Temporal muscle-specific disuse atrophy during one week of leg immobilization

Journal article

Kilroe, Sean P., Fulford, Jonathan, Jackman, Sarah R., Van Loon, Luc J. C. and Wall, Benjamin T.. (2020) Temporal muscle-specific disuse atrophy during one week of leg immobilization. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 52(4), pp. 944-954. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002200
AuthorsKilroe, Sean P., Fulford, Jonathan, Jackman, Sarah R., Van Loon, Luc J. C. and Wall, Benjamin T.
Abstract

Purpose
Musculoskeletal injuries necessitate periods of disuse (i.e., limb immobilization) during which rapid skeletal muscle atrophy occurs. The relative susceptibility of different muscles of the thigh to disuse atrophy remains uninvestigated. We assessed muscle disuse atrophy of individual thigh muscles throughout 1 wk of unilateral knee immobilization.

Methods
Thirteen healthy, young (20.2 ± 0.6 yr) men underwent 7 d of unilateral leg immobilization via knee bracing. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed bilaterally prior to, and following 2 and 7 d of immobilization to determine the volume and anatomical cross-sectional area of the individual muscle groups of the upper legs.

Results
In contrast to the control leg, total thigh muscle volume had decreased by 1.7% ± 0.3% (P < 0.01) and 5.5% ± 0.6% (P < 0.001) in the immobilized leg after 2 and 7 d of disuse, respectively. Muscle loss was significantly greater in the Musculus quadriceps (day 2; 1.7% ± 0.3% (P < 0.05) and day 7; 6.7% ± 0.6%) when compared with the Musculus hamstrings (day 2; 1.4% ± 0.2% (P < 0.01) and day 7; 3.5% ± 0.3%) after 7 d of disuse (P < 0.001). Individual muscles of the thigh exhibited different atrophy rates with the Musculus vastus lateralis anatomical cross-sectional area showing the greater (2.6% ± 0.4% and 7.2% ± 0.8%), and the Musculus gracilis the lesser (1.1% ± 0.7% and 2.3% ± 1.0%) decline following 2 and 7 d of immobilization, respectively (P < 0.01).

Conclusions
Thigh muscle disuse atrophy occurs rapidly and is already evident within 2 d of leg immobilization and progresses at a similar rate over the next 5 d (~0.8% muscle loss per day). M. quadriceps muscle shows more atrophy when compared with the M. hamstrings.

Keywordsatrophy; immobilization; MRI; skeletal muscle; strength
Year2020
JournalMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Journal citation52 (4), pp. 944-954
PublisherLippincott Williams & Wilkins Ltd.
ISSN0195-9131
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002200
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85081976155
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range944-954
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All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication process dates
Deposited07 May 2021
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Dirks, Marlou L., Wall, Benjamin T. and van Loon, Luc. (2018) Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: Focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein. Journal of Applied Physiology. 125(3), pp. 850 - 861. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016
IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete
Maughan, Ronald J., Burke, Louise, Dvorak, Jiri, Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, Peter, Phillips, Stuart M., Rawson, Eric S., Walsh, Neil P., Garthe, Ina, Geyer, Hans, Meeusen, Romain, Van Loon, Luc, Shirreffs, Susan M., Spriet, Lawrence L., Stuart, Mark, Vernec, Alan, Currell, Kevin, Ali, Vidya M., Budgett, Richard, ... Engebretsen, Lars. (2018) IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 28(2), pp. 104 - 125. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020
A novel in vitro model for the assessment of postnatal myonuclear accretion
Kneppers, Anita, Verdijk, Lex B., de Theije, Chiel, Corten, Mark, Gielen, Ellis, van Loon, Luc, Schols, Annemie and Langen, Ramon. (2018) A novel in vitro model for the assessment of postnatal myonuclear accretion. Skeletal Muscle. 8(4), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-018-0151-4
Protein supplementation after exercise and before sleep does not further augment muscle mass and strength gains during resistance exercise training in active older men
Holwerda, Andrew M., Overkamp, Maarten, Paulussen, Kevin J. M., Smeets, Joey S. J., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Backx, E. M. P., Gijsen, Annemie P., Goessens, Joy P. B., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc. (2018) Protein supplementation after exercise and before sleep does not further augment muscle mass and strength gains during resistance exercise training in active older men. The Journal of Nutrition. 148(11), pp. 1723 - 1732. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy169
Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates
Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Crombag, Julie J. R., Senden, Joan M., Huub Waterval, W. A., Bierau, Jörgen, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc. (2018) Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids. 50(12), pp. 1685 - 1695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2640-5
Leucine supplementation does not attenuate skeletal muscle loss during leg immobilization in healthy, young men
Backx, E. M. P., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Marzuca-Nassr, Gabriel N., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Smeets, Joey S. J., Fuchs, Cas J., Janssen, Anniek A. W., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Snijders, Tim, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc. (2018) Leucine supplementation does not attenuate skeletal muscle loss during leg immobilization in healthy, young men. Nutrients. 10(635), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050635
Brain tissue plasticity: protein synthesis rates of the human brain0006
Smeets, Joey S. J., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Schijns, Olaf E. M. G., Dings, Jim T. A., Hoogland, Govert, Gijsen, Annemie P., Goessens, Joy P. K., Bouwman, Freek G., Wodzig, Will K. W. H., Mariman, Edwin C. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018) Brain tissue plasticity: protein synthesis rates of the human brain0006. Brain: a journal of neurology. 141(4), pp. 1122 - 1129. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy015
Adipose tissue lipolytic inhibition enhances the glucoregulatory properties of exercise in type 2 diabetes patients
Hansen, Dominique, Verboven, Kenneth, van Dijk, Jan Willem, Zorenc, Antoine H., Minten, Lennert, Smeets, Kevin, Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018) Adipose tissue lipolytic inhibition enhances the glucoregulatory properties of exercise in type 2 diabetes patients. European Journal of Sport Science. 18(9), pp. 1245 - 1254. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1483428
Sodium nitrate supplementation alters mitochondrial H2O2 emission but does not improve mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the heart of healthy rats
Monaco, Cynthia, Miotto, Paula M., Huber, Jason S., Van Loon, Luc, Simpson, Jeremy A. and Holloway, Graham P.. (2018) Sodium nitrate supplementation alters mitochondrial H2O2 emission but does not improve mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the heart of healthy rats. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 315(2), pp. 191 - 204. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00275.2017
The effect of acute and 7-days dietary nitrate on mechanical efficiency, exercise performance and cardiac biomarkers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Beijers, Rosanne J. H. C. G., Huysmans, Stephanie M. D., van de Bool, Coby, Kingma, Boris R. M., Verdijk, Lex B., Van Loon, Luc, Meex, Steven J. R., Gosker, Harry R. and Schols, Annemie M. W. J.. (2018) The effect of acute and 7-days dietary nitrate on mechanical efficiency, exercise performance and cardiac biomarkers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical Nutrition. 37(6), pp. 1852 - 1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.10.011
Repeated-sprint performance and plasma responses following beetroot juice supplementation do not differ between recreational, competitive and elite sprint athletes
Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, van Dijk, Jan Willem, Maase, K., Ballak, S. B., Senden, Joan M., van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2018) Repeated-sprint performance and plasma responses following beetroot juice supplementation do not differ between recreational, competitive and elite sprint athletes. European Journal of Sport Science. 18(4), pp. 524 - 533. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1433722
Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET
Smeets, Joey S.J. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018) Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET. Brain: a journal of neurology. 141(7), pp. 52 - 52. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy119
Detection of localized hepatocellular amino acid kinetics by using mass spectrometry imaging of stable isotopes
Arts, Martijn, Soons, Zita, Ellis, Shane R., Pierzchalski, Keely A., Balluff, Benjamin, Eijkel, Gert B., Dubois, Ludwig J., Lieuwes, Natasja G., Agten, Stijn M., Hackeng, Tilman M., Van Loon, Luc, Heeren, Ron M.A. and Damink, Steven W.O.. (2017) Detection of localized hepatocellular amino acid kinetics by using mass spectrometry imaging of stable isotopes. Angewandte Chemie. 56(25), pp. 7146 - 7150. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201702669
Post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans
Burke, Louise M., van Loon, Luc J. C. and Hawley, John A.. (2017) Post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(5), pp. 1055-1067. https://doi.org/0.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2016
