Engaging students in learning activities: it is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure

Journal article

Jang, H., Reeve, Johnmarshall and Deci, Edward. (2010). Engaging students in learning activities: it is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure. Journal of Educational Psychology. 102(3), pp. 588 - 600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019682
AuthorsJang, H., Reeve, Johnmarshall and Deci, Edward
Abstract

We investigated 2 engagement-fostering aspects of teachers’ instructional styles—autonomy support and structure—and hypothesized that students’ engagement would be highest when teachers provided high levels of both. Trained observers rated teachers’ instructional styles and students’ behavioral engagement in 133 public high school classrooms in the Midwest, and 1,584 students in Grades 9 –11 reported their subjective engagement. Correlational and hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed 3 results: (a) Autonomy support and structure were positively correlated, (b) autonomy support and structure both predicted students’ behavioral engagement, and (c) only autonomy support was a unique predictor of students’ self-reported engagement. We discuss, first, how these findings help illuminate the relations between autonomy support and structure as 2 complementary, rather than antagonistic or curvilinear, engagement-fostering aspects of teachers’ instructional styles and, second, the somewhat different results obtained for the behavioral versus self-report measures of students’ classroom engagement.

Keywordsautonomy support; structure; engagement; self-determination theory; teacher behavior
Year2010
JournalJournal of Educational Psychology
Journal citation102 (3), pp. 588 - 600
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association
ISSN0022-0663
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019682
Scopus EID2-s2.0-77955721488
Page range588 - 600
Research GroupInstitute for Positive Psychology and Education
Publisher's version
File Access Level
Controlled
Place of publicationUnited States
EditorsS. Graham
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Deci, Edward L.. (2016). Intrinsic motivation: The inherent tendency to be active. In In R. J. Sternberg, S. Fiske and D. J. Foss (Ed.). Scientists making a difference: One hundred eminent behavioral and brain scientists talk about their most important contributions pp. 288 - 292 Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316422250.063
Optimizing students' motivation in the era of testing and pressure : A self-determination theory perspective
Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2016). Optimizing students' motivation in the era of testing and pressure : A self-determination theory perspective. In In Woon Chia Liu, Wang, John Chee Keng and Ryan, Richard M. (Ed.). Building autonomous learners pp. 9-29 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_2
Outcomes of the Smoker's Health Project: a pragmatic comparative effectiveness trial of tobacco-dependence interventions based on self-determination theory
Williams, Geoffrey C., Niemiec, Christopher P., Patrick, Heather, Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward Lewis. (2016). Outcomes of the Smoker's Health Project: a pragmatic comparative effectiveness trial of tobacco-dependence interventions based on self-determination theory. Health Education Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyw046
Applying the integrated trans-contextual model to mathematics activities in the classroom and homework behavior and attainment
Hagger, Martin S., Sultan, Sarwat, Hardcastle, Sarah J., Reeve, Johnmarshall, Patall, Erika A., Fraser, Barry, Hamilton, Kyra and Chatzisarantis, Nikos L. D.. (2016). Applying the integrated trans-contextual model to mathematics activities in the classroom and homework behavior and attainment. Learning and Individual Differences. 45, pp. 166 - 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.11.017
A new autonomy-supportive way of teaching that increases conceptual learning: Teaching in students' preferred ways
Jang, Hyungshi, Reeve, Johnmarshall and Halusic, Marc. (2016). A new autonomy-supportive way of teaching that increases conceptual learning: Teaching in students' preferred ways. Journal of Experimental Education. 84(4), pp. 686 - 701. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2015.1083522
The impact of every classroom, every day on high school student achievement: Results from a school-randomized trial
Early, Diane M., Berg, Juliette K., Alicea, Stacey, Si, Yajuan, Aber, J. Lawrence, Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward Lewis. (2016). The impact of every classroom, every day on high school student achievement: Results from a school-randomized trial. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness. 9(1), pp. 3 - 29. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2015.1055638
Facilitating and hindering motivation, learning, and well-being in schools: Research and observations from Self-Determination Theory
Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward Lewis. (2016). Facilitating and hindering motivation, learning, and well-being in schools: Research and observations from Self-Determination Theory. In In K. R.Wentzel and D. B.Miele (Ed.). Handbook of Motivation At School pp. 96 - 119 Routledge.
