Experiences of weightism among sexual minority men: Relationships with Body Mass Index, body dissatisfaction, and psychological quality of life

Journal article

Scott Griffiths, Leah Brennan, Beth O'Gorman, William C. Goedel, Jeanie Sheffield, Brock Bastian and Fiona K. Barlow. (2018). Experiences of weightism among sexual minority men: Relationships with Body Mass Index, body dissatisfaction, and psychological quality of life. Social Science & Medicine. 214, pp. 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.018
AuthorsScott Griffiths, Leah Brennan, Beth O'Gorman, William C. Goedel, Jeanie Sheffield, Brock Bastian and Fiona K. Barlow
Abstract

Rationale
Experiences of weightism are associated with reduced psychological quality of life among heterosexual men and women. However, despite noted vulnerability to body image pressures, weightism has not been quantitatively examined among sexual minority men. We tested two hypotheses: first, that Body Mass Index (BMI) and weightism would evidence a curvilinear relationship, such that underweight and overweight men would report experiencing more weightism than men in the “normal” weight range; and second, that a negative association between BMI and quality of life would be explained by experiences of weightism and body dissatisfaction.

Method
Sexual minority men living in Australia and New Zealand (N = 2733) completed an online survey and provided data on their height, weight, experiences of weightism, body dissatisfaction, and psychological quality of life.

Results
Participants' BMIs ranged from 14.15 to 68.12 with 3.0% classified as underweight, 50.5% as “normal” weight, 28.0% as overweight, and 17.4% as obese. Weightism was experienced by 38.9% of participants. As predicted, weightism evidenced a curvilinear relationship with BMI, such that underweight and overweight participants reported experiencing more weightism relative to “normal” weight participants. Yet, this curvilinear relationship evidenced a dominant linear component: Overall, weightism markedly increased as BMI increased, and obese participants reported experiencing the most weightism. In addition, we found evidence supporting our hypothesis that men with higher BMIs would report experiencing more weightism and higher body dissatisfaction, and through these variables, reduced quality of life. Adjusted for body dissatisfaction and weightism, the formerly negative association of BMI with psychological quality of life became (weakly) positive.

Conclusions
Weightism is a salient phenomenon experienced by sexual minority men in smaller and larger bodies with potential direct and indirect adverse effects on psychological quality of life. Whilst BMI and weightism evidenced a curvilinear relationship, the burden of weightism is disproportionately borne by sexual minority men with higher BMIs.

