Musculoskeletal deterioration in men accompanies increases in body fat

Journal article


Pasco, Julie A., Gould, Haslinda, Brennan, Sharon L., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Kotowicz, Mark A.. (2014). Musculoskeletal deterioration in men accompanies increases in body fat. Obesity. 22(3), pp. 863 - 867. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20496
AuthorsPasco, Julie A., Gould, Haslinda, Brennan, Sharon L., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Kotowicz, Mark A.
Abstract

Objective: To examine body fat and musculoskeletal changes in men over 5 years. Methods: Body composition was evaluated for men in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study using whole body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) during two time-periods. DXA was performed for 1329 men (25-96 years) during 2001-2006 and for 900 men (25-98 years), 2006-2011. The masses of fat, lean, and bone were expressed relative to the square of height (kg/m2). Each compartment was also expressed as a percentage relative to body weight (%fat, %lean, %bone). Results: Mean BMI increased from 26.9 kg/m2 in 2001-2006, to 27.2 kg/m2 in 2006-2011 (P = 0.04). Mean fat mass increased by 9.0% from 6.98 kg/m2 (95%CI 6.84-7.11) in 2001-2006, to 7.60 kg/m2 (7.44-7.77) in 2006-2011 (P < 0.001); mean lean mass decreased by 0.9%, from 18.92 kg/m2 (18.83-19.01) to 18.75 kg/m2 (18.64-18.86) (P = 0.02), and mean bone mass decreased 1.6% from 1.041 kg/m2 (1.034-1.047), to 1.024 kg/m2 (1.016-1.032). Mean %fat increased from 23.4% to 25.2%, mean %lean decreased from 72.6% to 70.9% and mean %bone decreased from 4.0% to 3.9% (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: An increase in BMI, which reflects a substantial increase in body fat mass and declines in both lean and bone mass was reported. This may have implications for future development of bone fragility, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity.

Year2014
JournalObesity
Journal citation22 (3), pp. 863 - 867
PublisherWiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
ISSN1930-7381
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20496
Page range863 - 867
Research GroupInstitute for Health and Ageing
Publisher's version
File Access Level
Controlled
Place of publicationUnited States of America
EditorsE. Ravussin
Permalink -

https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8975q/musculoskeletal-deterioration-in-men-accompanies-increases-in-body-fat

Restricted files

Publisher's version

  • 109
    total views
  • 0
    total downloads
  • 2
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month
These values are for the period from 19th October 2020, when this repository was created.