A grand theory of motivation: Why not?
Reeve, Johnmarshall. (2016). A grand theory of motivation: Why not? Motivation and Emotion. 40(1), pp. 31 - 35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9538-2
A teacher-focused intervention to decrease PE students' amotivation by increasing need satisfaction and decreasing need frustration
Cheon, Sung Hyeon, Reeve, Johnmarshall and Song, Yong-Gwan. (2016). A teacher-focused intervention to decrease PE students' amotivation by increasing need satisfaction and decreasing need frustration. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 38(3), pp. 217 - 235. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0236
Autonomy and autonomy disturbances in self-development and psychopathology: Research on motivation, attachment, and clinical process
Ryan, Richard M., Deci, Edward L. and Vansteenkiste, Maarten. (2016). Autonomy and autonomy disturbances in self-development and psychopathology: Research on motivation, attachment, and clinical process. In In D.Cicchetti (Ed.). Developmental psychopathology: Volume one: Theory and method pp. 385 - 438 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy109
Changes in return to work among patients in vocational rehabilitation: a self-determination theory perspective
Farholm, Anders, Halvari, Hallgeir, Niemiec, Christopher P., Willia, Geoffrey C. and Deci, Edward L.. (2016). Changes in return to work among patients in vocational rehabilitation: a self-determination theory perspective. Disability and Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2016.1215559
Why students become more engaged or more disengaged during the semester: A self-determination theory dual-process model
Jang, Hyungshim, Kim, Eun Joo and Reeve, Johnmarshall. (2016). Why students become more engaged or more disengaged during the semester: A self-determination theory dual-process model. Learning and Instruction. 43, pp. 27 - 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.002
Diminished neural responses predict enhanced intrinsic motivation and sensitivity to external incentive
Marsden, Karen, Ma, Weiji, Deci, Edward, Ryan, Richard and Chiu, Pearl. (2015). Diminished neural responses predict enhanced intrinsic motivation and sensitivity to external incentive. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience. 15(2), pp. 276 - 286. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0324-5
How self-determined choice facilitates performance : A key role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Murayama, Kou, Matsumoto, Madoka, Izuma, Keise, Sugiura, Ayaka, Ryan, Richard, Deci, Edward and Matsumoto, Kenji. (2015). How self-determined choice facilitates performance : A key role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex. 25(5), pp. 1241 - 1251. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht317
Show them the money? The role of pay, managerial need support, and justice in a self-determination theory model of intrinsic work motivation
Olafsen, Anja, Halvari, Hallgeir, Forest, Jacques and Deci, Edward. (2015). Show them the money? The role of pay, managerial need support, and justice in a self-determination theory model of intrinsic work motivation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 56(4), pp. 447 - 457. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12211
A classroom-based intervention to help teachers decrease students' amotivation
Cheon, Sung Hyeon and Reeve, Johnmarshall. (2015). A classroom-based intervention to help teachers decrease students' amotivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 40, pp. 99 - 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.06.004
Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures
Chen, Beiwen, Vansteenkiste, Maarten, Beyers, Wim, Boone, Liesbet, Deci, Edward, Van der Kaap-Deeder, Jolene, Duriez, Bart, Lens, Willy, Matos, Lennia, Mouratidis, Athanasios, Ryan, Richard, Sheldon, Kennon, Soenens, Bart, Van Petegem, Stijn and Verstuyf, Joke. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion. 39(2), pp. 216 - 236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1
Being aware and functioning fully
Deci, Edward L., Ryan, Richard M., Schultz, Patricia P. and Niemiec, Christopher P.. (2015). Being aware and functioning fully. In In K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell and R. M. Ryan (Ed.). Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice pp. 112 - 129 Guilford Press.