The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people: individual participant data and meta-analysis of rct's
Tieland, Michael, Franssen, Rinske, Dullemeijer, C., van Dronkelaar, C., Kim, H. K., Ispoglou, T., Zhu, Kun, Prince, R. L., Van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M.. (2017) The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people: individual participant data and meta-analysis of rct's. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 21(9), pp. 994 - 1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-017-0896-1
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis
Dirks, Marlou L., Groen, Bart B.L., Franssen, Rinske, van Kranenburg, Janneau and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(1), pp. 20 - 27. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00331.2016
Muscle fiber capillarization as determining factor on indices of insulin sensitivity in humans
Snijders, Tim, Nederveen, Joshua P., Verdijk, Lex B., Houben, Alfons J.H.M., Goossens, Gijs H., Parise, Gianna and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Muscle fiber capillarization as determining factor on indices of insulin sensitivity in humans. Physiological Reports. 5(10), pp. 1 - 5. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13278
Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans
Burke, Louise, Van Loon, Luc and Hawley, John. (2017) Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(5), pp. 1055 - 1067. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2016
Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption
Churchward-Venne, T. A., Pinckaers, Philippe J. M., van Loon, Joop J. A. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption. Nutrition Reviews. 75(12), pp. 1035 - 1045. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux057
Protein supplementation augments muscle fiber hypertrophy but does not modulate satellite cell content during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly
Dirks, Marlou L., Tieland, Michael, Verdijk, Lex B., Losen, Mario, Nilwik, Rachel, Mensink, Marco, de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Protein supplementation augments muscle fiber hypertrophy but does not modulate satellite cell content during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (JAMDA): long-term care: management, applied research and clinical issues. 18(7), pp. 608 - 615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.02.006
Glucose plus fructose ingestion for post exercise recovery greater than the sum of its parts?
Gonzalez, Javier T., Fuchs, Cas J., Betts, James A. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Glucose plus fructose ingestion for post exercise recovery greater than the sum of its parts? Nutrients. 9(4), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040344
Twenty-four-hour biological variation profiles of cardiac troponin I in individuals with or without chronic kidney disease
Van Der Linden, Noreen, Hilderink, Judith M., Cornelis, Tom, Kimenai, Dorien M., Klinkenberg, Lieke J.J., Van Doorn, William P., Litjens, Elisabeth J.R., Van Suijlen, Jeroen D.E., Van Loon, Luc, Bekers, Otto, Kooman, Jeroen P. and Meex, Steven J.R.. (2017) Twenty-four-hour biological variation profiles of cardiac troponin I in individuals with or without chronic kidney disease. Clinical Chemistry (Washington, DC): international journal of molecular diagnostics and laboratory medicine. 63(10), pp. 1655 - 1656. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2017.275107
Dietary protein intake and distribution patterns of well-trained Dutch athletes
Gillen, Jenna B., Trommelen, Jorn, Wardenaar, Floris C., Brinkmans, Naomi Y.J., Versteegen, Joline J., Jonvik, Kristin L., Kapp, Christoph, de Vries, Jeanne, van den Borne, Joost J.G.C., Gibala, M. J. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Dietary protein intake and distribution patterns of well-trained Dutch athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 27(2), pp. 105 - 114. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0154
Differential effects of leucine and leucine-enriched whey protein on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in aged mice
Dijk, Francina J., van Dijk, Miriam, Walrand, Stéphane, Van Loon, Luc, van Norren, Klaske and Luiking, Yvette C.. (2017) Differential effects of leucine and leucine-enriched whey protein on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in aged mice. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 24, pp. 127 - 133. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.12.013
Extensive type ii muscle fiber atrophy in elderly female hip fracture patients
