Referring heroin users from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone maintenance treatment : A comparison of three models

Journal article

Yan, Liping, Liu, Enwu, McGoogan, Jennifer M., Duan, Song, Wu, Li-Tzy, Comulada, Scott and Wu, Zunyou. (2013). Referring heroin users from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone maintenance treatment : A comparison of three models. BMC Public Health. 13(1), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-747
AuthorsYan, Liping, Liu, Enwu, McGoogan, Jennifer M., Duan, Song, Wu, Li-Tzy, Comulada, Scott and Wu, Zunyou
Abstract

Background
Both compulsory detoxification treatment and community-based methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) exist for heroin addicts in China. We aim to examine the effectiveness of three intervention models for referring heroin addicts released from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, China.

Methods
Using a quasi-experimental study design, three different referral models were assigned to four detoxification centers. Heroin addicts were enrolled based on their fulfillment to eligibility criteria and provision of informed consent. Two months prior to their release, information on demographic characteristics, history of heroin use, and prior participation in intervention programs was collected via a survey, and blood samples were obtained for HIV testing. All subjects were followed for six months after release from detoxification centers. Multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors predicting successful referrals to MMT clinics.

Results
Of the 226 participants who were released and followed, 9.7% were successfully referred to MMT(16.2% of HIV-positive participants and 7.0% of HIV-negative participants). A higher proportion of successful referrals was observed among participants who received both referral cards and MMT treatment while still in detoxification centers (25.8%) as compared to those who received both referral cards and police-assisted MMT enrollment (5.4%) and those who received referral cards only (0%). Furthermore, those who received referral cards and MMT treatment while still in detoxification had increased odds of successful referral to an MMT clinic (adjusted OR = 1.2, CI = 1.1-1.3). Having participated in an MMT program prior to detention (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.3-1.6) was the only baseline covariate associated with increased odds of successful referral.

Conclusion
Findings suggest that providing MMT within detoxification centers promotes successful referral of heroin addicts to community-based MMT upon their release.