Giving and receiving autonomy support in a high-stakes sport context: A field-based experiment during the 2012 London Paralympic Games
Cheon, Sung Hyeon, Reeve, Johnmarshall, Lee, Jae-won and Lee, Youngsun. (2015). Giving and receiving autonomy support in a high-stakes sport context: A field-based experiment during the 2012 London Paralympic Games. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 19, pp. 59 - 69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.007
Giving and summoning autonomy support in hierarchical relationships
Reeve, Johnmarshall. (2015). Giving and summoning autonomy support in hierarchical relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 9(8), pp. 406 - 418. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12189
The beliefs that underlie autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching: A multinational investigation
Reeve, Johnmarshall, Vansteenkiste, Maarten, Assor, Avi, Ahmad, Ikhlas, Cheon, Sung Hyeon, Jang, Hyungshi, Kaplan, Haya, Moss, Jennifer D., Olaussen, Bodil Stokke and Wang, C. K. John. (2014). The beliefs that underlie autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching: A multinational investigation. Motivation and Emotion. 38(1), pp. 93 - 110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9367-0
When are mastery goals more adaptive? It depends on experiences of autonomy support and autonomy
Benita, Moti, Roth, Guy and Deci, Edward L.. (2014). When are mastery goals more adaptive? It depends on experiences of autonomy support and autonomy. Journal of Educational Psychology. 106(1), pp. 258 - 267. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034007
Changes in materialism, changes in psychological well-being: Evidence from three longitudinal studies and an intervention experiment
Kasser, Tim, Rosenblum, Katherine L., Sameroff, Arnold J., Deci, Edward L., Niemiec, Christopher P., Ryan, Richard Michael, Arnadottir, Osp, Bond, Rod, Dittmar, Helga, Dungan, Nathan and Hawks, Susan. (2014). Changes in materialism, changes in psychological well-being: Evidence from three longitudinal studies and an intervention experiment. Motivation and Emotion. 38(1), pp. 1 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9371-4
The importance of universal psychological needs for understanding motivation in the workplace
Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2014). The importance of universal psychological needs for understanding motivation in the workplace. In In M. Gagne (Ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Work Motivation, Engagement, and Self-Determination Theory pp. 1 - 36 Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199794911.013.003
Competence-impeding electronic games and players' aggressive feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
Przybylski, Andrew K., Deci, Edward L., Rigby, C. S. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2014). Competence-impeding electronic games and players' aggressive feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 106(3), pp. 441 - 457. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036148
The teacher benefits from giving autonomy support during physical education instruction
Cheon, Sung Hyeon, Reeve, Johnmarshall, Yu, Tae Ho and Jang, Hye-Ryen. (2014). The teacher benefits from giving autonomy support during physical education instruction. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 36(4), pp. 331 - 346. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0231
Students' classroom engagement produces longitudinal changes in classroom motivation
Reeve, Johnmarshall and Lee, Woogul. (2014). Students' classroom engagement produces longitudinal changes in classroom motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology. 106(2), pp. 527 - 540. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034934
The ombudsman : Do CEOs' aspirations for wealth harm stockholders?
Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2013). The ombudsman : Do CEOs' aspirations for wealth harm stockholders? Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.2013.0707
Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II)
Vallerand, Robert, Pelletier, Luc, Rocchi, Meredith, Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
Oral health and dental well-being: testing a self-determination theory model
Münster Halvari, Anne E., Halvari, Hallgeir, Bjørnebekk, Gunnar and Deci, Edward L.. (2013). Oral health and dental well-being: testing a self-determination theory model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 43, pp. 275 - 295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00996.x
Toward a social psychology of assimilation: Self-determination theory in cognitive development and education
Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward. (2013). Toward a social psychology of assimilation: Self-determination theory in cognitive development and education. In In B. W. Sokol, F. M. E. Grouzet and U. Muller (Ed.). Self-Regulation and Autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct pp. 191 - 207 Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139152198.014
Motivation, Personality, and Development within Embedded Social Contexts : An Overview of Self-Determination Theory
Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2012). Motivation, Personality, and Development within Embedded Social Contexts : An Overview of Self-Determination Theory. In The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation pp. 1 - 26 Oxford University Press.