Kramer, Irene F., Snijders, Tim, Smeets, Joey S.J., Leenders, Marika, van Kranenburg, Janneau, den Hoed, Marcel, Verdijk, Lex B., Poeze, Martijn and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Extensive type ii muscle fiber atrophy in elderly female hip fracture patients. Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 72(10), pp. 1369 - 1375. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw253
Fructose and sucrose intake increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise
Trommelen, Jorn, Fuchs, Cas J., Beelen, M, Lenaerts, Kaatje, Jeukendrup, A. E., Cermak, N. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Fructose and sucrose intake increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Nutrients. 9(2), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020167
Protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial
Kouw, Imre W.K., Holwerda, Andrew M., Trommelen, Jorn, Kramer, Irene Fleur, Bastiaanse, Jacqueline, Halson, Shona, Wodzig, Will K.W.H., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition. 147(12), pp. 2252 - 2261. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.254532
Sodium nitrate ingestion increases skeletal muscle nitrate content in humans
Nyakayiru, Jean, Kouw, Imre W.K., Cermak, N, Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2017) Sodium nitrate ingestion increases skeletal muscle nitrate content in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 123(3), pp. 637 - 644. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01036.2016
Intramyocellular lipid content and lipogenic gene expression responses following a single bout of resistance type exercise differ between young and older men
Tsintzas, Kostas, Stephens, F. B., Snijders, Tim, Wall, Benjamin T., Cooper, Scott, Mallinson, Joanne, Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Intramyocellular lipid content and lipogenic gene expression responses following a single bout of resistance type exercise differ between young and older men. Experimental Gerontology. 93, pp. 36 - 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.03.018
Commentaries on Viewpoint: A time for exercise: the exercise window
Boule, Normand G., Terada, Tasuku, Francois, Monique E., Hawley, John, Cotter, James D., Kruse, Nicholas T., McDonald, Matthew W., Olver, T D., Paoli, Antonio, Sacchetti, Massimo, Di Luigi, Luigi, van Dijk, Jan W., Van Loon, Luc, Yardley, Jane E., DiPietro, Loretta, Gribok, Andrei and Rumpler, William. (2017) Commentaries on Viewpoint: A time for exercise: the exercise window. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(1), pp. 210 - 213. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00938.2016
No effect of acute and 6-day nitrate supplementation on VO2 and time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists
Nyakayiru, Jean, Jonvik, Kristin L., Pinckaers, Philippe J.M., Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2017) No effect of acute and 6-day nitrate supplementation on VO2 and time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 27(1), pp. 11 - 17. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0034
Food ingestion in an upright sitting position increases postprandial amino acid availability when compared with food ingestion in a lying down position
Holwerda, Andrew M., Lenaerts, Kaatje, Bierau, Jörgen, Wodzig, Will K.W.H. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017) Food ingestion in an upright sitting position increases postprandial amino acid availability when compared with food ingestion in a lying down position. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 42(7), pp. 738 - 743. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0522
Beetroot juice supplementation improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players
Nyakayiru, Jean, Jonvik, Kristin L., Trommelen, Jorn, Pinckaers, Philippe J.M., Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2017) Beetroot juice supplementation improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players. Nutrients. 9(3), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030314
Seasonal variation in vitamin d status in elite athletes: a longitudinal study
Backx, E. M.P., van der Avoort, Cindy van, Tieland, Michael, Maase, K., Kies, A. K., Van Loon, Luc, de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M. and Mensink, M.. (2017) Seasonal variation in vitamin d status in elite athletes: a longitudinal study. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 27(1), pp. 6 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0177
Glycemic control during consecutive days with prolongedwalking exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus
van Dijk, Jan Willem, Eijsvogels, Thijs M., Nyakayiru, Jean, Schreuder, Tim H. A., Hopman, Maria T., Thijssen, Dick H. and Van Loon, Lucas. (2016) Glycemic control during consecutive days with prolongedwalking exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 117, pp. 74 - 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.053
May bed rest cause greater muscle loss than limb immobilization?
