Diversity in fall characteristics hampers effective prevention: the precipitants, the environment, the fall and the injury

Journal article


Sanders, Kerrie, Lim, Karen, Stuart, Amanda L., Macleod, Ashley, Scott, David, Nicholson, Geoff and Busija, Lucy. (2017). Diversity in fall characteristics hampers effective prevention: the precipitants, the environment, the fall and the injury. Osteoporosis International. 28(10), pp. 3005 - 3015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-4145-6
AuthorsSanders, Kerrie, Lim, Karen, Stuart, Amanda L., Macleod, Ashley, Scott, David, Nicholson, Geoff and Busija, Lucy
Abstract

Summary Falls among the elderly are common and characteristics may differ between injurious and non-injurious falls. Among 887 older Australian women followed for 1.6 years, 32% fell annually. Only 8.5% resulted in fracture and/or hospital admission. The characteristics of those falls are indistinguishable from those not coming to medical attention. Introduction The precipitants and environment of all falls occurring among a large cohort of older Caucasian women were categorised by injury status to determine if the characteristics differed between injurious and non-injurious falls. Methods Among 887 Australian women (70+ years), falls were ascertained using monthly postcard calendars and a questionnaire was administered for each fall. Hospital admissions and fractures were independently confirmed. Results All falls were reported for a mean observation time of 577 (IQR 546–607) days per participant, equating to a total 1400 person-years. Thirty-two percent fell at least once per year. The most common features of a fall were that the faller was walking (61%) at home (61%) during the day (88%) and lost balance (32%). Only 12% of all falls occurred at night. Despite no difference in the type of injury between day and night, the likelihood of being hospitalised from a fall at night was 4.5 times greater than that of a daytime fall with adjustment for injury type and participant age (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.1, 9.5; p < 0.001). Of all falls, approximately one third were associated with no injury to the faller (31%), one third reported a single injury (37%) and one third reported more than one injury (32%). In 95% of falls, the faller was not admitted to hospital. Only 5% of falls resulted in fracture(s). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the significant diversity of precipitants and environment where falls commonly occur among older community-dwelling women. Falls resulting in fracture and/or hospital admission collectively represent 8.5% of all falls and their characteristics are indistinguishable from falls not coming to medical attention and incurring no apparent cost to the health system.

Year2017
JournalOsteoporosis International
Journal citation28 (10), pp. 3005 - 3015
PublisherSpringer UK
ISSN0937-941X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-4145-6
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85025068693
Open accessOpen access
Page range3005 - 3015
Research GroupMary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Publisher's version
License
Place of publicationUnited Kingdom
EditorsJ. A. Kanis and F. Cosman
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Sarcopenic obesity and dynapenic obesity: 5-year associations with falls risk in middle-aged and older adults
Scott, David, Sanders, Kerrie M., Aitken, Dawn, Hayes, Alan, Ebeling, Peter R. and Jones, Graeme. (2014). Sarcopenic obesity and dynapenic obesity: 5-year associations with falls risk in middle-aged and older adults. Obesity. 22(6), pp. 1568 - 1574. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20734
Efficacy and safety of oral methazolamide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 24-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind study
Simpson, Richard W., Nicholson, Geoffrey C., Proietto, Joseph, Sarah, Alana, Sanders, Kerrie M., Phillips, Gabrielle, Chambers, Jo, MacGinley, Rob, Orford, Neil, Walder, Ken, Krippner, Guy, Skoff, Kathy and Wacher, Vincent J.. (2014). Efficacy and safety of oral methazolamide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 24-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Diabetes Care. 37(11), pp. 3121 - 3123. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-1038
