The distribution of pace adopted by cyclists during a cross-country mountain bike world championships

Journal article


Abbiss, Chris R., Ross, Megan L. R., Garvican, Laura A., Ross, Neil, Pottgiesser, Torben, Gregory, John and Martin, David T.. (2013). The distribution of pace adopted by cyclists during a cross-country mountain bike world championships. Journal of Sports Sciences. 31(7), pp. 787-794. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.751118
AuthorsAbbiss, Chris R., Ross, Megan L. R., Garvican, Laura A., Ross, Neil, Pottgiesser, Torben, Gregory, John and Martin, David T.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of pace self-selected by cyclists of varying ability, biological age and sex performing in a mountain bike World Championship event. Data were collected on cyclists performing in the Elite Male (ELITEmale; n = 75), Elite Female (ELITEfemale; n = 50), Under 23 Male (U23male; n = 62), Under 23 Female (U23female; n = 34), Junior Male (JNRmale; n = 71) and Junior Female (JNRfemale; n = 30) categories of the 2009 UCI Cross-Country Mountain Bike World Championships. Split times were recorded for the top, middle and bottom 20% of all finishers of each category. Timing splits were positioned to separate the course into technical and non-technical, uphill, downhill and rolling/flat sections. Compared with bottom performers, top performers in all male categories (ELITEmale, U23male, JNRmale) maintained a more even pace over the event as evidenced by a significantly lower standard deviation and range in average lap speed. Top performers, males, and ELITEmale athletes spent a lower percentage of overall race time on technical uphill sections of the course, compared with middle and bottom placed finishers, females, and JNRmale athletes, respectively. Better male performers adopt a more even distribution of pace throughout cross-country mountain events. Performance of lower placed finishers, females and JNRmale athletes may be improved by enhancing technical uphill cycling ability.

Keywordspacing strategy; sex; age; ability; MTB
Year2013
JournalJournal of Sports Sciences
Journal citation31 (7), pp. 787-794
PublisherRoutledge
ISSN0264-0414
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.751118
Scopus EID2-s2.0-84875857596
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range787-794
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online25 Mar 2013
Publication process dates
Accepted15 Nov 2012
Deposited09 May 2021
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Davies, Michael J., Clark, Bradley, Welvaert, Marijke, Skorski, Sabrina, Lewis, Laura, Saunders, Philo and Thompson, Kevin G.. (2016). Effect of environmental and feedback interventions on pacing profiles in cycling: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology. 7, pp. 1 - 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00591
Time for a new metric for hypoxic dose?
Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Sharpe, Ken and Gore, Christopher J.. (2016). Time for a new metric for hypoxic dose? Journal of Applied Physiology. 121(1), pp. 352 - 355. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00579.2015
The ventilation-corrected ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 provides a valid and reliable assessment of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in athletes compared with the Douglas Bag Method
Woods, Amy L., Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Rice, Anthony J. and Thompson, Kevin G.. (2016). The ventilation-corrected ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 provides a valid and reliable assessment of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in athletes compared with the Douglas Bag Method. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 26(5), pp. 454 - 463. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0315
Increased hypoxic dose after training at low altitude with 9h per night at 3000m normobaric hypoxia
Carr, A. J., Saunders, Philo, Vallance, Brent S., Lewis, Laura and Gore, Christopher J.. (2015). Increased hypoxic dose after training at low altitude with 9h per night at 3000m normobaric hypoxia. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 14(4), pp. 776 - 782.
Impact of altitude on power output during cycling stage racing
Lewis, Laura, Clark, Bradley, Martin, David T., Schumacher, Yorck O., McDonald, Warren, Stephens, Brian, Ma, Fuhai, Thompson, Kevin G., Gore, Christopher J. and Menaspà, Paolo. (2015). Impact of altitude on power output during cycling stage racing. PLoS ONE. 10(12), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143028
Altitude exposure at 1800 m increases haemoglobin mass in distance runners
Lewis, Laura, Halliday, Iona, Abbiss, Chris R., Saunders, Philo and Gore, Christopher J.. (2015). Altitude exposure at 1800 m increases haemoglobin mass in distance runners. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 14(2), pp. 413 - 417.
Relative match intensities at high altitude in highly-trained young soccer players (ISA3600)
Buchheit, M., Hammond, Kristal, Bourdon, Pitre C., Simpson, Ben M., Lewis, Laura, Schmidt, Walter F., Gore, Christopher J. and Aughey, Robert. (2015). Relative match intensities at high altitude in highly-trained young soccer players (ISA3600). Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 14(1), pp. 98 - 102.