Self-determined motivational predictors of increases in dental behaviors, decreases in dental plaque, and improvement in oral health: A randomized clinical trial
Münster Halvari, Anne E., Halvari, Hallgeir, Bjørnebekk, Gunnar and Deci, Edward L.. (2012). Self-determined motivational predictors of increases in dental behaviors, decreases in dental plaque, and improvement in oral health: A randomized clinical trial. Health Psychology. 31(6), pp. 777 - 788. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027062
Motivation for dental home care: Testing a self-determination theory model
Munster Halvari, Anne E., Halvari, Hallgeir, Bjornbekk, Gunnar and Deci, Edward L.. (2012). Motivation for dental home care: Testing a self-determination theory model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 42(1), pp. 1 - 39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00867.x
Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts : A Meta-Analysis
Ntoumanis, N, Thogersen-Ntoumani, C, Deci, Edward, Ryan, Richard, Duda, J and Ng, Johan. (2012). Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts : A Meta-Analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7(4), pp. 325 - 340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612447309
Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts : A Meta-Analysis
Ntoumanis, N, Thogersen-Ntoumani, C, Deci, Edward, Ryan, Richard, Duda, J and Ng, Johan. (2012). Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts : A Meta-Analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7(4), pp. 325 - 340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612447309
Levels of analysis, regnant causes of behavior and well-being :The role of psychological needs
Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2011). Levels of analysis, regnant causes of behavior and well-being :The role of psychological needs. Psychological inquiry. 22(1), pp. 17 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2011.545978
A self-determination theory perspective on social, institutional, cultural, and economic supports for autonomy and their importance for well-being
Ryan, Richard M. and Deci, Edward L.. (2011). A self-determination theory perspective on social, institutional, cultural, and economic supports for autonomy and their importance for well-being. In In V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan and K. M. Sheldon (Ed.). Human Autonomy in Cross-Cultural Context pp. 45 - 64 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9667-8_3
Motivational Determinants of integrating Positive and Negative Past identities
Weinstein, N, Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2011). Motivational Determinants of integrating Positive and Negative Past identities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 100(3), pp. 527 - 544. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022150
The Smoker's Health Project :A self-determination theory intervention to facilitate maintenance of tobacco abstinence
Williams, Gregory, Patrick, H, Niemiec, C, Ryan, Richard, Deci, Edward and Lavigne, H. (2011). The Smoker's Health Project :A self-determination theory intervention to facilitate maintenance of tobacco abstinence. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 32(4), pp. 535 - 543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2011.03.002
Self-determination theory
Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2011). Self-determination theory. In In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski and E. T. Higgins (Ed.). Handbook of theories and social psychology pp. 416 - 437 SAGE Publications Inc..
Self-determination theory and the relation of autonomy to self-regulatory processes and personality development
Niemiec, C., Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward. (2010). Self-determination theory and the relation of autonomy to self-regulatory processes and personality development. In In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.). Handbook of Personality and Self-Regulation pp. 169 - 191 Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Autonomous and controlled regulation of performance-approach goals: Their relations to perfectionism and educational outcomes
Vansteenkiste, Maarten, Smeets, Stijn, Soenens, Bart, Lens, Willy, Matos, Lennia and Deci, Edward. (2010). Autonomous and controlled regulation of performance-approach goals: Their relations to perfectionism and educational outcomes. Motivation and Emotion. 34(4), pp. 333 - 353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-010-9188-3
The energization of health-behavior change : Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence
Niemiec, C, Ryan, Richard, Patrick, H, Deci, Edward and Williams, Geoffrey. (2010). The energization of health-behavior change : Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 5(2), pp. 122 - 138. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903569162
Motivation and anxiety for dental treatment: Testing a self-determination theory model of oral self-care behaviour and dental clinic attendance
Münster Halvari, Anne E., Halvari, Hallgeir, Bjørnebekk, Gunnar and Deci, Edward. (2010). Motivation and anxiety for dental treatment: Testing a self-determination theory model of oral self-care behaviour and dental clinic attendance. Motivation and Emotion. 34(1), pp. 15 - 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-010-9154-0
Person-level relatedness and the incremental value of relating
Moller, Arien C., Deci, Edward and Elliot, Andrew. (2010). Person-level relatedness and the incremental value of relating. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 36(6), pp. 754 - 767. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210371622
Motivational synchronicity: Priming motivational orientations with observations of others' behaviors