Fracture risk among older men: Osteopenia and osteoporosis defined using cut-points derived from female versus male reference data
Pasco, Julie A., Lane, Steven E., Brennan, Sharon L., Timney, Elizabeth N., Bucki-Smith, Gosia, Dobbins, Amelia Grace, Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Kotowicz, Mark A.. (2014). Fracture risk among older men: Osteopenia and osteoporosis defined using cut-points derived from female versus male reference data. Osteoporosis International. 25(3), pp. 857 - 862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2561-9
Musculoskeletal deterioration in men accompanies increases in body fat
Pasco, Julie A., Gould, Haslinda, Brennan, Sharon L., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Kotowicz, Mark A.. (2014). Musculoskeletal deterioration in men accompanies increases in body fat. Obesity. 22(3), pp. 863 - 867. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20496
Shining the Light on Sunshine: A systematic review of the influence of sun exposure on type 2 diabetes mellitus-related outcomes
Shore-Lorenti, Catherine, Brennan, Sharon L., Sanders, Kerrie M., Neale, Rachel E., Lucas, Robyn M. and Ebeling, Peter R.. (2014). Shining the Light on Sunshine: A systematic review of the influence of sun exposure on type 2 diabetes mellitus-related outcomes. Clinical Endocrinology. 81(6), pp. 799 - 811. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12567
Total and appendicular lean mass reference ranges for Australian men and women: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study
Gould, Haslinda, Brennan, Sharon L., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Pasco, Julie A.. (2014). Total and appendicular lean mass reference ranges for Australian men and women: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Calcified Tissue International. 94(4), pp. 363 - 372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-013-9830-7
Iron status and dietary iron intake of female blood donors
Booth, Alison O., Lim, Karen, Capper, Hugh, Irving, David, Fisher, Jenny, McNaughton, Sarah A., Riddell, Lynn, Keller, Anthony and Nowson, Caryl A.. (2014). Iron status and dietary iron intake of female blood donors. Transfusion. 54, pp. 770 - 774. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.12347
Serum selenium status in Graves' disease with and without orbitopathy: A case-control study
Khong, Jwu Jin, Goldstein, Rebecca F., Sanders, Kerrie M., Schneider, Hans, Pope, Jeffrey, Burdon, Kathryn P., Craigh, Jamie E., Ebeling, Peter R. and Peter, . (2014). Serum selenium status in Graves' disease with and without orbitopathy: A case-control study. Clinical Endocrinology. 80(6), pp. 905 - 910. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12392
Investigating the predictive ability of gait speed and quadriceps strength for incident falls in community-dwelling older women at high risk of fracture
Scott, David, Stuart, Amanda, Kay, Deborah, Ebeling, Peter, Nicholson, Geoffrey and Sanders, Kerrie. (2014). Investigating the predictive ability of gait speed and quadriceps strength for incident falls in community-dwelling older women at high risk of fracture. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 58(3), pp. 308 - 313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.11.004
The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in a random sample from the Australian population
Moore, Eileen, Pasco, Julie, Mander, Alastair, Sanders, Kerrie, Carne, Ross, Jenkins, Nicole, Black, Marion, Schneider, Hans, Ames, David and Watters, David. (2014). The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in a random sample from the Australian population. Journal of Investigational Biochemistry. 3(3), pp. 95 - 100. https://doi.org/10.5455/jib.20140716041521
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin, muscle strength and indices of bone health in older women
Levinger, Itamar, Scott, David, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Stuart, Amanda, Duque, Gustavo, McCorquodale, Thomas, Herrmann, Markus, Ebeling, Peter and Sanders, Kerrie. (2014). Undercarboxylated osteocalcin, muscle strength and indices of bone health in older women. Bone. 64, pp. 8 - 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.03.008
Genetic determinants of heel bone properties: Genome-wide association meta-analysis and replication in the GEFOS/GENOMOS consortium