High altitude, prolonged exercise, and the athlete biological passport
Schumacher, Yorck O., Lewis, Laura, Christian, Ryan, Lobigs, Louisa M., Qi, Jiliang, Fan, Rongyun, He, Yingying, Wang, Hailing, Gore, Christopher J. and Ma, Fuhai. (2015). High altitude, prolonged exercise, and the athlete biological passport. Drug Testing and Analysis. 7(1), pp. 48 - 55. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1717
Pre-altitude serum ferritin levels and daily oral iron supplement dose mediate iron parameter and hemoglobin mass responses to altitude exposure
Govus, Andrew D., Lewis, Laura, Abbiss, Chris R., Peeling, P. and Gore, Christopher J.. (2015). Pre-altitude serum ferritin levels and daily oral iron supplement dose mediate iron parameter and hemoglobin mass responses to altitude exposure. PLoS ONE. 10(8), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135120
Fluid Balance, Carbohydrate Ingestion, and Body Temperature During Men's Stage-Race Cycling in Temperate Environmental Conditions
Ross, Megan, Stephens, Brian, Abbiss, Chris, Martin, David, Laursen, Paul and Burke, Louise. (2014). Fluid Balance, Carbohydrate Ingestion, and Body Temperature During Men's Stage-Race Cycling in Temperate Environmental Conditions. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 9(3), pp. 575 - 582. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2012-0369
Lower running performance and exacerbated fatigue in soccer played at 1600 m
Lewis, Laura, Hammond, Kristal, Varley, Matthew C., Gore, Christopher J., Billaut, Francois and Aughey, Robert. (2014). Lower running performance and exacerbated fatigue in soccer played at 1600 m. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 9(3), pp. 397 - 404. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2012-0375
Variability of Measurements of Sweat Sodium Using the Regional Absorbent-Patch Method
Dziedzic, Christine, Ross, Megan, Slater, Gary and Burke, Louise. (2014). Variability of Measurements of Sweat Sodium Using the Regional Absorbent-Patch Method. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 9(5), pp. 832 - 838. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0480
Single and combined effects of betroot juice and caffeine supplementation on cycling time trial performance
Lane, Stephen, Hawley, John, Desbrow, Ben, Jones, Andrew, Blackwell, James, Ross, Megan, Zemski, Adam and Burke, Louise. (2014). Single and combined effects of betroot juice and caffeine supplementation on cycling time trial performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 39(9), pp. 1050 - 1057. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0336
Stage racing at altitude induces hemodilution despite an increase in hemoglobin mass
Lewis, Laura, Schumacher, Yorck O., Clark, Sally, Christian, Ryan, Menaspà, Paolo, Plowman, Jamie, Stephens, Brian, Qi, Jiliang, Fan, Rongyun, He, Yingying, Martin, David T., Thompson, Kevin G., Gore, Christopher J. and Ma, Fuhai. (2014). Stage racing at altitude induces hemodilution despite an increase in hemoglobin mass. Journal of Applied Physiology. 117(5), pp. 463 - 472. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00242.2014
Four weeks of IV iron supplementation reduces perceived fatigue and mood disturbance in distance runners
Woods, Amy L., Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Saunders, Philo U., Lovell, Greg, Hughes, David, Fazakerley, Ruth, Anderson, Bev, Gore, Christopher J. and Thompson, Kevin G.. (2014). Four weeks of IV iron supplementation reduces perceived fatigue and mood disturbance in distance runners. PLoS ONE. 9(9), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108042
Dairy-Based Preexercise Meal Does Not Affect Gut Comfort or Time-Trial Performance in Female Cyclists
Haakonssen, Eric, Ross, Megan, Cato, Louise, Nana, Alisa, Knight, Emma, Jenkins, David, Martin, David and Burke, Louise. (2014). Dairy-Based Preexercise Meal Does Not Affect Gut Comfort or Time-Trial Performance in Female Cyclists. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 24(5), pp. 553 - 558. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0069
Acute hypoxic exercise does not alter post-exercise iron metabolism in moderately trained endurance athletes
Govus, Andrew D., Abbiss, Chris R., Lewis, Laura, Swinkels, Dorine W., Laarakkers, Coby M., Gore, Christopher J. and Peeling, P. (2014). Acute hypoxic exercise does not alter post-exercise iron metabolism in moderately trained endurance athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 114(10), pp. 2183 - 2191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2938-2
Yin and yang, or peas in a pod? Individual-sport versus team-sport athletes and altitude training
Aughey, Robert J., Buchheit, Martin, Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Roach, Gregory D., Sargent, Charli, Billaut, François, Varley, Matthew C., Bourdon, Pitre C. and Gore, Christopher J.. (2013). Yin and yang, or peas in a pod? Individual-sport versus team-sport athletes and altitude training. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47(18), pp. 1150-1154. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092764