KeywordsAustralia; New Zealand; stigma; weightism; weight stigma; psychological quality of life; males; sexual minority males
Year2018
JournalSocial Science & Medicine
Journal citation214, pp. 35-40
PublisherElsevier
ISSN0277-9536
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.018
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85051980282
Publisher's version
File Access Level
Controlled
Publication process dates
Deposited11 May 2021
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Physiological and behavioural outcomes of a randomised controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural lifestyle intervention for overweight and obese adolescents
Brennan, Leah, Walkley, Jeff, Wilks, Ray, Fraser, Steve and Greenway, Kate. (2013). Physiological and behavioural outcomes of a randomised controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural lifestyle intervention for overweight and obese adolescents. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2012.02.010
Psychosocial predictors of 4 year BMI change in overweight and obese children in primary care
Incledon, Emily, Gerner, Bibi, Hay, Margaret, Brennan, Leah and Wake, Melissa. (2013). Psychosocial predictors of 4 year BMI change in overweight and obese children in primary care. Obesity: a resourch journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20050
Long-term outcomes after bariatric surgery : fifteen-year follow-up of adjustable gastric banding and a systematic review of the bariatric surgical literature
O'Brien, Paul Edmond, MacDonald, Leah, Anderson, Margaret, Brennan, Leah and Brown, Wendy. (2013). Long-term outcomes after bariatric surgery : fifteen-year follow-up of adjustable gastric banding and a systematic review of the bariatric surgical literature. Annals Of Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1056/JC200502110000004
Evaluation of the Recovery Is Possible for Everyone transdiagnostic treatment and support program for adults with eating disorders
Harry, Sarah, Sutherland, Fiona, McCarthy, Bree, Richards, Karen and Brennan, Leah. (2013). Evaluation of the Recovery Is Possible for Everyone transdiagnostic treatment and support program for adults with eating disorders. Journal of Eating Disorders. 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-2974-1-S1-O2
Pre-operative weight loss does not predict weight loss following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
Brown, Wendy, Moszkowicz, Julia, Brennan, Leah, Burton, Paul, Anderson, Margaret and O'Brien, Paul Edmond. (2013). Pre-operative weight loss does not predict weight loss following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obesity Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-0974-3
Psychosocial outcomes of a non-dieting based positive body image community program for overweight adults : A pilot study
Bloom, Lisa, Shelton, Beth, Bengough, Melissa and Brennan, Leah. (2013). Psychosocial outcomes of a non-dieting based positive body image community program for overweight adults : A pilot study. Journal of Eating Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-2974-1-44
Intensive medical weight loss or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in the treatment of mild to moderate obesity : long-term follow-up of a prospective randomised trial
O'Brien, Paul Edmond, Brennan, Leah, Laurie, Cheryl and Brown, Wendy. (2013). Intensive medical weight loss or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in the treatment of mild to moderate obesity : long-term follow-up of a prospective randomised trial. Obesity Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-0990-3
Pre-operative weight loss does not predict weight loss following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
Brown, Wendy, Moszkowicz, Julia, Brennan, Leah, Burton, Paul, Anderson, Margaret and O'Brien, Paul Edmond. (2013). Pre-operative weight loss does not predict weight loss following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obesity Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-0974-3
A systematic review of variables associated with the relationship between obesity and depression
Preiss, K, Brennan, Leah and Clarke, David. (2013). A systematic review of variables associated with the relationship between obesity and depression. Obesity Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12052
Defining disordered eating trajectories across adolescence and assessing their impact on psychosocial outcomes using growth mixture modelling
Mitchell, Sarah A., Brennan, Leah, Krug, Isabel and Allen, Nicholas B.. (2013). Defining disordered eating trajectories across adolescence and assessing their impact on psychosocial outcomes using growth mixture modelling. https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-2974-1-S1-O65
Maternal controlling feeding behaviours and child eating in preschool-aged children
Moroshko, Irina and Brennan, Leah. (2013). Maternal controlling feeding behaviours and child eating in preschool-aged children. Nutrition and Dietetics. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0080.2012.01631.x
Intensive medical weight loss or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in the treatment of mild to moderate obesity : long-term follow-up of a prospective randomised trial
O'Brien, Paul Edmond, Brennan, Leah, Laurie, Cheryl and Brown, Wendy. (2013). Intensive medical weight loss or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in the treatment of mild to moderate obesity : long-term follow-up of a prospective randomised trial. Obesity Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-0990-3
Physiological and behavioural outcomes of a randomised controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural lifestyle intervention for overweight and obese adolescents