Export as

Related outputs

The role of elders in the wellbeing of a contemporary Australian Indigenous community
Busija, Lucy, Cinelli, Renata, Toombs, Maree R., Easton, Caitlin, Hampton, Ron, Holdsworth, Kristen, Macleod, Ashley, Nicholson, Geoffrey C., Nasir, Bushra F., Sanders, Kerrie M. and McCabe, Marita P.. (2020). The role of elders in the wellbeing of a contemporary Australian Indigenous community. Gerontologist. 60(3), pp. 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny140
Diversity in fall characteristics hampers effective prevention: the precipitants, the environment, the fall and the injury
Sanders, Kerrie, Lim, Karen, Stuart, Amanda L., Macleod, Ashley, Scott, David, Nicholson, Geoff and Busija, Lucy. (2017). Diversity in fall characteristics hampers effective prevention: the precipitants, the environment, the fall and the injury. Osteoporosis International. 28(10), pp. 3005 - 3015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-4145-6
Non-hip and non-vertebral fractures: the neglected fracture sites
Holloway, Kara, Henry, Margaret, Brennan-Olsen, Sharon, Bucki-Smith, Gosia, Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Korn, S., Sanders, Kerrie, Pasco, Julie and Kotowicz, Mark. (2016). Non-hip and non-vertebral fractures: the neglected fracture sites. Osteoporosis International. 27(3), pp. 905 - 913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3322-8
The association between anxiety and falls: A meta-analysis
Hallford, David John, Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Sanders, Kerrie and McCabe, Marita Patricia. (2016). The association between anxiety and falls: A meta-analysis. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. 00(00), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv160
Anxiety Disorders and falls among older adults
Holloway, Kara L., Williams, L. J., Brennan-Olsen, Sharon L., Morse, Amelia G., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Pasco, Julie A.. (2016). Anxiety Disorders and falls among older adults. Journal of Affective Disorders. 205, pp. 20 - 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.052
Identification of a novel FGFRL1 MicroRNA target site polymorphism for bone mineral density in meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies
Niu, Tianhua, Liu, Ning, Zhao, Ming, Xie, Guie, Zhang, Lei, Li, Jian, Pei, Yu-Fang, Shen, Hui, Fu, Xiaoying, He, Hao, Lu, Shan, Chen, Xiang-Ding, Tan, Li-Jun, Yang, Tie-Lin, Guo, Yan, Leo, Paul, Duncan, Emma, Shen, Jie, Guo, Yan-Fang, ... Deng, Hong-Wen. (2015). Identification of a novel FGFRL1 MicroRNA target site polymorphism for bone mineral density in meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies. Human Molecular Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddv144
Determinants of rural practice : Positive interaction between rural background and rural undergraduate training
Kondalsamy-Chennakes, Srinivas, Eley, Diann, Ranmuthugala, Geetha, Chater, Alan, Toombs, Maree, Darshan, Deepak and Nicholson, Geoff. (2015). Determinants of rural practice : Positive interaction between rural background and rural undergraduate training. Medical Journal of Australia. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja14.00236
Changes in quality of life associated with fragility fractures : Australian arm of the International Cost and Utility Related to Osteoporotic Fractures Study (AusICUROS)
Abimanyi-Ochom, J., Watts, Jennifer, Borgstrom, F., Nicholson, Geoffrey, Shore-Lorenti, Catherine, Stuart, Amanda, Zhang, Y., Luliano, S., Seeman, Ego, Prince, Richard, March, Lyn, Winzenberg, T., Laslett, Laura, Duque, Gustavo, Ebeling, P. and Sanders, K. M.. (2015). Changes in quality of life associated with fragility fractures : Australian arm of the International Cost and Utility Related to Osteoporotic Fractures Study (AusICUROS). Osteoporosis International. 26(6), pp. 1781 - 1790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3088-z
Efficacy and safety of oral methazolamide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 24-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind study
Simpson, Richard W., Nicholson, Geoffrey C., Proietto, Joseph, Sarah, Alana, Sanders, Kerrie M., Phillips, Gabrielle, Chambers, Jo, MacGinley, Rob, Orford, Neil, Walder, Ken, Krippner, Guy, Skoff, Kathy and Wacher, Vincent J.. (2014). Efficacy and safety of oral methazolamide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 24-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Diabetes Care. 37(11), pp. 3121 - 3123. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-1038
Fracture risk among older men: Osteopenia and osteoporosis defined using cut-points derived from female versus male reference data
Pasco, Julie A., Lane, Steven E., Brennan, Sharon L., Timney, Elizabeth N., Bucki-Smith, Gosia, Dobbins, Amelia Grace, Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Kotowicz, Mark A.. (2014). Fracture risk among older men: Osteopenia and osteoporosis defined using cut-points derived from female versus male reference data. Osteoporosis International. 25(3), pp. 857 - 862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2561-9
Total and appendicular lean mass reference ranges for Australian men and women: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study
