Hospital infection control units : Staffing, costs, and priorities

Journal article

Mitchell, Brett G., Hall, Lisa, MacBeth, Deborough, Gardner, Anne and Halton, Kate. (2015). Hospital infection control units : Staffing, costs, and priorities. American Journal of Infection Control. 43(6), pp. 612-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.02.016
AuthorsMitchell, Brett G., Hall, Lisa, MacBeth, Deborough, Gardner, Anne and Halton, Kate
Abstract

Background

This article describes infection prevention and control professionals' (ICPs') staffing levels, patient outcomes, and costs associated with the provision of infection prevention and control services in Australian hospitals. A secondary objective was to determine the priorities for infection control units.

Methods

A cross sectional study design was used. Infection control units in Australian public and private hospitals completed a web-based anonymous survey. Data collected included details about the respondent; hospital demographics; details and services of the infection control unit; and a description of infection prevention and control related outputs, patient outcomes and infection control priorities.

Results

Forty-nine surveys were undertaken, accounting for 152 Australian hospitals. The mean number of ICPs was 0.66 per 100 overnight beds (95% CI 0.55-.0.77). Privately funded hospitals have significantly fewer ICPs per 100 overnight beds, compared to publicly funded hospitals (P < .01). Staffing costs for nursing staff in infection control units in this study totaled $16,364,392 (mean, $380,566). Infection control units managing smaller hospitals (<270 beds) identified the need for increased access to infectious diseases or microbiology support.

Conclusion

This study provides valuable information to support future decisions by funders, hospital administrators and ICPs on service delivery models for infection prevention and control. Further, it is the first to provide estimates of the resourcing and cost of staffing infection control in hospitals at a national level.