Brennan, Leah, Walkley, Jeff, Wilks, Ray, Fraser, Steve and Greenway, Kate. (2013). Physiological and behavioural outcomes of a randomised controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural lifestyle intervention for overweight and obese adolescents. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2012.02.010
A cluster randomised controlled trial of a telephone-based parent intervention to increase preschoolers' fruit and vegetable consumption
Wyse, Rebecca, Wolfenden, Luke, Campbell, Elizabeth, Campbell, Karen, Wiggers, John, Brennan, Leah, Fletcher, Amanda, Bowman, Jenny and Heard, Todd. (2012). A cluster randomised controlled trial of a telephone-based parent intervention to increase preschoolers' fruit and vegetable consumption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: A journal reporting the practical application of our world-wide knowledge of nutrition. 96(1), pp. 102 - 110. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.030585
Predictors of attrition in bariatric aftercare : a systematic review of the literature
Moroshko, Irina, Brennan, Leah and O'Brien, Paul. (2012). Predictors of attrition in bariatric aftercare : a systematic review of the literature. Obesity Surgery. 22(10), pp. 1640 - 1647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0691-3
Promoting protective factors for young adolescents : ABCD Parenting Young Adolescents Program randomised controlled trial
Burke, Kylie, Brennan, Leah and Cann, Warren. (2012). Promoting protective factors for young adolescents : ABCD Parenting Young Adolescents Program randomised controlled trial. Journal of Adolescence. 35(5), pp. 1315 - 1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.05.002
Parenting styles, communication and child/adolescent diets andweight status : let's talk about it
Parletta, Natalie, Peters, Jacqueline, Owen, Amber, Tsiros, Margarita and Brennan, Leah. (2012). Parenting styles, communication and child/adolescent diets andweight status : let's talk about it. Early Child Development and Care. 182(8), pp. 1089 - 1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.678597
Does exercise improve weight loss after bariatric surgery? : A systematic review
Egberts, Kristine, Brown, Wendy, Brennan, Leah and O'Brien, Paul. (2012). Does exercise improve weight loss after bariatric surgery? : A systematic review. Obesity Surgery. 22(2), pp. 335 - 341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-011-0544-5
Treatment acceptability and psychosocial outcomes of a randomised controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural lifestyle intervention for overweight and obese adolescents
Brennan, Leah, Wilks, Ray, Walkley, Jeff, Fraser, Steve and Greenway, Kate. (2012). Treatment acceptability and psychosocial outcomes of a randomised controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural lifestyle intervention for overweight and obese adolescents. Behaviour Change. 29(1), pp. 36 - 62. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2012.5
Parent- and adolescent-reported barriers to participation in an adolescent overweight and obesity intervention
Brennan, Leah, Walkley, Jeff and Wilks, Ray. (2012). Parent- and adolescent-reported barriers to participation in an adolescent overweight and obesity intervention. Obesity: a resourch journal. 20(6), pp. 1319 - 1324. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.358
Validity of the beck depression inventory as a screening tool for a clinical mood disorder in bariatric surgery candidates
Hayden, Melissa J., Brown, Wendy A., Brennan, Leah and O'Brien, Paul Edmond. (2012). Validity of the beck depression inventory as a screening tool for a clinical mood disorder in bariatric surgery candidates. Obesity Surgery. 22(11), pp. 1666 - 1675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0682-4
In people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, cognitive behaviour therapy combined with motivational enhancement therapy reduces HbA1c after 12 months
Brennan, Leah. (2011). In people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, cognitive behaviour therapy combined with motivational enhancement therapy reduces HbA1c after 12 months. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing. 14(3), pp. 72 - 73. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebn1164
In people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, cognitive behaviour therapy combined with motivational enhancement therapy reduces HbA1c after 12 months
Brennan, Leah. (2011). In people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, cognitive behaviour therapy combined with motivational enhancement therapy reduces HbA1c after 12 months. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing. 14(3), pp. 72 - 73. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebn1164
Predictors of dropout in weight loss interventions :a systematic review of the literature
Moroshko, Irina, Brennan, Leah and O'Brien, Paul Edmond. (2011). Predictors of dropout in weight loss interventions :a systematic review of the literature. Obesity Reviews. 12(11), pp. 912 - 934. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00915.x
Primary Goals for Weight Loss Questionnaire (PGWLQ) :Development and Psychometric Evaluation in Overweight and Obese Adults
Murphy, Kylie, Brennan, Leah, Walkley, Jeff, Reece, John and Little, Emma. (2011). Primary Goals for Weight Loss Questionnaire (PGWLQ) :Development and Psychometric Evaluation in Overweight and Obese Adults. Behaviour Change. 28(1), pp. 29 - 43. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.28.1.29
Self-Monitoring in the Treatment of Overweight Adolescents
Sandilands, Mary, Brennan, Leah, Walkley, Jeff, Fraser, Steve and Greenway, Kate. (2011). Self-Monitoring in the Treatment of Overweight Adolescents. Behaviour Change. 28(2), pp. 97 - 109. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.28.2.97
Predicting treatment initiation in a family-based adolescent overweight and obesity intervention