Wellness, fatigue and physical performance acclimatisation to a 2-week soccer camp at 3600 m (ISA3600)
Buchheit, Martin, Simpson, Ben M., Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Hammond, Kristal, Kley, Marlen, Schmidt, Walter F., Aughey, Robert J., Soria, Rudy, Sargent, Charli, Roach, Gregory D., Claros, Jesus C. Jimenez, Wachsmuth, Nadine, Gore, Christopher J. and Bourdon, Pitre C.. (2013). Wellness, fatigue and physical performance acclimatisation to a 2-week soccer camp at 3600 m (ISA3600). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47(Suppl 1), p. i100. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092749
The sleep of elite athletes at sea level and high altitude : A comparison of sea-level natives and high-altitude natives (ISA3600)
Roach, Gregory D., Schmidt, Walter F., Aughey, Robert J., Bourdon, Pitre C., Soria, Rudy, Claros, Jesus C. Jimenez, Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Buchheit, Martin, Simpson, Ben M., Hammond, Kristal, Kley, Marlen, Wachsmuth, Nadine, Gore, Christopher J. and Sargent, Charli. (2013). The sleep of elite athletes at sea level and high altitude : A comparison of sea-level natives and high-altitude natives (ISA3600). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47(Suppl 1), p. i114. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092843
The impact of altitude on the sleep of young elite soccer players (ISA3600)
Sargent, Charli, Schmidt, Walter F., Aughey, Robert J., Bourdon, Pitre C., Soria, Rudy, Claros, Jesus C. Jimenez, Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Buchheit, Martin, Simpson, Ben M., Hammond, Kristal, Kley, Marlen, Wachsmuth, Nadine, Gore, Christopher J. and Roach, Gregory D.. (2013). The impact of altitude on the sleep of young elite soccer players (ISA3600). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47(Suppl 1), p. i86. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092829
The effects of injury and illness on haemoglobin mass
Gough, C. E., Sharpe, K., Garvican, L. A., Anson, J. M., Saunders, P. U. and Gore, C. J.. (2013). The effects of injury and illness on haemoglobin mass. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 34(9), pp. 763-769. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1333692
Soccer activity profile of altitude versus sea-level natives during acclimatisation to 3600 m (ISA3600)
Aughey, Robert J., Hammond, Kristal, Varley, Matthew C., Schmidt, Walter F., Bourdon, Pitre C., Buchheit, Martin, Simpson, Ben, Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Kley, Marlen, Soria, Rudy, Sargent, Charli, Roach, Gregory D., Claros, Jesus C. Jimenez, Wachsmuth, Nadine and Gore, Christopher J.. (2013). Soccer activity profile of altitude versus sea-level natives during acclimatisation to 3600 m (ISA3600). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47(Suppl 1), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092776
Relationship between changes in haemoglobin mass and maximal oxygen uptake after hypoxic exposure
Saunders, Philo U., Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Schmidt, Walter F. and Gore, Christopher J.. (2013). Relationship between changes in haemoglobin mass and maximal oxygen uptake after hypoxic exposure. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47(Suppl 1), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092841
Predicting sickness during a 2-week soccer camp at 3600 m (ISA3600)
Buchheit, Martin, Simpson, Ben M., Schmidt, Walter F., Aughey, Robert J., Soria, Rudy, Hunt, Robert A., Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Pyne, David B., Gore, Christopher J. and Bourdon, Pitre C.. (2013). Predicting sickness during a 2-week soccer camp at 3600 m (ISA3600). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47(Suppl 1), pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092757
Methods of the international study on soccer at altitude 3600 m (ISA3600)
Gore, Christopher J., Aughey, Robert J., Bourdon, Pitre C., Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Soria, Rudy, Claros, Jesus C. Jimenez, Sargent, Charli, Roach, Gregory D., Buchheit, Martin, Simpson, Ben M., Hammond, Kristal, Kley, Marlen, Wachsmuth, Nadine, Pepper, Mark, Edwards, Alistair, Cuenca, Douglas, Vidmar, Tony, Spielvogel, Hilde and Schmidt, Walter F.. (2013). Methods of the international study on soccer at altitude 3600 m (ISA3600). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47(Supplement 1), p. i80–i85. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092770
Changes in blood gas transport of altitude native soccer players near sea-level and sea-level native soccer players at altitude (ISA3600)
Wachsmuth, Nadine, Kley, Marlen, Spielvogel, Hilde, Aughey, Robert J., Gore, Christopher J., Bourdon, Pitre C., Hammond, Kristal, Sargent, Charli, Roach, Gregory D., Sanchez, Rudy Soria, Jimenez Claros, Jesus C., Schmidt, Walter F. and Garvican-Lewis, Laura A.. (2013). Changes in blood gas transport of altitude native soccer players near sea-level and sea-level native soccer players at altitude (ISA3600). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47(Supplement 1), pp. i93-i99. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092761