Gould, Haslinda, Brennan, Sharon L., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Pasco, Julie A.. (2014). Total and appendicular lean mass reference ranges for Australian men and women: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Calcified Tissue International. 94(4), pp. 363 - 372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-013-9830-7
Investigating the predictive ability of gait speed and quadriceps strength for incident falls in community-dwelling older women at high risk of fracture
Scott, David, Stuart, Amanda, Kay, Deborah, Ebeling, Peter, Nicholson, Geoffrey and Sanders, Kerrie. (2014). Investigating the predictive ability of gait speed and quadriceps strength for incident falls in community-dwelling older women at high risk of fracture. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 58(3), pp. 308 - 313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.11.004
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin, muscle strength and indices of bone health in older women
Levinger, Itamar, Scott, David, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Stuart, Amanda, Duque, Gustavo, McCorquodale, Thomas, Herrmann, Markus, Ebeling, Peter and Sanders, Kerrie. (2014). Undercarboxylated osteocalcin, muscle strength and indices of bone health in older women. Bone. 64, pp. 8 - 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.008
Genetic determinants of heel bone properties: Genome-wide association meta-analysis and replication in the GEFOS/GENOMOS consortium
Moayyeri, Alireza, Hsu, Yi-Hsiang, Karasik, David, Estrada, Karol, Xiao, Su-Mei, Nielson, Carrie, Srikanth, Priya, Giroux, Sylvie, Wilson, Scott G., Zheng, Hou-Feng, Smith, Albert V., Pye, Stephen R., Leo, Paul J., Teumer, Alexander, Hwang, Joo-Yeon, Ohlsson, Claes, McGuigan, Fiona, Minster, Ryan L., Hayward, Caroline, ... Kaptoge, Stephen K.. (2014). Genetic determinants of heel bone properties: Genome-wide association meta-analysis and replication in the GEFOS/GENOMOS consortium. Human Molecular Genetics. 23(11), pp. 3054 - 3068. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddt675
A systematic review: Identifying the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder in Australia''s Indigenous populations
Black, Emma B., Ranmuthugala, Geetha, Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan, Srinivas, Toombs, Maree R., Nicholson, Geoffrey C. and Kisely, Steve. (2014). A systematic review: Identifying the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder in Australia''s Indigenous populations. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 115(5), pp. 518 - 524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415569802
Is high dose Vitamin D harmful?
Sanders, Kerrie, Nicholson, Geoffrey and Ebeling, Peter. (2013). Is high dose Vitamin D harmful? Calcified Tissue International. 92(2), pp. 191 - 206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-012-9679-1
Impact of denosumab on the peripheral skeleton of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Bone density, mass, and strength of the radius, and wrist fracture
Simon, James A., Recknor, Christopher, Moffett, Alfred H., Adachi, Jonathan D., Franek, Edward, Lewiecki, E. Michael, McClung, Michael R., Mautalen, Carlos A., Ragi-Eis, Sergio, Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Muschitz, Christian, Nuti, Ranuccio, Torring, Ove, Wang, Andrea and Libanati, Cesar. (2013). Impact of denosumab on the peripheral skeleton of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Bone density, mass, and strength of the radius, and wrist fracture. Menopause. 20(2), pp. 130 - 137. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e318267f909
Calcaneal ultrasound reference ranges for Australian men and women: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study
Gould, Haslinda, Brennan, Sharon L., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Kotowicz, Mark A., Henry, Margaret J. and Pasco, Julie A.. (2013). Calcaneal ultrasound reference ranges for Australian men and women: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporosis International. 24(4), pp. 1369 - 1377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2082-y
Associations between measures of adiposity over 10 years and patella cartilage in population-based asymptomatic women
Gunardi, A. J., Brennan, Sharon L., Wang, Yuanyuan, Cicuttini, Flavia M., Pasco, Julie A., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Wluka, Anita E.. (2013). Associations between measures of adiposity over 10 years and patella cartilage in population-based asymptomatic women. International Journal of Obesity. 37(12), pp. 1586 - 1589. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.42
WNT16 influences bone mineral density, cortical bone thickness, bone strength, and osteoporotic fracture risk
Zheng, Hou-Feng, Tobias, Jon H., Duncan, Emma, Evans, David M., Eriksson, Joel, Paternoster, Lavinia, Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M., Lehtimäki, Terho, Bergström, Ulrica, Kähönen, Mika, Leo, Paul J., Raitakari, Olli, Laaksonen, Marika, Nicholson, Geoffrey C., Viikari, Jorma, Ladouceur, Martin, Lehtimäki, Leo-Pekka, Medina-Gomez, Carolina, Rivadeneira, Fernando, ... Lorentzon, Mattias. (2012). WNT16 influences bone mineral density, cortical bone thickness, bone strength, and osteoporotic fracture risk. PLoS Genetics. 8(7), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002745