Moayyeri, Alireza, Hsu, Yi-Hsiang, Karasik, David, Estrada, Karol, Xiao, Su-Mei, Nielson, Carrie, Srikanth, Priya, Giroux, Sylvie, Wilson, Scott G., Zheng, Hou-Feng, Smith, Albert V., Pye, Stephen R., Leo, Paul J., Teumer, Alexander, Hwang, Joo-Yeon, Ohlsson, Claes, McGuigan, Fiona, Minster, Ryan L., Hayward, Caroline, ... Kaptoge, Stephen K.. (2014). Genetic determinants of heel bone properties: Genome-wide association meta-analysis and replication in the GEFOS/GENOMOS consortium. Human Molecular Genetics. 23(11), pp. 3054 - 3068. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddt675
A systematic review: Identifying the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder in Australia''s Indigenous populations
Black, Emma B., Ranmuthugala, Geetha, Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan, Srinivas, Toombs, Maree R., Nicholson, Geoffrey C. and Kisely, Steve. (2014). A systematic review: Identifying the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder in Australia''s Indigenous populations. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 115(5), pp. 518 - 524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415569802
Iron and zinc nutrition in the economically-developed world : A review
Lim, Karen H. C., Riddell, Lynn J., Nowson, Caryl A., Booth, Alison O. and Szymlek-Gay, Ewa A.. (2013). Iron and zinc nutrition in the economically-developed world : A review. Nutrients. 5(8), pp. 3184-3211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5083184
Is high dose Vitamin D harmful?
Sanders, Kerrie, Nicholson, Geoffrey and Ebeling, Peter. (2013). Is high dose Vitamin D harmful? Calcified Tissue International. 92(2), pp. 191 - 206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-012-9679-1
Impact of denosumab on the peripheral skeleton of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Bone density, mass, and strength of the radius, and wrist fracture
Simon, James A., Recknor, Christopher, Moffett, Alfred H., Adachi, Jonathan D., Franek, Edward, Lewiecki, E. Michael, McClung, Michael R., Mautalen, Carlos A., Ragi-Eis, Sergio, Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Muschitz, Christian, Nuti, Ranuccio, Torring, Ove, Wang, Andrea and Libanati, Cesar. (2013). Impact of denosumab on the peripheral skeleton of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Bone density, mass, and strength of the radius, and wrist fracture. Menopause. 20(2), pp. 130 - 137. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e318267f909
Calcaneal ultrasound reference ranges for Australian men and women: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study
Gould, Haslinda, Brennan, Sharon L., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Kotowicz, Mark A., Henry, Margaret J. and Pasco, Julie A.. (2013). Calcaneal ultrasound reference ranges for Australian men and women: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporosis International. 24(4), pp. 1369 - 1377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2082-y
Associations between measures of adiposity over 10 years and patella cartilage in population-based asymptomatic women
Gunardi, A. J., Brennan, Sharon L., Wang, Yuanyuan, Cicuttini, Flavia M., Pasco, Julie A., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Wluka, Anita E.. (2013). Associations between measures of adiposity over 10 years and patella cartilage in population-based asymptomatic women. International Journal of Obesity. 37(12), pp. 1586 - 1589. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.42
Vitamin D and health in adults in Australia and New Zealand : A position statement
Nowson, Caryl A., McGrath, John J., Ebeling, Peter R., Haikerwal, Anjali, Daly, Robin M., Sanders, Kerrie M., Seibel, Markus J. and Mason, Rebecca S.. (2012). Vitamin D and health in adults in Australia and New Zealand : A position statement. Medical Journal of Australia. 196(11), pp. 686-687. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja11.10301
WNT16 influences bone mineral density, cortical bone thickness, bone strength, and osteoporotic fracture risk
Zheng, Hou-Feng, Tobias, Jon H., Duncan, Emma, Evans, David M., Eriksson, Joel, Paternoster, Lavinia, Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M., Lehtimäki, Terho, Bergström, Ulrica, Kähönen, Mika, Leo, Paul J., Raitakari, Olli, Laaksonen, Marika, Nicholson, Geoffrey C., Viikari, Jorma, Ladouceur, Martin, Lehtimäki, Leo-Pekka, Medina-Gomez, Carolina, Rivadeneira, Fernando, ... Lorentzon, Mattias. (2012). WNT16 influences bone mineral density, cortical bone thickness, bone strength, and osteoporotic fracture risk. PLoS Genetics. 8(7), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002745
