Karen, Carrington, Melinda, Mayosi, Bongani, Zigiriadis, Elias and Mvungi, Robert. (2010). Incidence and characteristics of newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease in Urban African adults : insights from the Heart of Soweto Study. European Heart Journal. 31(6), pp. 719 - 727. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp530
Predisposing factors and incidence of newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in an urban African community : insights from the Heart of Soweto Study
Sliwa, Karen, Carrington, Melinda, Klug, Eric, Opie, Lionel, Lee, Geraldine and Stewart, Simon. (2010). Predisposing factors and incidence of newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in an urban African community : insights from the Heart of Soweto Study. Heart. 96(23), pp. 1878 - 1882. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2010.206938
Cholesterol complacency in Australia: Time to revisit the basics of cardiovascular disease prevention
Carrington, Melinda Jane, Retegan, Claudia, Johnston, Colin I., Jennings, Garry L. and Stewart, Simon. (2009). Cholesterol complacency in Australia: Time to revisit the basics of cardiovascular disease prevention. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18(5), pp. 678 - 686. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02507.x
Nature's clocks and human mood: The circadian system modulates reward motivation
Murray, Greg, Nicholas, Christian, Kleiman, Jan, Dwyer, Robyn, Carrington, Melinda, Allen, Nicholas and Trinder, John. (2009). Nature's clocks and human mood: The circadian system modulates reward motivation. Emotion (online version). 9(5), pp. 705 - 716. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017080
A time bomb of cardiovascular risk factors in South Africa: Results from the Heart of Soweto Study "Heart Awareness Days"
Tibazarwa, Kemi, Ntyintyane, Lucas, Sliwa, Karen, Gernholtz, Trevor, Carrington, Melinda Jane, Wilkinson, David and Stewart, Simon. (2009). A time bomb of cardiovascular risk factors in South Africa: Results from the Heart of Soweto Study "Heart Awareness Days". International Journal of Cardiology. 132(2), pp. 233 - 239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.11.067
Blood pressure and heart rate during continuous experimental sleep fragmentation in health adults
Carrington, Melinda Jane and Trinder, John. (2008). Blood pressure and heart rate during continuous experimental sleep fragmentation in health adults. Sleep. 31(12), pp. 1701 - 1712. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.12.1701
The effects on cardiovascular autonomic control of repetitive arousal from sleep
Chaicharn, Jaree, Carrington, Melinda Jane, Trinder, John and Khoo, Michael. (2008). The effects on cardiovascular autonomic control of repetitive arousal from sleep. Sleep. 31(1), pp. 93 - 103. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.1.93
Is fenofibrate a cost-saving treatment for middle-aged individuals with type ii diabetes? An economic analysis of the FIELD Study
Carrington, Melinda Jane and Stewart, Simon. (2008). Is fenofibrate a cost-saving treatment for middle-aged individuals with type ii diabetes? An economic analysis of the FIELD Study. International Journal of Cardiology. 127(1), pp. 51 - 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.04.040
Prognostic impact of pulmonary arterial hypertension: A population-based analysis
Carrington, Melinda Jane, Murphy, Niamh F., Strange, Geoff, Peacock, Andrew, McMurray, John J.V. and Stewart, Simon. (2008). Prognostic impact of pulmonary arterial hypertension: A population-based analysis. International Journal of Cardiology. 124(2), pp. 183 - 187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.12.045
The effects on cardiovascular autonomic control of repetitive arousal from sleep
Chaicharn, Jaree, Carrington, Melinda, Trinder, John and Khoo, Michael. (2008). The effects on cardiovascular autonomic control of repetitive arousal from sleep. Sleep (online version). 31(1), pp. 93 - 103. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.1.93
Are ECG abnormalities common in black AFricans with heart failure? Results from the Heart of Soweto study
Lee, Geraldine, Carrington, Melinda Jane, Sliwa, Karen and Stewart, Simon. (2008). Are ECG abnormalities common in black AFricans with heart failure? Results from the Heart of Soweto study. South African Heart Journal. 5(1), pp. 4 - 11. https://doi.org/10.24170/5-1-2056
Blood pressure and heart rate during continuous experimental sleep fragmentation in health adults
Carrington, Melinda and Trinder, John. (2008). Blood pressure and heart rate during continuous experimental sleep fragmentation in health adults. Sleep (online version). 31(12), pp. 1701 - 1712. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.12.1701
Changes in cardiovascular function during the sleep onset period in young adults
Carrington, Melinda Jane, Barbieri, R., Colrain, I. M., Crowley, K. E., Kim, Y. and Trinder, J.. (2005). Changes in cardiovascular function during the sleep onset period in young adults. Journal of Applied Physiology. 98(2), pp. 468 - 476. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00702.2004
Subjective and predicted sleepiness while driving in young adults
Smith, Simon, Carrington, Melinda Jane and Trinder, John. (2005). Subjective and predicted sleepiness while driving in young adults. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 37(6), pp. 1066 - 1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.06.008
The influence of sleep onset on the diurnal variation in cardiac activity and cardiac control
Carrington, Melinda Jane, Walsh, Michelle, Stambas, Thalia, Kleiman, Jan and Trinder, John. (2003). The influence of sleep onset on the diurnal variation in cardiac activity and cardiac control. Journal of Sleep Research. 12(3), pp. 213 - 221. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00364.x
The effects of normal aging on sleep spindle and K-complex production
Crowley, Kate, Trinder, John, Kim, Young, Carrington, Melinda Jane and Colrain, Ian M.. (2002). The effects of normal aging on sleep spindle and K-complex production. Clinical Neurophysiology. 113(10), pp. 1615 - 1622. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00237-7
Autonomic activity during human sleep as a function of time and sleep stage
Trinder, John, Kleiman, Jan, Carrington, Melinda, Smith, Simon, Breen, Sibilah, Tan, Nellie and Kim, Young. (2001). Autonomic activity during human sleep as a function of time and sleep stage. Journal of Sleep Research. 10(4), pp. 253 - 264. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2001.00263.x
Autonomic activity during human sleep as a function of time and sleep stage
Trinder, John, Kleiman, Jan, Carrington, Melinda Jane, Smith, Simon, Breen, Sibilah, Tan, Nellie and Kim, Young. (2001). Autonomic activity during human sleep as a function of time and sleep stage. Journal of Sleep Research. 10(4), pp. 253 - 264. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2001.00263.x