Development of the gross motor function classification system for cerebral palsy

Journal article

Rosenbaum, Peter L., Palisano, Robert J., Bartlett, Doreen J., Galuppi, Barbara E. and Russell, Dianne J.. (2008). Development of the gross motor function classification system for cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 50(4), pp. 249 - 253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02045.x

Authors	Rosenbaum, Peter L., Palisano, Robert J., Bartlett, Doreen J., Galuppi, Barbara E. and Russell, Dianne J.
Abstract	The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) for cerebral palsy has been widely used internationally for clinical, research, and administrative purposes. This paper recounts the ideas and work behind the creation of the GMFCS, reports on the lessons learned, and identifies some philosophical challenges inherent in trying to develop an ordered, valid, and consistent system to describe function in children and adolescents with developmental differences. It is hoped that these ideas will be useful to others who choose to expand the field with additional systems in other areas of childhood neurodisability.
Year	2008
Journal	Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
Journal citation	50 (4), pp. 249 - 253
Publisher	Wiley-Blackwell
ISSN	0012-1622
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02045.x
Page range	249 - 253
Research Group	Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Place of publication	United Kingdom

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Stability and decline in gross motor function among children and youth with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 21 years

Hanna, Steven E., Rosenbaum, Peter L., Bartlett, Doreen J., Palisano, Robert, Walter, Stephen D., Avery, Lisa and Russell, Dianne J.. (2009). Stability and decline in gross motor function among children and youth with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 21 years. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 51(4), pp. 295 - 302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03196.x

Cerebral palsy in the 21st Century: What's new?

Rosenbaum, Peter. (2009). Cerebral palsy in the 21st Century: What's new? In C Morris and D Condie (Ed.). Recent Developmens in Healthcare for Cerebral Palsy: Implications and Opportunities for Orthotics. United Kingdom: International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics. pp. 25 - 39

Predicted and observed outcomes in preschool children following speech and language treatment: Parent and clinician perspectives

Thomas-Stonell, Nancy L., Oddson, Bruce, Robertson, Bernadette and Rosenbaum, Peter. (2009). Predicted and observed outcomes in preschool children following speech and language treatment: Parent and clinician perspectives. Journal of Communication Disorders. 42(1), pp. 29 - 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2008.08.002

A measure of community members perceptions of the impacts of research partnerships in health and social services

King, Gillian, Servais, Michelle, Kertoy, Marilyn, Specht, Jacqueline, Currie, Melissa, Rosenbaum, Peter, Law, Mary, Forchuk, Cheryl, Chalmers, Heather and Willoughby, Teena. (2009). A measure of community members perceptions of the impacts of research partnerships in health and social services. Evaluation and Program Planning. 32(3), pp. 289 - 299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2009.02.002

Belief systems of families of children with autism spectrum disorders or down syndrome

King, Gillian, Baxter, Donna, Rosenbaum, Peter, Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie and Bates, Anita. (2009). Belief systems of families of children with autism spectrum disorders or down syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. 24(1), pp. 50 - 64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357608329173

The health and psychosocial functioning of caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders

Lach, Lucyna M., Kohen, Dafna E., Garner, Rochelle E., Brehaut, Jamie C., Miller, Anton R., Klassen, Anne F. and Rosenbaum, Peter. (2009). The health and psychosocial functioning of caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Disability and Rehabilitation. 31(8), pp. 607 - 618. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280802242163

Quality of life in childhood epilepsy: What is the level of agreement between youth and their parents?

Verhey, Leonard H., Kulik, D. M., Ronen, Gabriel M., Rosenbaum, Peter, Lach, L. and Streiner, David L.. (2009). Quality of life in childhood epilepsy: What is the level of agreement between youth and their parents? Epilepsy & Behavior. 14(2), pp. 407 - 410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.12.008

Impact of fundoplication versus gastrojejunal feeding tubes on mortality and in preventing aspiratiion pneumonia in young children with neurologic impairment who have gastroesophageal reflux disease

Srivastava, Rajendu, Downey, Earl C., O'Gorman, Molly, Feola, Peter, Samore, Matthew, Holubkov, Richard, Mundorff, Michael, James, Brent C., Rosenbaum, Peter, Young, Paul C. and Dean, Jonathan M.. (2009). Impact of fundoplication versus gastrojejunal feeding tubes on mortality and in preventing aspiratiion pneumonia in young children with neurologic impairment who have gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pediatrics. 123(1), pp. 338 - 345. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1740

Health among caregivers of children with health problems: Findings from a Canadian population-based study

Brehaut, Jamie C., Kohen, Dafna, Garner, Rochelle E., Miller, Anton R., Lach, Lucy M., Klassen, Anne F. and Rosenbaum, Peter. (2009). Health among caregivers of children with health problems: Findings from a Canadian population-based study. American Journal of Public Health. 99(7), pp. 1254 - 1262. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129817

A randomized controlled trial of the impact of therapeutic horse riding on the quality of life, health, and function of children with cerebral palsy

Rosenbaum, Peter. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of the impact of therapeutic horse riding on the quality of life, health, and function of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 51(2), pp. 88 - 88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03259.x

Mobility experiences of adolescents with cerebral palsy

Palisano, Robert J., Shimmell, Lorie J., Stewart, Debra A., Lawless, John J., Rosenbaum, Peter L. and Russell, Dianne J.. (2009). Mobility experiences of adolescents with cerebral palsy. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. 29(2), pp. 135 - 155. https://doi.org/10.1080/01942630902784746