Dirks, M. L., Backx, E. M. P., Wall, B. T., Verdijk, L. B. and van Loon, L.. (2016) May bed rest cause greater muscle loss than limb immobilization? Acta Physiologica. 218(1), pp. 10-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12699
Hyperoxia increases arterial oxygen pressure during exercise in type 2 diabetes patients: A feasibility study
Rozenberg, Robert, Mankowski, Robert T., van Loon, Luc, Langendonk, Janneke G., Sijbrands, Eric J. G., van den Meiracker, Anton H., Stam, Henk J. and Praet, Stephan F. E.. (2016) Hyperoxia increases arterial oxygen pressure during exercise in type 2 diabetes patients: A feasibility study. European Journal of Medical Research. 21(1), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-015-0194-5
Cardiac Troponin T and i Release after a 30-km Run
Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Luyten, Peter, Van Der Linden, Noreen, Urgel, Kim, Snijders, Daniëlle P. C., Knackstedt, Christian, Dennert, Robert, Kietselaer, Bastiaan L. J. H., Mingels, Alma M. A., Cardinaels, Eline P. M., Peeters, Frederique E. C. M., Van Suijlen, Jeroen D. E., Kate, Joop Ten, Marsch, Elke, Theelen, Thomas L., Sluimer, Judith C., Wouters, Kristiaan, Bekers, Otto, Bekkers, Sebastiaan C. A. M., ... Meex, Steven J. R.. (2016) Cardiac Troponin T and i Release after a 30-km Run. American Journal of Cardiology. 118(2), pp. 281 - 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.04.030
Prognostic value of basal high-sensitive cardiac troponin levels on mortality in the general population
van der Linden, Noreen, Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Bekers, Otto, van Loon, Luc, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P., Zeegers, Maurice P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2016) Prognostic value of basal high-sensitive cardiac troponin levels on mortality in the general population. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005703
Short-term muscle disuse lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and induces anabolic resistance to protein ingestion
Wall, Benjamin T., Dirks, Marlou L., Snijders, Tim, Willem van Dijk, Jan, Fritsch, Mario, Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2016) Short-term muscle disuse lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and induces anabolic resistance to protein ingestion. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00227.2015
Impact of diet composition on blood glucose regulation
Russell, Wendy R., Baka, Athanasia, Bjorck, Inger, Delzenne, Nathalie, Gao, Dan, Griffiths, Helen R., Hadjilucas, Ellie, Juvonen, Kristiina, Lahtinen, Sampo, Lansink, Mirian, van Loon, Luc, Mykkanen, Hannu, Ostman, Elin, Riccardi, Gabrielle, Vinoy, Sophie and Weickert, Martin O.. (2016) Impact of diet composition on blood glucose regulation. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56(4), pp. 541 - 590. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.792772
The Martin Vigorimeter Represents a Reliable and More Practical Tool Than the Jamar Dynamometer to Assess Handgrip Strength in the Geriatric Patient
Sipers, Walther M. W. H., Verdijk, Lex B., Sipers, Simone J. E., Schols, Jos M. G. A. and Van Loon, Luc. (2016) The Martin Vigorimeter Represents a Reliable and More Practical Tool Than the Jamar Dynamometer to Assess Handgrip Strength in the Geriatric Patient. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 17(5), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.02.026
Resistance training increases skeletal muscle capillarization in healthy older men
Verdijk, Lex B., Snijders, Tim, Holloway, Tanya M., Van Kranenburg, Janneau and van Loon, Luc. (2016) Resistance training increases skeletal muscle capillarization in healthy older men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48(11), pp. 2157 - 2164. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001019
Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes
Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, Willem van Dijk, Jan, Wardenaar, Floris C., Van Loon, Lucas and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2016) Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0239
Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults
Backx, E. M. P., Tieland, Michael, Borgonjen-Van Den Berg, Karin J., Claessen, P. R., Van Loon, Lucas and de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M.. (2016) Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults. International Journal of Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.182
Changes in myonuclear domain size do not precede muscle hypertrophy during prolonged resistance-type exercise training