Cross-sectional analysis of association between socioeconomic status and utilization of primary total hip joint replacements 2006-7: Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry
Brennan, Sharon L., Stanford, Tyman, Wluka, Anita E., Henry, Margaret J., Page, Richard S., Graves, Stephen E., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Pasco, Julie A.. (2012). Cross-sectional analysis of association between socioeconomic status and utilization of primary total hip joint replacements 2006-7: Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 13(63), pp. 63 - 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-13-63
Endogenous parathyroid hormone is associated with reduced cartilage volume in vivo in a population-based sample of adult women
Brennan, Sharon L., Cicuttini, Flavia M., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Pasco, Julie A., Kotowicz, Mark A. and Wluka, Anita E.. (2012). Endogenous parathyroid hormone is associated with reduced cartilage volume in vivo in a population-based sample of adult women. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 71(6), pp. 1000 - 1003. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200957
Dietary selenium and major depression: A nested case-control study
Pasco, Julie A., Jacka, Felice N., Willia, Lana J., Evans-Cleverdon, Melinda, Brennan, Sharon L., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Ball, Madeleine J. and Berk, Michael. (2012). Dietary selenium and major depression: A nested case-control study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 20(3), pp. 119 - 123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2011.12.008
Social determinants of bone densitometry uptake for osteoporosis risk in patients aged 50yr and older: A systematic review
Brennan, Sharon, Wluka, Anita, Gould, Haslinda, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Leslie, William, Ebeling, Peter, Oldenburg, Brian, Kotowicz, Mark and Pasco, Julie. (2012). Social determinants of bone densitometry uptake for osteoporosis risk in patients aged 50yr and older: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 15(2), pp. 165 - 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2011.12.005
Osteo-cise: Strong Bones for Life: Protocol for a community-based randomised controlled trial of a multi-modal exercise and osteoporosis education program for older adults at risk of falls and fractures
Gianoudis, Jenny, Bailey, Christine A., Sanders, Kerrie M., Nowson, Caryl A., Hill, Keith, Ebeling, Peter R. and Daly, Robin M.. (2012). Osteo-cise: Strong Bones for Life: Protocol for a community-based randomised controlled trial of a multi-modal exercise and osteoporosis education program for older adults at risk of falls and fractures. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 13(78), pp. 1 - 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-13-78
Utilisation of primary total knee joint replacements across socioeconomic status in the Barwon Statistical Division, Australia, 2006-2007: A cross-sectional study
Brennan, Sharon L., Stanford, Tyman, Wluka, Anita, Page, Richard S., Graves, Stephen E., Kotowicz, Mark A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles and Pasco, Julie A.. (2012). Utilisation of primary total knee joint replacements across socioeconomic status in the Barwon Statistical Division, Australia, 2006-2007: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2(5), pp. 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001310
Vitamin D with calcium reduces mortality: Patient level pooled analysis of 70,528 patients from eight major vitamin D trials
Rejnmark, Lars, Avenell, Alison, Masud, Tahir, Anderson, Frazer, Meyer, Haakon E., Sanders, Kerrie M., Salovaara, Kari, Cooper, Cyrus, Smith, Helen E., Jacobs, Elizabeth T., Torgerson, David, Jackson, Rebecca D., Manson, JoAnn E., Brixon, Kim, Mosekilde, Leif, Robbins, John A., Francis, Roger M. and Abrahamsen, Bo. (2012). Vitamin D with calcium reduces mortality: Patient level pooled analysis of 70,528 patients from eight major vitamin D trials. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 97(8), pp. 2670 - 2681. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-3328