KeywordsAustralia; Healthcare-associated infections; Hospital; Infection control; Priorities; Resource; Staffing
Year2015
JournalAmerican Journal of Infection Control
Journal citation43 (6), pp. 612-616
PublisherElsevier Inc.
ISSN0196-6553
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.02.016
Scopus EID2-s2.0-84931562075
Open accessPublished as green open access
Page range612-616
Research GroupSchool of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine
Author's accepted manuscript
File Access Level
Open
Publisher's version
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All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Place of publicationUnited States of America
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Mitchell, Brett, Wells, Anne, McGregor, Alistair and McKenzie, Duncan. (2012). Can homemade fit testing solutions be as effective as commercial products? Healthcare Infection. 17(4), pp. 111 - 114. https://doi.org/10.1071/HI12019
The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Tasmania
Mitchell, Brett, Gardner, Anne and Stewart, Lee. (2012). The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Tasmania. Healthcare Infection. 17(3), pp. 98 - 103. https://doi.org/10.1071/HI12020
Prolongation of length of stay and Clostridium difficile infection : A review of the methods used to examine length of stay due to healthcare associated infections
Mitchell, Brett and Gardner, Anne. (2012). Prolongation of length of stay and Clostridium difficile infection : A review of the methods used to examine length of stay due to healthcare associated infections. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 1(14), pp. 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-1-14
An increase in community onset Clostridium difficile infection : A population-based study, Tasmania, Australia
Mitchell, Brett, Wilson, Fiona and McGregor, Alistair. (2012). An increase in community onset Clostridium difficile infection : A population-based study, Tasmania, Australia. Healthcare Infection. 17(4), pp. 127 - 132. https://doi.org/10.1071/HI12029
The prevalence of urinary distress in male and female adults with diabetes mellitus attending a Northern Australian endocrine centre
Chadwick, Robyn, Corstiaans, Audrey, Gardner, Anne, Crook, Sandra, Tan, Yong Mong, Rane, Ajay and Millar, Lynne. (2012). The prevalence of urinary distress in male and female adults with diabetes mellitus attending a Northern Australian endocrine centre. Australian and New Zealand Continence Journal. 18(3), pp. 80 - 86.
Clostridium difficile infection in Tasmanian public hospitals 2006-2010
Mitchell, Brett G., Ware, C., McGregor, A., Brown, S. and Wells, A.. (2011). Clostridium difficile infection in Tasmanian public hospitals 2006-2010. Healthcare Infection (print version). 16(3), pp. 101 - 106. https://doi.org/10.1071/HI11009
Irritability :an underappreciated side effect of interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C?
Blacklaws, Helen, Gardner, Anne and Usher, Kim. (2011). Irritability :an underappreciated side effect of interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C? Journal of Clinical Nursing. 20, pp. 1215 - 1224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03494.x
Audit of factors associated with the intactness of central venous catheter exit site dressings for northern Australian haemodialysis patients
Hughes, K., Gardner, Anne and McArdle, J.. (2011). Audit of factors associated with the intactness of central venous catheter exit site dressings for northern Australian haemodialysis patients. Renal Society of Australasia Journal. 7(3), pp. 108 - 114.
The status of Australian nurse practitioners: The second national census
Middleton, Sandy, Gardner, Anne, Gardner, G. and Della, P R.. (2011). The status of Australian nurse practitioners: The second national census. Australian Health Review. 35(4), pp. 448 - 454. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH10987
A snapshot of Australian nurse practitioners' extended practice activities
Gardner, Glenn, Gardner, Anne, Middleton, Sandy, Della, Phillip and Doubrovsky, Anna. (2010). A snapshot of Australian nurse practitioners' extended practice activities. The Nurse Practitioner Series. 3(1), pp. 8-15.
A literature review supporting the proposed national Australian definition for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia
Mitchell, Brett, Gardner, Anne, Collignon, Peter, Stewart, Lee and Cruickshank, Marilyn. (2010). A literature review supporting the proposed national Australian definition for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Healthcare Infection. 15(4), pp. 105 - 113. https://doi.org/10.1071/HI10030
The work of nurse practitioners
Gardner, Glenn, Gardner, Anne, Middleton, Sandy, Della, Phillip, Kain, Victoria and Doubrovsky, Anna. (2010). The work of nurse practitioners. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 66(10), pp. 2160-2169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05379.x
The first Australian nurse practitioner census : A protocol to guide standardized collection of information about an emergent professional group
Middleton, Sandy, Gardner, Glenn, Gardner, Anne, Della, Phillip, Gibb, Michelle and Millar, Lynne. (2010). The first Australian nurse practitioner census : A protocol to guide standardized collection of information about an emergent professional group. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 16(5), pp. 517-524. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2010.01877.x
Development and validation of a novel approach to work sampling : A study of work practitioner work patterns