Snijders, Tim, Smeets, Joey S. J., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Kies, A. K., Van Loon, Lucas and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2016) Changes in myonuclear domain size do not precede muscle hypertrophy during prolonged resistance-type exercise training. Acta Physiologica. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12609
Resistance exercise augments postprandial overnight muscle protein synthesis rates
Trommelen, Jorn, Holwerda, Andrew M., Kouw, Imre W. K., Langer, Henning, Halson, Shona L., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2016) Resistance exercise augments postprandial overnight muscle protein synthesis rates. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48(12), pp. 2517-2525. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001045
Presleep protein ingestion does not compromise the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingested the following morning
Wall, Benjamin T., Burd, Nicholas A., Franssen, Rinske, Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Snijders, Tim, Senden, Joan M., Gijsen, Annemie P. and van Loon, Luc. (2016) Presleep protein ingestion does not compromise the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingested the following morning. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 311(6), pp. E964-E973. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00325.2016
Diurnal rhythm of cardiac troponin: Consequences for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction
Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Wildi, Karin, Van Der Linden, Noreen, Kouw, Imre W. K., Niens, Marijke, Twerenbold, Raphael, Gimenez, Maria Rubini, Puelacher, Christian, Neuhaus, Jean Daniel, Hillinger, Petra, Nestelberger, Thomas, Boeddinghaus, Jasper, Grimm, Karin, Sabti, Zaid, Bons, Judith A. P., Van Suijlen, Jeroen D. E., Tan, Frans E. S., Kate, Joop Ten, Bekers, Otto, ... Meex, Steven J. R.. (2016) Diurnal rhythm of cardiac troponin: Consequences for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Chemistry. 62(12), pp. 1602 - 1611. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.257485
Expression of protocadherin gamma in skeletal muscle tissue is associated with age and muscle weakness
Hangelbroek, Roland W. J., Fazelzadeh, Parastoo, Tieland, Michael, Boekschoten, Mark V., Hooiveld, Guido J. E. J., van Duynhoven, John P. M., Timmons, James A., Verdijk, Lex B., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Van Loon, Luc and Müller, Michael. (2016) Expression of protocadherin gamma in skeletal muscle tissue is associated with age and muscle weakness. Journal Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 7(5), pp. 604 - 614. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12099
The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: A dose-response study
Backx, E. M. P., Tieland, Michael, Maase, K., Kies, A. K., Mensink, M., Van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M.. (2016) The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: A dose-response study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 70(9), pp. 1009 - 1014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.133
Recommendations for the conduct of clinical trials for drugs to treat or prevent sarcopenia
Reginster, Jean Yves, Cooper, Cyrus, Rizzoli, Rene, Kanis, John A., Appelboom, Geoff, Bautmans, Ivan, Bischoff-Ferrari, Heike A., Boers, Maarten, Brandi, Maria Luisa, Bruyère, Olivier, Cherubini, Antonio, Flamion, Bruno, Fielding, Roger A., Gasparik, Andrea Ildiko, Van Loon, Lucas, McCloskey, Eugene, Mitlak, Bruce, Pilotto, Alberto, Reiter-Niesert, Suzanne, ... Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J.. (2016) Recommendations for the conduct of clinical trials for drugs to treat or prevent sarcopenia. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-015-0517-y
Hypoxia induces a prothrombotic state independently of the physical activity
Ninivaggi, Marisa, De Laat, Marieke, Lancé, Marcus M. D., Kicken, Cécile H., Pelkmans, Leonie, Bloemen, Saartje, Dirks, Marlou L., Van Loon, Luc, Govers-Riemslag, José W. P., Lindhout, Theo, Konings, Joke and De Laat, Bas. (2015) Hypoxia induces a prothrombotic state independently of the physical activity. PLoS ONE. 10(10), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141797
Prolonged adaptation to a low or high protein diet does not modulate basal muscle protein synthesis rates: A substudy
Hursel, Rick, Martens, Eveline A. P., Gonnissen, Hanne K. J., Hamer, Henrike M., Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.. (2015) Prolonged adaptation to a low or high protein diet does not modulate basal muscle protein synthesis rates: A substudy. PLoS ONE. 10(9), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137183
Can elite athletes benefit from dietary nitrate supplementation?
Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2015) Can elite athletes benefit from dietary nitrate supplementation? Journal of Applied Physiology. 119(6), pp. 759 - 761. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00232.2015
Exercise strategies to optimize glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A continuing glucose monitoring perspective
van Dijk, Jan Willem and Van Loon, Luc. (2015) Exercise strategies to optimize glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A continuing glucose monitoring perspective. Diabetes Spectrum. 28(1), pp. 24 - 31. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.28.1.24
Aging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion
Wall, Benjamin T., Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Pennings, Bart, Koopman, René, Groen, Bart B. L., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2015) Aging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion. PLoS ONE. 10(11), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140903
Post-prandial protein handling: You are what you just ate
Groen, Bart B. L., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Hamer, Henrike M., De Haan, Michiel, Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Bierau, Jörgen, Poeze, Martijn, Wodzig, Will K. W. H., Rasmussen, Blake B. and van Loon, Luc. (2015) Post-prandial protein handling: You are what you just ate. PLoS ONE. 10(11), pp. 1 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141582
Dietary Protein as a Trigger for Metabolic Adaptation
Van Loon, Luc. (2014) Dietary Protein as a Trigger for Metabolic Adaptation. In In R. J. Maughan (Ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine: An IOC Medical Commission Publication pp. 147 - 155 Wiley-Blackwell.
The use of doubly labeled milk protein to measure postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans
Burd, N., Cermak, N., Kouw, Imre W. K., Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Gijsen, Annemie P. and Van Loon, Luc. (2014) The use of doubly labeled milk protein to measure postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 117(11), pp. 1363 - 1370. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00411.2014
The effect of a six-month resistance-type exercise training program on the course of high sensitive cardiac troponin T levels in (pre)frail elderly
Van Der Linden, Noreen, Tieland, Michael, Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Verdijk, Lex B., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Van Loon, Lucas, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2014) The effect of a six-month resistance-type exercise training program on the course of high sensitive cardiac troponin T levels in (pre)frail elderly. International Journal of Cardiology. 175(2), pp. 374 - 375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.05.017
Kracht- en duurinspanning verbeteren 24-uurs bloedglucosehomeostase bij personen met een verminderde glucosetolerantie bij patiënten met type 2 diabetes
Jan Willem van Dijk, Ralph J F Manders, Kyra Tummers, A G Bonomi, Coen D A Stehouwer, Fred Hartgens and Luc Van Loon. (2013) Kracht- en duurinspanning verbeteren 24-uurs bloedglucosehomeostase bij personen met een verminderde glucosetolerantie bij patiënten met type 2 diabetes. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Diabetologie. 11(2), pp. 52-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12467-013-0019-5
Voeding bij intensieve sportbeoefening
Van Loon, L., van Erp-Baart, A. M. J. and Saris, Wim H. M. (2013) Voeding bij intensieve sportbeoefening. In In Majorie Former (Ed.). Informatorium Voeding en Dietetiek - Voedingsleer pp. 547-568 Springer.