Cross-sectional analysis of association between socioeconomic status and utilization of primary total hip joint replacements 2006-7: Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry
Brennan, Sharon L., Stanford, Tyman, Wluka, Anita E., Henry, Margaret J., Page, Richard S., Graves, Stephen E., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Pasco, Julie A.. (2012). Cross-sectional analysis of association between socioeconomic status and utilization of primary total hip joint replacements 2006-7: Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 13(63), pp. 63 - 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-13-63
Endogenous parathyroid hormone is associated with reduced cartilage volume in vivo in a population-based sample of adult women
Brennan, Sharon L., Cicuttini, Flavia M., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Pasco, Julie A., Kotowicz, Mark A. and Wluka, Anita E.. (2012). Endogenous parathyroid hormone is associated with reduced cartilage volume in vivo in a population-based sample of adult women. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 71(6), pp. 1000 - 1003. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200957
Dietary selenium and major depression: A nested case-control study
Pasco, Julie A., Jacka, Felice N., Willia, Lana J., Evans-Cleverdon, Melinda, Brennan, Sharon L., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Ball, Madeleine J. and Berk, Michael. (2012). Dietary selenium and major depression: A nested case-control study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 20(3), pp. 119 - 123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2011.12.008
Social determinants of bone densitometry uptake for osteoporosis risk in patients aged 50yr and older: A systematic review
Brennan, Sharon, Wluka, Anita, Gould, Haslinda, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Leslie, William, Ebeling, Peter, Oldenburg, Brian, Kotowicz, Mark and Pasco, Julie. (2012). Social determinants of bone densitometry uptake for osteoporosis risk in patients aged 50yr and older: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 15(2), pp. 165 - 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2011.12.005
Utilisation of primary total knee joint replacements across socioeconomic status in the Barwon Statistical Division, Australia, 2006-2007: A cross-sectional study
Brennan, Sharon L., Stanford, Tyman, Wluka, Anita, Page, Richard S., Graves, Stephen E., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Pasco, Julie A.. (2012). Utilisation of primary total knee joint replacements across socioeconomic status in the Barwon Statistical Division, Australia, 2006-2007: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2(5), pp. 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001310
The epidemiology of the first wave of H1N1 influenza pandemic in Australia: A population-based study
Pasco, Julie A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Brennan, Sharon L., Bennett, Kathy E., Dobbins, Amelia Grace and Athan, Eugene. (2012). The epidemiology of the first wave of H1N1 influenza pandemic in Australia: A population-based study. The Open Public Health Journal. 5, pp. 80 - 85. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874944501205010080
Prevalence of obesity and the relationship between the body mass index and body fat: Cross-sectional, population-based data
Pasco, Julie A., Nicholson, Geoffrey C., Brennan, Sharon L. and Kotowicz, Mark A.. (2012). Prevalence of obesity and the relationship between the body mass index and body fat: Cross-sectional, population-based data. PLoS ONE. 7(1), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029580
Incident hip fracture and social disadvantage in an Australian population aged 50 years or greater
Brennan, Sharon, Henry, Margaret, Kotowicz, Mark, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Zhang, Yu and Pasco, Julie. (2011). Incident hip fracture and social disadvantage in an Australian population aged 50 years or greater. Bone. 48(3), pp. 607 - 610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.10.175
Fracture risk score and absolute risk of fracture
Henry, Margaret, Pasco, Julie, Merriman, Elizabeth, Zhang, Yu, Sanders, Kerrie, Kotowicz, Mark and Nicholson, Geoffrey. (2011). Fracture risk score and absolute risk of fracture. Radiology. 259(2), pp. 495 - 501. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10101406
Changes in hip fracture rates in southeastern Australia spanning the period 1994-2007
Pasco, Julie, Brennan, Sharon, Henry, Margaret, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Sanders, Kerrie, Zhang, Yu and Kotowicz, Mark. (2011). Changes in hip fracture rates in southeastern Australia spanning the period 1994-2007. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 26(7), pp. 1648 - 1654. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.393
Independent and combined effects of calcium-vitamin D3 and exercise on bone structure and strength in older men: An 18-month factorial design randomized controlled trial