Friedman, Ron, Deci, Edward, Elliot, Andrew, Moller, Arien C. and Aarts, Henk. (2010). Motivational synchronicity: Priming motivational orientations with observations of others' behaviors. Motivation and Emotion. 34(1), pp. 34 - 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-009-9151-3
Interpersonal control, dehumanization, and violence: A self-determination theory perspective
Moller, Arien C. and Deci, Edward. (2010). Interpersonal control, dehumanization, and violence: A self-determination theory perspective. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. 13(1), pp. 41 - 53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209350318
The energization of health-behavior change : Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence
Niemiec, C, Ryan, Richard, Patrick, H, Deci, Edward and Williams, Geoffrey. (2010). The energization of health-behavior change : Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 5(2), pp. 122 - 138. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903569162
The emotional and academic consequences of parental conditional regard: Comparing conditional positive regard, conditional negative regard, and autonomy support as parenting practices
Roth, Guy, Assor, Avi, Niemiec, Christopher P., Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). The emotional and academic consequences of parental conditional regard: Comparing conditional positive regard, conditional negative regard, and autonomy support as parenting practices. Developmental Psychology. 45(4), pp. 1119 - 1142. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015272
The impact of school suspensions: A student wellbeing issue
Williams, Geoffrey C., Niemiec, Christopher P., Patrick, Heather, Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). The impact of school suspensions: A student wellbeing issue. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 37(3), pp. 315 - 324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9090-y
Self-determination theory and physical activity: The dynamics of motivation in development and wellness
Ryan, Richard Michael, Williams, Geoffrey C., Patrick, Heather and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). Self-determination theory and physical activity: The dynamics of motivation in development and wellness. Hellenic Journal of Psychology. 6(2), pp. 107 - 124.
The importance of autonomy for rural Chinese children's motivation for learning
Zhou, Mingming, Ma, Weiji and Deci, Edward. (2009). The importance of autonomy for rural Chinese children's motivation for learning. Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education. 19(4), pp. 492 - 498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2009.05.003
Can self-determination theory explain what underlies the productive, satisfying learning experiences of collectivistically oriented Korean students?
Jang, Hyungshim, Reeve, Johnmarshall, Ryan, Richard Michael and Kim, Ahyoung. (2009). Can self-determination theory explain what underlies the productive, satisfying learning experiences of collectivistically oriented Korean students? Journal of Educational Psychology. 101(3), pp. 644 - 661. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014241
Large-scale school reform as viewed from the self-determination theory perspective
Deci, Edward. (2009). Large-scale school reform as viewed from the self-determination theory perspective. Theory and Research in Education. 7(2), pp. 244 - 252. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878509104329
Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory
Stone, D N., Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory. Journal of General Management. 34(3), pp. 75 - 91. https://doi.org/10.1177/030630700903400305
Aspiring to physical health: The role of aspirations for physical health in facilitating long-term tobacco abstinence
Niemiec, Christopher P., Ryan, Richard Michael, Deci, Edward L. and Williams, Geoffrey C.. (2009). Aspiring to physical health: The role of aspirations for physical health in facilitating long-term tobacco abstinence. Patient Education and Counseling. 74(2), pp. 250 - 257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2008.08.015
Promoting self-determined school engagement: Motivation, learning and well-being
Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). Promoting self-determined school engagement: Motivation, learning and well-being. In In K.R. Wentzel and A. Wigfield (Ed.). Handbook of motivation at school pp. 171 - 195 Routledge.
The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life
Niemiec, Christopher P., Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life. Journal of Research in Personality. 43(3), pp. 291 - 306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.09.001
Adult Attachment and Psychological Well-Being in Cancer Caregivers: The Mediational Role of Spouses' Motives for Caregiving
Kim, Youngmee, Carver, Charles S., Deci, Edward and Kasser, T. (2008). Adult Attachment and Psychological Well-Being in Cancer Caregivers: The Mediational Role of Spouses' Motives for Caregiving. Health Psychology. 27(2 SUPPL. 2), pp. 144 - 154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.2(Suppl.).S144
Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains
Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian Psychology. Canada: Canadian Psychology. pp. 14 - 23 https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14
Self-determination theory and the role of basic psychological needs in personality and the organization of behavior
Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2008). Self-determination theory and the role of basic psychological needs in personality and the organization of behavior. In In O.P. John, R.W. Robins and L.A. Pervin (Ed.). Handbook of personality: Theory and research pp. 1867 - 1938 Guilford Press.
Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction
Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies. 9(1), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1
Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia
Ryan, Richard Michael, Huta, Veronika and Deci, Edward L.. (2008). Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies. 9(1), pp. 139 - 170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4
Facilitating health behaviour change and its maintenance: Interventions based on Self-Determination Theory
Ryan, Richard Michael, Patrick, Heather, Deci, Edward L. and Williams, Geoffrey C.. (2008). Facilitating health behaviour change and its maintenance: Interventions based on Self-Determination Theory. European Psychologist. 10, pp. 2 - 5.
A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy :The motivational basis for effective change
Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward. (2008). A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy :The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012753
Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory
Stone, D. N., Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2008). Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory. Journal of General Management. 34(3), pp. 75 - 91.
Self-determination theory and the explanatory role of psychological needs in human well-being
Deci, Edward L., Ryan, Richard Michael and Vansteenkiste, Maurizio. (2008). Self-determination theory and the explanatory role of psychological needs in human well-being. In In L. Bruni and F. Comim (Ed.). Capabilities and happiness pp. 187 - 223 Oxford University Press.
From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self
Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2008). From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2(2), pp. 702 - 717. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00098.x
The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology
Ryan, Richard M., Deci, Edward L., Grolnick, Wendy S. and La Guardia, Jennifer G.. (2006). The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In In Cicchetti, Dante and Cohen, Donald J. (Ed.). Developmental psychopathalogy : Volume 1 : Theory and method pp. 795-849 John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470939383.ch20
Testing a self-determination theory intervention for motivating tobacco cessation: Supporting autonomy and competence in a clinical trial
Williams, Geoffrey C., McGregor, Holly, Sharp, Daryl, Lévesque, Chantal S., Kouides, Ruth W., Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward. (2006). Testing a self-determination theory intervention for motivating tobacco cessation: Supporting autonomy and competence in a clinical trial. Health Psychology. 25(1), pp. 91 - 101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.91
Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will?
Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward. (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will? Journal of Personality. 74(6), pp. 1557 - 1585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00420.x
Choice and ego-depletion: The moderating role of autonomy
Moller, Arien C., Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2006). Choice and ego-depletion: The moderating role of autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 32(8), pp. 1024 - 1036. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206288008
A self-determination multiple risk intervention trial to improve smokers' health
Williams, Geoffrey C., McGregor, Holly, Sharp, Daryl, Kouides, Ruth W., Lévesque, Chantal S., Ryan, Richard M. and Deci, Edward L.. (2006). A self-determination multiple risk intervention trial to improve smokers' health. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 21(12), pp. 1288-1294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00621.x
Validation of the "important other" climate questionnaire: Assessing autonomy support for health-related change
Williams, Geoffrey C., Lynch, Martin F., McGregor, Holly, Ryan, Richard, Sharp, Daryl and Deci, Edward. (2006). Validation of the "important other" climate questionnaire: Assessing autonomy support for health-related change. Families, Systems, and Health. 24(2), pp. 179 - 194. https://doi.org/10.1037/1091-7527.24.2.179
The antecedents and consequences of autonomous self-regulation for college: A self-determination theory perspective on socialization
Niemiec, C. P., Lynch, Martin F., Vansteenkiste, Maarten, Bernstein, J H., Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2006). The antecedents and consequences of autonomous self-regulation for college: A self-determination theory perspective on socialization. Journal of Adolescence. 29(5), pp. 761 - 775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.11.009
Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation
Vansteenkiste, Maarten, Lens, Willy and Deci, Edward. (2006). Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation. Educational Psychologist. 41(1), pp. 19 - 31. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4101_4
On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support: Mutuality in close friendships
Deci, Edward, La Guardia, J. G., Moller, Arien C., Scheiner, Marc J. and Ryan, Richard. (2006). On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support: Mutuality in close friendships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 32(3), pp. 313 - 327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205282148
Self-determination theory and public policy: Improving the quality of consumer decisions without using coercion
Moller, Arien C., Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward. (2006). Self-determination theory and public policy: Improving the quality of consumer decisions without using coercion. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing. 25(1), pp. 104 - 116. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.25.1.104