Keywordsheroin addiction; detoxification; methadone maintenance treatment; HIV; China
Year2013
JournalBMC Public Health
Journal citation13 (1), pp. 1-8
PublisherBioMed Central
ISSN1471-2458
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-747
Scopus EID2-s2.0-84881274963
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range1-8
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online13 Aug 2013
Publication process dates
Accepted03 Aug 2013
Deposited06 May 2021
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Kanis, John A., Chandran, Manju, Chionh, Siok Bee, Ganeson, Ganga, Harvey, Nicholas C., Koh, Woon-Puay, Kwok, Timothy, Lau, Tang Ching, Liu, Enwu, Lorentzon, Mattias, McCloskey, Eugene V., Tan, Kelvin Bryan, Vandenput, Liesbeth and Johansson, Helena. (2020). Use of age-dependent FRAX-based intervention thresholds for Singapore. Archives of Osteoporosis. 15, pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-020-00782-9
Appendicular lean mass and fracture risk assessment: Implications for FRAX(R) and sarcopenia
Harvey, Nicholas C., Kanis, John A., Liu, Enwu, Johansson, Helena, Lorentzon, Mattias and McCloskey, Eugene. (2019). Appendicular lean mass and fracture risk assessment: Implications for FRAX(R) and sarcopenia. Osteoporosis International. 30(3), pp. 537 - 539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-04904-z
Temporal changes in access to FRAX in Thailand between 2010 and 2018
Chotiyarnwong, Pojchong, Harvey, Nicholas C., Johansson, Helena, Liu, Enwu, Lorentzon, Mattias, Kanis, John A. and McCloskey, Eugene V.. (2019). Temporal changes in access to FRAX in Thailand between 2010 and 2018. Archives of Osteoporosis. 14(1), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-019-0613-2
Patterns of medication prescription by dementia diagnosis in Australian nursing home residents: A cross-sectional study
Liu, Enwu, Dyer, Suzanne M., Whitehead, Craig, O'Donnell, Lisa Kouladjian, Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Harrison, Stephanie L., Milte, Rachel and Crotty, Maria. (2019). Patterns of medication prescription by dementia diagnosis in Australian nursing home residents: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research. 49(1), pp. 33 - 40. https://doi.org/10.1002/jppr.1457
Alternative staffing structures in a clustered domestic model of residential aged care in Australia
Harrison, Stephanie L., Dyer, Suzanne M., Milte, Rachel, Liu, Enwu, Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S. and Crotty, Maria. (2019). Alternative staffing structures in a clustered domestic model of residential aged care in Australia. Australasian Journal on Ageing. 38(Suppl 2), pp. 68 - 74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12674
Should we provide outreach rehabilitation to very old people living in Nursing Care Facilities after a hip fracture? A randomised controlled trial
Crotty, Maria, Killington, Maggie, Liu, Enwu, Cameron, Ian D., Kurrle, Susan, Kaambwa, Billingsley, Davies, Owen, Miller, Michelle D., Chehade, Mellick and Ratcliffe, Julie. (2019). Should we provide outreach rehabilitation to very old people living in Nursing Care Facilities after a hip fracture? A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing. 48(3), pp. 373 - 380. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz005
Clustered domestic residential aged care in Australia: fewer hospitalisations and better quality of life
Dyer, Suzanne M., Liu, Enwu, Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Milte, Rachel, Easton, Tiffany, Harrison, Stephanie L., Bradley, Clare E., Ratcliffe, Julie and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Clustered domestic residential aged care in Australia: fewer hospitalisations and better quality of life. Medical Journal of Australia. 208(10), pp. 433 - 438. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00861
Associations between the drug burden index, potentially inappropriate medications and quality of life in residential aged care
Harrison, Stephanie L., Kouladjian O'Donnell, Lisa, Bradley, Clare E., Milte, Rachel, Dyer, Suzanne M., Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Liu, Enwu, Hilmer, Sarah N. and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Associations between the drug burden index, potentially inappropriate medications and quality of life in residential aged care. Drugs and Aging. 35(1), pp. 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-017-0513-3
Direct health and residential care costs of people living with dementia in Australian residential aged care
Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Dyer, Suzanne M., Milte, Rachel, Harrison, Stephanie L., Liu, Enwu, Easton, Tiffany, Bradley, Clare, Bilton, Rebecca, Shulver, Wendy, Ratcliffe, Julie, Whitehead, Craig and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Direct health and residential care costs of people living with dementia in Australian residential aged care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 33(7), pp. 859 - 866. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4842
Psychotropic medications in older people in residential care facilities and associations with quality of life: a cross-sectional study
Harrison, Stephanie L., Bradley, Clare E., Milte, Rachel, Liu, Enwu, O'Donnell, Lisa K., Hilmer, Sarah N. and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Psychotropic medications in older people in residential care facilities and associations with quality of life: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics. 18(60), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0752-0
Costs of potentially inappropriate medication use in residential aged care facilities
Harrison, S. L., O'Donnell, L. K., Milte, R., Dyer, S. M., Gnanamanickam, E. S., Bradley, C., Liu, Enwu, Hilmer, S. N. and Crotty, M.. (2018). Costs of potentially inappropriate medication use in residential aged care facilities. BMC Geriatrics. 18(9), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0704-8
Diagnosis of dementia in residential aged care settings in Australia: An opportunity for improvements in quality of care?
Dyer, Suzanne M., Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Liu, Enwu, Whitehead, Craig and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Diagnosis of dementia in residential aged care settings in Australia: An opportunity for improvements in quality of care? Australasian Journal on Ageing. 37(4), pp. e155 - e158. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12580
Clustered domestic model of residential care is associated with better consumer rated quality of care
Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Dyer, Suzanne M., Milte, Rachel, Liu, Enwu, Ratcliffe, Julie and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Clustered domestic model of residential care is associated with better consumer rated quality of care. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzy181
An empirical comparison of the EQ-5D-5L, DEMQOL-U and DEMQOL-Proxy-U in a post-hospitalisation population of frail older people living in residential aged care