Use of the GMFCS in infants with CP: The need for reclassification at age 2 years or older

Gorter, Jan Willem, Ketelaar, Marjolijn, Rosenbaum, Peter, Helders, Paul J.M. and Palisano, Robert. (2009). Use of the GMFCS in infants with CP: The need for reclassification at age 2 years or older. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 51(1), pp. 46 - 52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03117.x

Putting child development back into developmental disabilities

Rosenbaum, Peter. (2009). Putting child development back into developmental disabilities. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 51(4), pp. 251 - 251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03275.x

Quality of life instruments for children and adolescents with neurodisabilities: How to choose the appropriate instrument

Waters, Elizabeth, Davis, Elise, Ronen, Gabriel M., Rosenbaum, Peter, Livingston, Michael H. and Saigal, Saroj. (2009). Quality of life instruments for children and adolescents with neurodisabilities: How to choose the appropriate instrument. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 51(8), pp. 660 - 669. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03324.x

Proposed motor development assessment protocol for epidemiological studies in children

Rosenbaum, Peter L., Missiuna, C., Echeverria, D. and Knox, S. S.. (2009). Proposed motor development assessment protocol for epidemiological studies in children. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 63(1), pp. 27 - 36. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.070896

Childhood disability and social policies

Rosenbaum, Peter. (2009). Childhood disability and social policies. British Medical Journal. 338(7703), pp. 1089 - 1090. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b1020

The quality of life for the young adult with neurodisability: Overview and reprise

Rosenbaum, Peter. (2009). The quality of life for the young adult with neurodisability: Overview and reprise. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 51(8), pp. 679 - 682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03323.x

Reliability in the ratings of quality of life between parents and their children of school age with cerebral palsy

Majnemer, Annette, Shevell, Michael, Law, Mary, Poulin, Chantal and Rosenbaum, Peter. (2008). Reliability in the ratings of quality of life between parents and their children of school age with cerebral palsy. Quality of Life Research. 17(9), pp. 1163 - 1171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-008-9394-6

Children's quality of life: Separating the person from the disorder

Rosenbaum, Peter. (2008). Children's quality of life: Separating the person from the disorder. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 93(2), pp. 100 - 101. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2007.132167

Families of children with chronic conditions: Opportunities to widen the scope of pediatric practice

Rosenbaum, Peter. (2008). Families of children with chronic conditions: Opportunities to widen the scope of pediatric practice. Journal of Pediatrics. 153(3), pp. 304 - 305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.04.010

Health-related quality of life of children with epilepsy in Hong Kong: How does it compare with that of youth with epilepsy in Canada?

Yam, Winnie K. L., Ronen, Gabriel M., Cherk, Sharon W.W., Rosenbaum, Peter, Chan, K. Y., Streiner, David L., Cheng, Sally W.W., Fung, C. W., Ho, Jackson C.S., Kwong, Karen L., Ma, Louis C. K., Ma, David K. H., Tsui, K. W., Wong, Virginia and Wong, Theresa Y. L.. (2008). Health-related quality of life of children with epilepsy in Hong Kong: How does it compare with that of youth with epilepsy in Canada? Epilepsy & Behavior. 12(3), pp. 419 - 426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.11.007

Effects of powered mobility on self-initiated behaviours of very young children with locomotor disability (1986)

Rosenbaum, Peter. (2008). Effects of powered mobility on self-initiated behaviours of very young children with locomotor disability (1986). Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 50(9), pp. 644 - 644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03081.x

Adolescents with cerebral palsy: Stability in measurement of quality of life and health-related quality of life over 1 year

Livingston, Michael H. and Rosenbaum, Peter. (2008). Adolescents with cerebral palsy: Stability in measurement of quality of life and health-related quality of life over 1 year. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 50(9), pp. 696 - 701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03053.x

A home for medically complex children: The role of hospital programs

Cohen, Eyal, Friedman, Jeremy, Nicholas, David, Adams, Sherri and Rosenbaum, Peter. (2008). A home for medically complex children: The role of hospital programs. Journal for Healthcare Quality. 30(3), pp. 7 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-1474.2008.tb01137.x

Family-centered theory: Origins, development, barriers and supports to implementation in rehabilitation medicine

Bamm, Elena L. and Rosenbaum, Peter. (2008). Family-centered theory: Origins, development, barriers and supports to implementation in rehabilitation medicine. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 89(8), pp. 1618 - 1624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.12.034

Content validity of the expanded and revised Gross Motor Function Classification System

Palisano, Robert J., Rosenbaum, Peter, Bartlett, Doreen J. and Livingston, Michael H.. (2008). Content validity of the expanded and revised Gross Motor Function Classification System. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 50(10), pp. 744 - 750. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03089.x

Participation and enjoyment of leisure activities in school-aged children with cerebral palsy

Majnemer, Annette, Shevell, Michael, Law, Mary, Birnbaum, Rena, Chilingaryan, Gevorg, Rosenbaum, Peter and Poulin, Chantal. (2008). Participation and enjoyment of leisure activities in school-aged children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 50(10), pp. 751 - 758. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03068.x

Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66 & GMFM-88) users manual

Russell, Dianne J., Rosenbaum, Peter, Wright, Marilyn and Avery, Lisa M.. (2002). Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66 & GMFM-88) users manual Mac Keith Press.