The epidemiology of the first wave of H1N1 influenza pandemic in Australia: A population-based study
Pasco, Julie A., Nicholson, Geoffrey Charles, Brennan, Sharon L., Bennett, Kathy E., Dobbins, Amelia Grace and Athan, Eugene. (2012). The epidemiology of the first wave of H1N1 influenza pandemic in Australia: A population-based study. The Open Public Health Journal. 5, pp. 80 - 85. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874944501205010080
Prevalence of obesity and the relationship between the body mass index and body fat: Cross-sectional, population-based data
Pasco, Julie A., Nicholson, Geoffrey C., Brennan, Sharon L. and Kotowicz, Mark A.. (2012). Prevalence of obesity and the relationship between the body mass index and body fat: Cross-sectional, population-based data. PLoS ONE. 7(1), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029580
Incident hip fracture and social disadvantage in an Australian population aged 50 years or greater
Brennan, Sharon, Henry, Margaret, Kotowicz, Mark, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Zhang, Yu and Pasco, Julie. (2011). Incident hip fracture and social disadvantage in an Australian population aged 50 years or greater. Bone. 48(3), pp. 607 - 610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.10.175
Fracture risk score and absolute risk of fracture
Henry, Margaret, Pasco, Julie, Merriman, Elizabeth, Zhang, Yu, Sanders, Kerrie, Kotowicz, Mark and Nicholson, Geoffrey. (2011). Fracture risk score and absolute risk of fracture. Radiology. 259(2), pp. 495 - 501. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10101406
Changes in hip fracture rates in southeastern Australia spanning the period 1994-2007
Pasco, Julie, Brennan, Sharon, Henry, Margaret, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Sanders, Kerrie, Zhang, Yu and Kotowicz, Mark. (2011). Changes in hip fracture rates in southeastern Australia spanning the period 1994-2007. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 26(7), pp. 1648 - 1654. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.393
Independent and combined effects of calcium-vitamin D3 and exercise on bone structure and strength in older men: An 18-month factorial design randomized controlled trial
Kukuljan, Sonja, Nowson, Caryl, Sanders, Kerrie, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Seibel, Markus, Salmon, Jo and Daly, Robin. (2011). Independent and combined effects of calcium-vitamin D3 and exercise on bone structure and strength in older men: An 18-month factorial design randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 96(4), pp. 955 - 963. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2284
Inflammatory cytokine responses to progressive resistance training and supplementation with fortified milk in men aged 50+ years: An 18-month randomized controlled trial
Peake, Jonathan, Kukuljan, Sonja, Nowson, Caryl, Sanders, Kerrie and Daly, Robin. (2011). Inflammatory cytokine responses to progressive resistance training and supplementation with fortified milk in men aged 50+ years: An 18-month randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 111(12), pp. 3079 - 3088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1942-z
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) use, fracture and bone mineral density
Williams, Lana, Pasco, Julie, Henry, Margaret, Sanders, Kerrie, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Kotowicz, Mark and Berk, Michael. (2011). Paracetamol (acetaminophen) use, fracture and bone mineral density. Bone. 48(6), pp. 1277 - 1281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.435
Area-based socioeconomic status and mood disorders: Cross-sectional evidence from a cohort of randomly selected adult women
Williams, Lana, Brennan, Sharon, Henry, Margaret, Berk, Michael, Jacka, Felice, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Kotowicz, Mark and Pasco, Julie. (2011). Area-based socioeconomic status and mood disorders: Cross-sectional evidence from a cohort of randomly selected adult women. Maturitas. 69(2), pp. 173 - 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.03.015
Annual high-dose vitamin D3 and mental well-being: Randomised controlled trial
