Maternal swimming pool exposure during pregnancy in relation to birth outcomes and cord blood DNA methylation among private well users
Journal article
Salas, Lucas A., Baker, Emily R., Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J., Marsit, Carmen J., Christensen, Brock C. and Karagas, Margaret R.. (2019). Maternal swimming pool exposure during pregnancy in relation to birth outcomes and cord blood DNA methylation among private well users. Environment International. 123, pp. 459 - 466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.017
Authors | Salas, Lucas A., Baker, Emily R., Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J., Marsit, Carmen J., Christensen, Brock C. and Karagas, Margaret R. |
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Abstract | Swimming in pools during pregnancy may expose the fetus to water disinfection by-products (DBP). As yet, our understanding of the impacts on DBPs on the fetus is uncertain. Individuals with public water systems are typically exposed to DBPs through drinking, showering and bathing, whereas among those on private water systems, swimming in pools may be the primary exposure source. We analyzed the effects of maternal swimming on birth outcomes and cord blood epigenetic changes in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, a cohort of pregnant women with households on private water systems. Information about swimming in pools during pregnancy was obtained from 1033 women via questionnaires. Swimming pool use and duration were modeled using linear regression with newborn weight, length, and head circumference (z-scores) and genome wide cord blood DNA methylation as the outcomes and with adjustment for potential confounders. Overall 19.7% of women reported swimming in a pool during pregnancy. Among swimmers, duration of swimming was inversely related to head circumference (−0.02 z-score per 10% increase in duration, P = 0.004). No associations were observed with birth weight, length or DNA methylation modifications. Our findings suggest swimming pool exposure may impact the developing fetus although longer-term studies are needed. |
Year | 2019 |
Journal | Environment International |
Journal citation | 123, pp. 459 - 466 |
Publisher | Pergamon Press |
ISSN | 0160-4120 |
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.017 |
Scopus EID | 2-s2.0-85059154117 |
Open access | Open access |
Page range | 459 - 466 |
Research Group | Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research |
Publisher's version | License |
Place of publication | United Kingdom |
https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/88498/maternal-swimming-pool-exposure-during-pregnancy-in-relation-to-birth-outcomes-and-cord-blood-dna-methylation-among-private-well-users
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Publisher's version
Salas_2019_Maternal_swimming_pool_exposure_during_pregnancy.pdf | |
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 |
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