The role of amino acids in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise
Aguirre, Nick, Van Loon, Lucas and Baar, Keith. (2013) The role of amino acids in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. In In E. Isolauri, P.M. Sherman and W. A. Walker (Ed.). Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series pp. 85 - 102 S. Karger AG. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350261
Disturbed energy metabolism and muscular dystrophy caused by pure creatine deficiency are reversible by creatine intake
Nabuurs, C. I., Choe, C. U., Veltien, A., Kan, H. E., Van Loon, Luc, Rodenburg, R. J. T., Matschke, J., Wieringa, B., Kemp, G. J., Isbrandt, D. and Heerschap, A.. (2013) Disturbed energy metabolism and muscular dystrophy caused by pure creatine deficiency are reversible by creatine intake. Journal of Physiology. 591(2), pp. 571 - 592. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.241760
Elderly men and women benefit equally from prolonged resistance-type exercise training
Leenders, Marika, Verdijk, Lex B., van der Hoeven, Letty, Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Nilwik, Rachel and Van Loon, Luc. (2013) Elderly men and women benefit equally from prolonged resistance-type exercise training. Journals of Gerontology: Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 68(7), pp. 769 - 779. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls241
Validity and Reliability of Tools to Measure Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review
Mijnarends, Donja M., Meijers, Judith M. M., Halfens, Ruud J. G., Borg, Sovianne Ter, Luiking, Yvette C., Verlaan, Sjors, Schoberer, Daniela, Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J., Van Loon, Luc and Schols, Jos M. G. A.. (2013) Validity and Reliability of Tools to Measure Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 14(3), pp. 170 - 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2012.10.009
Substantial differences between organ and muscle specific tracer incorporation rates in a lactating dairy cow
Burd, N, Hamer, Henrike M., Pennings, Bart, Pellikaan, Wilbert F., Senden, Joan M., Gijsen, Annemie P. and Van Loon, Luc. (2013) Substantial differences between organ and muscle specific tracer incorporation rates in a lactating dairy cow. PLoS ONE. 8(6), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068109
Effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced cardiac troponin release in cyclists: A randomized trial
Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Res, Peter T., Haenen, Guido R., Bast, Aalt, Van Loon, Luc, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2013) Effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced cardiac troponin release in cyclists: A randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 8(11), pp. 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079280
Limits of Human Endurance
Van Loon, Luc and Meeusen, Romain. (2012) Limits of Human Endurance S. Karger AG.
Nutritional approaches to treating sarcopenia
Paddon-Jones, Douglas and van Loon, Luc. (2012) Nutritional approaches to treating sarcopenia. In In Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J. and Morley, John E. (Ed.). Sarcopenia pp. 275-295 Wiley-Blackwell.
Strong link between basal and exercise-induced cardiac troponin T levels: Do both reflect risk?
Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Res, Peter T., Van Loon, Lucas, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2012) Strong link between basal and exercise-induced cardiac troponin T levels: Do both reflect risk? International Journal of Cardiology. 158(1), pp. 129 - 131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.050
The single biopsy approach is reliable for the measurement of muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in older men
Burd, N., Pennings, Bart, Groen, Bart B. L., Gijsen, Annemie P., Senden, Joan M. and Van Loon, Luc. (2012) The single biopsy approach is reliable for the measurement of muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in older men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 113(6), pp. 896 - 902. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00513.2012
Inspanningstherapie bij type 2 diabetes: is dagelijkse inspanning noodzakelijk om glycemische controle te optimaliseren?
van Dijk, Jan W., Tummers, Kyra, Stehouwer, Coen D.A., Hartgens, Fred and van Loon, Luc. (2012) Inspanningstherapie bij type 2 diabetes: is dagelijkse inspanning noodzakelijk om glycemische controle te optimaliseren? Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Diabetologie. 10(2), pp. 60 - 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12467-012-0021-3
Protein Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Frail Elderly People: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Tieland, Michael, De Rest, Ondine Van, Dirks, Marlou L., Van Der Zwalu, Nikita L., Mensink, Marco, Van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M.. (2012) Protein Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Frail Elderly People: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 13(8), pp. 720 - 726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.005
Exercise-Induced splanchnic hypoperfusion results in gut dysfunction in healthy men
Wijck, Kim V., Lenaerts, Kaatje, Van Loon, Luc, Peters, Wilbert H. M., Buurman, Wim A. and Dejong, Cornelis H. C.. (2011) Exercise-Induced splanchnic hypoperfusion results in gut dysfunction in healthy men. PLoS ONE. 6(7), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022366
Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery
Beelen, M, Burke, Louise, Gibala, M and van Loon, Luc. (2010) Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 20(6), pp. 515 - 532. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.515