Precooling methods and their effects on athletic performance : A systematic review and practical applications
Ross, M, Abbiss, Chris, Laursen, P, Martin, D and Burke, Louise. (2013). Precooling methods and their effects on athletic performance : A systematic review and practical applications. Sports Medicine: reviews of applied medicine and science in sport and exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-012-0014-9
Altitude training and haemoglobin mass from the optimised carbon monoxide rebreathing method determined by a meta-analysis
Gore, Christopher, Sharpe, Ken, Garvican-Lewis, Laura, Saunders, Philo, Humberstone, Clare, Robertson, Eileen, Wachsmuth, Nadine, Clark, Sally, McLean, Blake and Friedmann-Bette, Birgit. (2013). Altitude training and haemoglobin mass from the optimised carbon monoxide rebreathing method determined by a meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092840
Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis
Areta, José, Burke, Louise, Ross, M, Camera, Donny, West, D, Broad, E, Jeacocke, N, Moore, Daniel, Stellingwerff, T and Phillips, S. (2013). Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. The Journal of Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.244897
Time course of the hemoglobin mass response to natural altitude training in elite endurance cyclists
Garvican, L., Martin, D., Quod, M., Stephens, B. and Sassi, A.. (2012). Time course of the hemoglobin mass response to natural altitude training in elite endurance cyclists. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 22(1), pp. 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01145.x
Short-term hematological effects upon completion of a four-week simulated altitude camp
Pottgiesser,Torben, Garvican, Laura A., Martin, David T., Featonby, Jesse M., Gore, Christopher J. and Schumacher, Yorck O.. (2012). Short-term hematological effects upon completion of a four-week simulated altitude camp. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 7(1), pp. 79-83. https://doi.org/10.1123/Ijspp.7.1.79
Preexercise aminoacidemia and muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise
Burke, Louise, Hawley, John, Ross, M, Moore, Daniel, Phillips, S, Slater, G, Stellingwerff, T, Tipton, K, Garnham, A and Coffey, Vernon. (2012). Preexercise aminoacidemia and muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 44(10), pp. 1968 - 1977. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31825d28fa
Effects of lowering body temperature via hyperhydration, with and without glycerol ingestion and practical precooling on cycling time trial performance in hot and humid conditions
Ross, M, Jeacocke, N, Laursen, P, Martin, D, Abbiss, Chris and Burke, Louise. (2012). Effects of lowering body temperature via hyperhydration, with and without glycerol ingestion and practical precooling on cycling time trial performance in hot and humid conditions. International Society of Sports Nutrition. 9(55), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-55
The contribution of haemoglobin mass to increases in cycling performance induced by simulated LHTL
Garvican, Laura A., Pottgiesser, Torben, Martin, David T., Schumacher, Yorck Olaf, Barras, Martin and Gore, Christopher J.. (2011). The contribution of haemoglobin mass to increases in cycling performance induced by simulated LHTL. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 111(6), pp. 1089-1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1732-z
Standardising analysis of carbon monoxide rebreathing for application in anti-doping
Alexander, Anthony C., Garvican, Laura A., Burge, Caroline M., Clark, Sally A., Plowman, James S. and Gore, Christopher J.. (2011). Standardising analysis of carbon monoxide rebreathing for application in anti-doping. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 14(2), pp. 100-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2010.07.007
Quality control technique to reduce the variability of longitudinal measurement of hemoglobin mass
Gough, C. E., Sharpe, K., Ashenden, M. J., Anson, J. M., Saunders, P. U., Garvican, L. A., Bonetti, D. L., Gore, C. J. and Prommer, N.. (2011). Quality control technique to reduce the variability of longitudinal measurement of hemoglobin mass. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 21(6), pp. e365-e371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01316.x
Novel precooling strategy enhances time trial cycling in the heat
Ross, M, Garvican, L, Jeacocke, N, Laursen, P, Abbiss, Chris, Martin, D and Burke, Louise. (2011). Novel precooling strategy enhances time trial cycling in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 43(1), pp. 123 - 133. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e93210
Cytokine responses to carbohydrate ingestion during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury
Ross, M, Halson, Shona, Suzuki, K, Garnham, A, Hawley, John, Cameron-Smith, David and Peake, J. (2010). Cytokine responses to carbohydrate ingestion during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research. 30(5), pp. 329 - 337. https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2009.0079