Ratcliffe, Julie, Flint, Thomas, Easton, Tiffany, Killington, Maggie, Cameron, Ian, Davies, Owen, Whitehead, Craig, Kurrle, Susan, Miller, Michelle D., Liu, Enwu and Crotty, Maria. (2017). An empirical comparison of the EQ-5D-5L, DEMQOL-U and DEMQOL-Proxy-U in a post-hospitalisation population of frail older people living in residential aged care. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy. 15(3), pp. 399 - 412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-016-0293-7
Association of cardiovascular system medications with cognitive function and dementia in older adults living in nursing homes in Australia
Liu, Enwu, Dyer, Suzanne M., O'Donnell, Lisa Kouladjian, Milte, Rachel, Bradley, Clare E., Harrison, Stephanie L., Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Whitehead, Craig and Crotty, Maria. (2017). Association of cardiovascular system medications with cognitive function and dementia in older adults living in nursing homes in Australia. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 14(6), pp. 407 - 415. https://doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.06.009
Early supported discharge by caregiver-mediated exercise and e-Health support after stroke - A proof-of-concept trial
Van Den Berg, Maayken, Crotty, Maria, Liu, Enwu, Killington, Maggie, Kwakkel, Gert and van Wegen, Erwin. (2016). Early supported discharge by caregiver-mediated exercise and e-Health support after stroke - A proof-of-concept trial. Stroke. 47(7), pp. 1885 - 1892. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013431
Hemiplegic shoulder pain reduces quality of life after acute stroke - A prospective population-based study
Adey-Wakeling, Zoe, Liu, Enwu, Crotty, Maria, Leyden, James, Kleinig, Timothy, Anderson, Craig and Newbury, Jonathon. (2016). Hemiplegic shoulder pain reduces quality of life after acute stroke - A prospective population-based study. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 95(10), pp. 758 - 763. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000496
New South Wales Child Development Study (NSW-CDS): An Australian multiagency, multigenerational, longitudinal record linkage study
Carr, Vaughan J., Harris, Felicity, Raudino, Alessandra, Luo, Luming, Kariuki, Maina, Liu, Enwu, Tzoumakis, Stacy, Smith, Maxwell, Holbrook, Allyson, Bore, Miles, Brinkman, Sally, Lenroot, Rhoshel, Dix, Katherine, Dean, Kimberlie, Laurens, Kristin R. and Green, Melissa J.. (2016). New South Wales Child Development Study (NSW-CDS): An Australian multiagency, multigenerational, longitudinal record linkage study. BMJ Open. 6(2), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009023
Hospital admission for infection during early childhood influences developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years
Kariuki, Maina, Raudino, Alessandra, Green, Melissa, Laurens, Kristin, Dean, Kimberlie, Brinkman, Sally, Lenroot, Rhoshel, Liu, Enwu, Harris, Felicity, Luo, Luming and Carr, Vaughn J.. (2016). Hospital admission for infection during early childhood influences developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 52(9), pp. 882 - 888. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13239
Hospital admission for infection during early childhood influences developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years
Kariuki, Maina, Raudino, Alessandra, Green, Melissa J., Laurens, Kristin R., Dean, Kimberlie, Brinkman, Sally A., Lenroot, Rhoshel K., Liu, Enwu, Harris, Felicity, Luo, Luming and Carr, Vaughn J.. (2016). Hospital admission for infection during early childhood influences developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 52(9), pp. 882 - 888. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13239
New South Wales child development study (NSW-CDS): An Australian multiagency, multigenerational, longitudinal record linkage study
Carr, Vaughn J., Harris, Felicity, Raudino, Alessandra, Luo, Luming, Kariuki, Maina, Liu, Enwu, Tzoumakis, Stacy, Smith, Maxwell, Holbrook, Allyson, Bore, Miles, Brinkman, Sally, Lenroot, Rhoshel, Dix, Katherine, Dean, Kimberlie, Laurens, Kristin R. and Green, Melissa J.. (2016). New South Wales child development study (NSW-CDS): An Australian multiagency, multigenerational, longitudinal record linkage study. BMJ Open. 6(2), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009023
Baseline HCV antibody prevalence and risk factors among drug users in China's National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program
Wang, Changhe, Shi, Cynthia X., Rou, Keming, Zhao, Yan, Cao, Xiaobin, Luo, Wei, Liu, Enwu and Wu, Zunyou. (2016). Baseline HCV antibody prevalence and risk factors among drug users in China's National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program. PLoS ONE. 11(2), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147922
Who uses methadone services in China? Monitoring the world's largest methadone programme
Sullivan, Sheena G., Wu, Zunyou, Rou, Keming, Pang, Lin, Luo, Wei, Wang, Changhe, Cao, Xiaobin, Yin, Wenyuan, Liu, Enwu and Mi, Guodong. (2015). Who uses methadone services in China? Monitoring the world's largest methadone programme. Addiction. 110(Suppl. 1), pp. 29 - 39. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12781
Continued drug use during methadone treatment in China: A retrospective analysis of 19,026 service users
Sullivan, Sheena G., Wu, Zunyou, Cao, Xiaobin, Liu, Enwu and Detels, Roger. (2014). Continued drug use during methadone treatment in China: A retrospective analysis of 19,026 service users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 47(1), pp. 86 - 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.004
HIV and syphilis prevalence among men who have sex with men : A cross-sectional survey of 61 cities in China
Wu, Zunyou, Xu, Jie, Liu, Enwu, Mao, Yurong, Xiao, Yan, Sun, Xinhua, Liu, Yufen, Jiang, Yan, McGoogan, Jennifer M., Dou, Zhi, Mi, Guodong, Wang, Ning, Sun, Jiangping, Liu, Zhongfu, Wang, Lu, Rou, Keming, Pang, Lin, Xing, Wenge, Xu, Juan, ... National MSM Survey Group. (2013). HIV and syphilis prevalence among men who have sex with men : A cross-sectional survey of 61 cities in China. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 57(2), pp. 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit210
Factors associated with mortality of HIV-positive clients receiving methadone maintenance treatment in China
Liu, Enwu, Rou, Keming, McGoogan, Jennifer M., Pang, Lin, Cao, Xiaobin, Wang, Changhe, Luo, Wei, Sullivan, Sheena G., Montaner, Julio S. G., Bulterys, Marc, Detels, Roger, Wu, Zunyou and China’s National Working Group on Methadone Maintenance Treatment. (2013). Factors associated with mortality of HIV-positive clients receiving methadone maintenance treatment in China. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 3(1), pp. 442-453. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit163
Antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples in China (2003-11) : A national observational cohort study
Jia, Zhongwei, Mao, Yurong, Zhang, Fujie, Ruan, Yuhua, Ma, Ye, Li, Jian, Guo, Wei, Liu, Enwu, Dou, Zhihui, Zhao, Yan, Wang, Lu, Li, Qianqian, Xie, Peiyan, Tang, Houlin, Han, Jing, Jin, Xia, Xu, Juan, Xiong, Ran, Zhao, Decai, ... Shao, Yiming. (2013). Antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples in China (2003-11) : A national observational cohort study. The Lancet. 382(9899), pp. 1195-1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61898-4