Gardner, Glenn, Gardner, Anne, Middleton, Sandy, Gibb, Michelle, Della, Phillip and Duffield, Christine. (2010). Development and validation of a novel approach to work sampling : A study of work practitioner work patterns. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. 27(4), pp. 4-12.
Clients' understanding of the role of nurse practitioners
Susan, Allnutt,, Allnutt, Nissa, McMaster, Rose, O'Connell, Jane, Middleton, Sandy, Hillege, Sharon, Della, Phillip R., Gardner, Glenn E. and Gardner, Anne. (2010). Clients' understanding of the role of nurse practitioners. Australian Health Review. 34(1), pp. 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH09688
The status of Australian nurse practitioners : The first national census
Gardner, Anne, Della, Phillip R., Middleton, Sandy and Gardner, Glenn. (2009). The status of Australian nurse practitioners : The first national census. Australian Health Review. 33(4), pp. 679-689. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH090679
Pressure injury prevalence in a private health service: Risks and recommendations
Gardner, Anne, Millar, Lynne, Legg, Sandra, Gomez, Yvette, McGillion, Tony and Mulcahy, Aidan. (2009). Pressure injury prevalence in a private health service: Risks and recommendations. Wound Practice & Research. 17(3), pp. 134 - 145.
Absolutely fabulous - but are we? Carers' perspectives on satisfaction with a palliative homecare service
O'Connor, Lera, Gardner, Anne, Millar, Lynne and Bennett, Peter. (2009). Absolutely fabulous - but are we? Carers' perspectives on satisfaction with a palliative homecare service. Collegian. 16(4), pp. 201 - 209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2009.04.005
Implementing a journal club in a palliative care setting: A link in the chain of evidence-based practice
O'Connor, Lera, Bennett, Peter, Gardner, Anne, Hawkins, Mary and Wellman, David. (2009). Implementing a journal club in a palliative care setting: A link in the chain of evidence-based practice. Collegian. 16(3), pp. 147 - 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2008.12.006
A literature review of central venous catheter dressings: Implications for haemodialysis in the tropics
McArdle, Joleen and Gardner, Anne. (2009). A literature review of central venous catheter dressings: Implications for haemodialysis in the tropics. Infection, Disease and Health. 14(4), pp. 139 - 146. https://doi.org/10.1071/HI09014
Excellence in regional stroke care: An evaluation of the implementation of a stroke care unit in regional Australia
McCann, Leanne, Groot, Patrick, Charnley, Chris and Gardner, Anne. (2009). Excellence in regional stroke care: An evaluation of the implementation of a stroke care unit in regional Australia. Australian Journal of Rural Health. 17(5), pp. 273 - 278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2009.01098.x
Writing ourselves into a web of obedience: A nursing policy analysis
Bail, Kasia, Cook, Robert, Gardner, Anne and Grealish, Laurie. (2009). Writing ourselves into a web of obedience: A nursing policy analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 46(11), pp. 1457 - 1466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.04.005
Potential scope and impact of a transboundary model of nurse practitioners in aged care
Bail, Kasia, Arbon, Paul, Eggert, Marlene, Gardner, Anne, Hogan, Sonia, Phillips, Christine, van Dieman, Nicole and Waddington, Gordon. (2009). Potential scope and impact of a transboundary model of nurse practitioners in aged care. Australian Journal of Primary Health. 15(3), pp. 232 - 237. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY09009
Patients' and nurses' perspectives on oxygen therapy: A qualitative study
Eastwood, Glenn, O'Connell, Beverley, Gardner, Anne and Considine, Julie. (2009). Patients' and nurses' perspectives on oxygen therapy: A qualitative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 65(3), pp. 634 - 641. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04933.x
Reporting a research project on the potential of aged care nurse practitioners in the Australian capital territory
Arbon, Paul, Bail, Kasia, Eggert, Marlene, Gardner, Anne, Hogan, Sonia, Phillips, Christine, van Dieman, Nicole and Waddington, Gordon. (2009). Reporting a research project on the potential of aged care nurse practitioners in the Australian capital territory. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18(2), pp. 255 - 262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02452.x
Selecting the right integration of research into practice strategy
Eastwood, Glenn, O'Connell, Beverley and Gardner, Anne. (2008). Selecting the right integration of research into practice strategy. Journal of Nursing Care Quality. 23(3), pp. 258 - 264. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NCQ.0000324591.76590.e9
From competence to capability: A study of nurse practitioners in clinical practice
Gardner, Anne, Hase, Stewart, Gardner, Glenn, Dunn, Sandra and Carryer, Jenny. (2008). From competence to capability: A study of nurse practitioners in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 17(2), pp. 250 - 258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01880.x
Evaluation of nasopharyngeal oxygen, nasal prongs and facemask oxygen therapy devices in adult patients: A randomised crossover trial
Eastwood, Glenn, O'Connell, Beverley, Gardner, Anne and Considine, Julie. (2008). Evaluation of nasopharyngeal oxygen, nasal prongs and facemask oxygen therapy devices in adult patients: A randomised crossover trial. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 36(5), pp. 691 - 694.
The core role of the nurse practitioner: practice, professionalism and clinical leadership