Sanders, Kerrie, Stuart, Amanda, Williamson, Elizabeth, Jacka, Felice, Dodd, Seetal, Nicholson, Geoff and Berk, Michael. (2011). Annual high-dose vitamin D3 and mental well-being: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 198(5), pp. 357 - 364. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.087544
Bone mineral density is cross sectionally associated with cartilage volume in healthy, asymptomatic adult females: Geelong Osteoporosis Study
Brennan, Sharon, Pasco, Julie, Cicuttini, Flavia, Henry, Margaret, Kotowicz, Mark, Nicholson, Geoffrey and Wluka, Anita. (2011). Bone mineral density is cross sectionally associated with cartilage volume in healthy, asymptomatic adult females: Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Bone. 49(4), pp. 839 - 844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.015
Habitual physical activity and the risk for depressive and anxiety disorders among older men and women
Pasco, Julie, Williams, Lana, Jacka, Felice, Henry, Margaret, Coulson, Carolyn, Brennan, Sharon, Leslie, Eva, Nicholson, Geoffrey, Kotowicz, Mark and Berk, Michael. (2011). Habitual physical activity and the risk for depressive and anxiety disorders among older men and women. International Psychogeriatrics. 23(2), pp. 292 - 298. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210001833
Annual feedback is an effective tool for a sustained increase in calcium intake among older women
Sanders, Kerrie, Stuart, Amanda L., Kotowicz, Mark and Nicholson, Geoff. (2010). Annual feedback is an effective tool for a sustained increase in calcium intake among older women. Nutrients. 2(9), pp. 1018 - 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2091018
Patterns of alcohol use and associated physical and lifestyle characteristics according to new Australian guidelines
Coulson, Carolyn E., Williams, Lana J., Henry, Margaret, Berk, Michael, Lubman, Dan, Brennan-Olsen, Sharon, Nicholson, Geoff, Kotowicz, Mark, Korn, S and Pasco, Julie. (2010). Patterns of alcohol use and associated physical and lifestyle characteristics according to new Australian guidelines. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 44(10), pp. 946 - 951. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.495051
Socioeconomic status, obesity and lifestyle in men: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study
Brennan-Olsen, Sharon, Henry, Margaret, Nicholson, Geoff, Kotowicz, Mark and Pasco, Julie. (2010). Socioeconomic status, obesity and lifestyle in men: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Journal of Men's Health. 7(1), pp. 31 - 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jomh.2009.10.004
Does an increase in body mass index over 10 years affect knee structure in a population-based cohort study of adult women?
Brennan-Olsen, Sharon, Cicuttini, Flavia, Pasco, Julie, Henry, Margaret, Wang, Yuanyuan, Kotowicz, Mark, Nicholson, Geoff and Wluka, Anita. (2010). Does an increase in body mass index over 10 years affect knee structure in a population-based cohort study of adult women? Arthritis Research and Therapy. 12(4), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3078
Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: A randomized controlled trial
Sanders, Kerrie, Stuart, Amanda L., Williamson, Elizabeth J., Simpson, Julie A., Kotowicz, Mark, Young, Doris and Nicholson, Geoff. (2010). Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 303(18), pp. 1815 - 1822. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.594
Socioeconomic status and bone mineral density in a population-based sample of men
Brennan-Olsen, Sharon, Henry, Margaret, Wluka, Anita, Nicholson, Geoff, Kotowicz, Mark and Pasco, Julie. (2010). Socioeconomic status and bone mineral density in a population-based sample of men. Bone. 46(4), pp. 993 - 999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2009.12.029
The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women
Kanis, John, Oden, Anders, Johnell, O., Johansson, Helena, Laet, C. De, Brown, Jacques P., Burckhardt, Peter, Cooper, Cyrus, Christiansen, Claus, Cummings, Steven R., Eisman, John A., Fujiwara, S., Glüer, C. C., Goltzman, David, Hans, Didier, Krieg, Marc Antoine, Lacroix, Andrea Z., McCloskey, Eugene, Mellström, Dan, ... Yoshimura, N.. (2007). The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Osteoporosis International. 18(8), pp. 1033 - 1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-007-0343-y