Kukuljan, Sonja, Nowson, Caryl, Sanders, Kerrie, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Seibel, Markus, Salmon, Jo and Daly, Robin. (2011). Independent and combined effects of calcium-vitamin D3 and exercise on bone structure and strength in older men: An 18-month factorial design randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 96(4), pp. 955 - 963. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2284
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) use, fracture and bone mineral density
Williams, Lana, Pasco, Julie, Henry, Margaret, Sanders, Kerrie, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Kotowicz, Mark and Berk, Michael. (2011). Paracetamol (acetaminophen) use, fracture and bone mineral density. Bone. 48(6), pp. 1277 - 1281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.435
Area-based socioeconomic status and mood disorders: Cross-sectional evidence from a cohort of randomly selected adult women
Williams, Lana, Brennan, Sharon, Henry, Margaret, Berk, Michael, Jacka, Felice, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Kotowicz, Mark and Pasco, Julie. (2011). Area-based socioeconomic status and mood disorders: Cross-sectional evidence from a cohort of randomly selected adult women. Maturitas. 69(2), pp. 173 - 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.03.015
Annual high-dose vitamin D3 and mental well-being: Randomised controlled trial
Sanders, Kerrie, Stuart, Amanda, Williamson, Elizabeth, Jacka, Felice, Dodd, Seetal, Nicholson, Geoff and Berk, Michael. (2011). Annual high-dose vitamin D3 and mental well-being: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 198(5), pp. 357 - 364. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.087544
Bone mineral density is cross sectionally associated with cartilage volume in healthy, asymptomatic adult females: Geelong Osteoporosis Study
Brennan, Sharon, Pasco, Julie, Cicuttini, Flavia, Henry, Margaret, Kotowicz, Mark, Nicholson, Geoffrey and Wluka, Anita. (2011). Bone mineral density is cross sectionally associated with cartilage volume in healthy, asymptomatic adult females: Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Bone. 49(4), pp. 839 - 844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.015
Habitual physical activity and the risk for depressive and anxiety disorders among older men and women
Pasco, Julie, Williams, Lana, Jacka, Felice, Henry, Margaret, Coulson, Carolyn, Brennan, Sharon, Leslie, Eva, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Kotowicz, Mark and Berk, Michael. (2011). Habitual physical activity and the risk for depressive and anxiety disorders among older men and women. International Psychogeriatrics. 23(2), pp. 292 - 298. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210001833
Annual feedback is an effective tool for a sustained increase in calcium intake among older women
Sanders, Kerrie, Stuart, Amanda L., Kotowicz, Mark and Nicholson, Geoff. (2010). Annual feedback is an effective tool for a sustained increase in calcium intake among older women. Nutrients. 2(9), pp. 1018 - 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2091018
Patterns of alcohol use and associated physical and lifestyle characteristics according to new Australian guidelines
Coulson, Carolyn E., Williams, Lana J., Henry, Margaret, Berk, Michael, Lubman, Dan, Brennan-Olsen, Sharon, Nicholson, Geoff, Kotowicz, Mark, Korn, S and Pasco, Julie. (2010). Patterns of alcohol use and associated physical and lifestyle characteristics according to new Australian guidelines. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 44(10), pp. 946 - 951. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.495051
Socioeconomic status, obesity and lifestyle in men: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study
Brennan-Olsen, Sharon, Henry, Margaret, Nicholson, Geoff, Kotowicz, Mark and Pasco, Julie. (2010). Socioeconomic status, obesity and lifestyle in men: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Journal of Men's Health. 7(1), pp. 31 - 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jomh.2009.10.004
Does an increase in body mass index over 10 years affect knee structure in a population-based cohort study of adult women?
Brennan-Olsen, Sharon, Cicuttini, Flavia, Pasco, Julie, Henry, Margaret, Wang, Yuanyuan, Kotowicz, Mark, Nicholson, Geoff and Wluka, Anita. (2010). Does an increase in body mass index over 10 years affect knee structure in a population-based cohort study of adult women? Arthritis Research and Therapy. 12(4), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3078
Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: A randomized controlled trial
Sanders, Kerrie, Stuart, Amanda L., Williamson, Elizabeth J., Simpson, Julie A., Kotowicz, Mark, Young, Doris and Nicholson, Geoff. (2010). Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 303(18), pp. 1815 - 1822. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.594
Socioeconomic status and bone mineral density in a population-based sample of men
Brennan-Olsen, Sharon, Henry, Margaret, Wluka, Anita, Nicholson, Geoff, Kotowicz, Mark and Pasco, Julie. (2010). Socioeconomic status and bone mineral density in a population-based sample of men. Bone. 46(4), pp. 993 - 999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2009.12.029