Carryer, Jenny, Gardner, Glenn, Dunn, Sandra and Gardner, Anne. (2007). The core role of the nurse practitioner: practice, professionalism and clinical leadership. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 16(10), pp. 1818 - 1825. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01823.x
Living with chronic illness
Gardner, Glenn and Gardner, Anne. (2007). Living with chronic illness. In In McAllister, Margaret (Ed.). Solution focused nursing : Rethinking practice pp. 143-153 Palgrave Macmillan.
Dealing with data: optimising data consistency to demonstrate the value of nurse practitioner service
Gardner, Anne, Millar, Lynne and Driscoll, Andrea. (2007). Dealing with data: optimising data consistency to demonstrate the value of nurse practitioner service. The Nurse Practitioner Series. 2(1), pp. 19 - 25.
Intravascular catheter bloodstream infections: An effective and sustained hospital-wide prevention program over 8 years
Collignon, Peter J., eimanis, Dianne E., Beckingham, Wendy D., Roberts, Jan L. and Gardner, Anne. (2007). Intravascular catheter bloodstream infections: An effective and sustained hospital-wide prevention program over 8 years. Medical Journal of Australia. 187(10), pp. 551 - 554.
The capability of nurse practitioners may be diminished by controlling protocols
Carryer, Jenny, Gardner, Glenn, Dunn, Sandra and Gardner, Anne. (2007). The capability of nurse practitioners may be diminished by controlling protocols. Australian Health Review. 31(1), pp. 108 - 115. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH070108
Clinical usefulness and feasibility of using Reality Orientation with patients who have dementia in acute care settings
O'Connell, Beverley, Gardner, Anne, Takase, Miyuki, Hawkins, Mary, Ostaszkiewicz, Joan, Ski, Chantal and Josipovic, Patricia. (2007). Clinical usefulness and feasibility of using Reality Orientation with patients who have dementia in acute care settings. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 13(3), pp. 182 - 192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2007.00624.x
Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus DNA in a sample of senior school-aged women in the Australian Capital Territory
O'Keefe, Elissa, Gardner, Anne, Currie, Marian, Garland, Suzanne, Tabrizi, Sepehr and Bowden, Francis. (2006). Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus DNA in a sample of senior school-aged women in the Australian Capital Territory. Sexual Health. 3(2), pp. 91 - 94. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH05047
Competency and capability: imperative for nurse practitioner education
Gardner, Glenn, Carryer, Jenny, Dunn, Sandra and Gardner, Anne. (2006). Competency and capability: imperative for nurse practitioner education. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. 24(1), pp. 8 - 14.
Using a monitored sip test to assess risk of aspiration in postoperative patients
Osborne, Sonya, Gardner, Glenn, Gardner, Anne, Franklin, Susan, Tuohy, Elizabeth and Fisher, Alex. (2006). Using a monitored sip test to assess risk of aspiration in postoperative patients. AORN Journal. 83(4), pp. 908 - 928. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-2092(06)60010-0
Sedation and analgesia management for mechanically ventilated adults: literature review, case study and recommendations for practice
Feeley, Kathy and Gardner, Anne. (2006). Sedation and analgesia management for mechanically ventilated adults: literature review, case study and recommendations for practice. Australian Critical Care. 19(2), pp. 73 - 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1036-7314(06)80012-3
How ophthalmic day surgery patients convalesce at home: an exploration of the salient issues
Ryan, Fiona, O'Connell, Beverley and Gardner, Anne. (2006). How ophthalmic day surgery patients convalesce at home: an exploration of the salient issues. Day Surgery Australia. 5(3), pp. 11 - 16.
Pressure injury: an exploration of the relationship between risk factors and interface pressure
Gardner, Anne, Dunk, Ann Marie, Eggert, Marlene, Gardner, Glenn and Wellman, David. (2006). Pressure injury: an exploration of the relationship between risk factors and interface pressure. Wound Practice & Research. 14(4), pp. 140 - 149.
Nurse Practitioner competency standards: Findings from collaborative Australian and New Zealand research
Gardner, Glenn, Carryer, Jenny, Gardner, Anne and Dunn, Sandra. (2006). Nurse Practitioner competency standards: Findings from collaborative Australian and New Zealand research. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 43(5), pp. 601 - 610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.09.002
A trial of nurse practitioner scope of practice
Gardner, Anne and Gardner, Glenn. (2005). A trial of nurse practitioner scope of practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 49(2), pp. 135 - 145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03273.x
Best practice in stabilisation of oral endotracheal tubes: a systematic review
Gardner, Anne, Hughes, Dot, Cook, Robert, Henson, Rachael, Osborne, Sonya and Gardner, Glenn. (2005). Best practice in stabilisation of oral endotracheal tubes: a systematic review. Australian Critical Care. 18(4), pp. 158 - 165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1036-7314(05)80029-3
Parenting a preterm infant: Experiences in a regional neonatal health services programme
Rowe, Jennifer, Gardner, Glenn and Gardner, Anne. (2005). Parenting a preterm infant: Experiences in a regional neonatal health services programme. Neonatal, Paediatric and Child Health Nursing. 8(1), pp. 17 - 23.