Dhingra, Akshay, Brennan, Leah and Walkley, Jeff. (2011). Predicting treatment initiation in a family-based adolescent overweight and obesity intervention. Obesity: a resourch journal. 19(6), pp. 1307 - 1310. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.289
Psychosocial predictors of eating disorder risk in overweight and obese treatment seeking adolescents
Russo, Jade, Brennan, Leah, Walkley, Jeff, Fraser, Steve and Greenway, Kate. (2011). Psychosocial predictors of eating disorder risk in overweight and obese treatment seeking adolescents. Behaviour Change. 28(3), pp. 111 - 127. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.28.3.111
A pilot study of a telephone-based parental intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in 3 to 5 year old children
Wyse, Rebecca, Wolfenden, Luke, Campbell, Elizabeth, Campbell, Karen, Brennan, Leah, Fletcher, Amanda, Bowman, Jenny, Heard, Todd and Wiggers, John. (2011). A pilot study of a telephone-based parental intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in 3 to 5 year old children. Public Health Nutrition. 14(12), pp. 2245 - 2253. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011001170
Reliability of the school food checklist for in-school audits and photograph analysis of children's school lunches
Mitchell, Sarah, Miles, Cara, Brennan, Leah and Matthews, Jan. (2010). Reliability of the school food checklist for in-school audits and photograph analysis of children's school lunches. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 23(1), pp. 48 - 53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2009.00996.x
A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of the ABCD Parenting Young Adolescents Program : rationale and methodology
Burke, Kylie, Brennan, Leah and Roney, Sarah. (2010). A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of the ABCD Parenting Young Adolescents Program : rationale and methodology. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 4(22), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-4-22
Parental use of restrictive feeding practices and child BMI z-score. A 3-year prospective cohort study
Campbell, Karen, Andrianopoulos, Nick, Hesketh, Kylie, Ball, Kylie, Crawford, David, Brennan, Leah, Corsini, Nadia and Timperio, Anna. (2010). Parental use of restrictive feeding practices and child BMI z-score. A 3-year prospective cohort study. Appetite. 55(1), pp. 84 - 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.04.006
A cluster randomised trial of a telephone-based intervention for parents to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in their 3- to 5-year-old children: Study protocol
Wyse, Rebecca, Wolfenden, Luke, Campbell, Elizabeth, Brennan, Leah, Campbell, Karen, Fletcher, Amanda, Bowman, Jenny, Heard, Todd and Wiggers, John. (2010). A cluster randomised trial of a telephone-based intervention for parents to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in their 3- to 5-year-old children: Study protocol. BMC Public Health. 10(216), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-216
Adolescent and parent content preferences and predictors of intention to use an online healthy weight website for adolescents
Baulch, Jacqueline, Chester, Andrea and Brennan, Leah. (2010). Adolescent and parent content preferences and predictors of intention to use an online healthy weight website for adolescents. E - Journal of Applied Psychology. 6(1), pp. 19 - 26. https://doi.org/10.7790/ejap.v6i1.173
Changes in the content of children's school lunches across the school week
Brennan, Leah, Miles, Cara, Mitchell, Sarah and Matthews, Jan. (2010). Changes in the content of children's school lunches across the school week. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 21(3), pp. 196 - 201.
Maternal psychosocial predictors of controlling parental feeding styles and practices
Mitchell, Sarah, Brennan, Leah, Hayes, Louise and Miles, Cara L.. (2009). Maternal psychosocial predictors of controlling parental feeding styles and practices. Appetite. 53(3), pp. 384 - 389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.08.001
Health-related quality of life in obese children and adolescents
Tsiros, Margarita D., Olds, Timothy S., Buckley, Jonathan David, Grimshaw, Paul, Brennan, Leah, Walkley, Jeff, Hills, Andrew Peter, Howe, Peter and Coates, Alison M.. (2009). Health-related quality of life in obese children and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity. 33(4), pp. 387 - 400. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.42
A cognitive behavioural intervention for overweight and obese adolescents illustrated by four case studies
Brennan, Leah, Walkley, Jeff, Lukeis, Sarah, Risteska, Anica, Archer, Lisa, Digre, Ellen, Fraser, Steve F. and Greenway, Kate. (2009). A cognitive behavioural intervention for overweight and obese adolescents illustrated by four case studies. Behaviour Change. 26(3), pp. 190 - 213. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.26.3.190
Treatment alternatives for overweight and obesity: The role of online interventions
Baulch, Jacqueline, Chester, Andrea and Brennan, Leah. (2008). Treatment alternatives for overweight and obesity: The role of online interventions. Behaviour Change. 25(1), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.25.1.1
Motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of adolescent overweight and obesity: Study design and methodology
Brennan, Leah, Walkley, Jeff, Fraser, Steve F., Greenway, Kate and Wilks, Ray. (2008). Motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of adolescent overweight and obesity: Study design and methodology. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 29(3), pp. 359 - 375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2007.09.001
Cognitive behavioural therapy improves diet and body composition in overweight and obese adolescents
Tsiros, Margarita D., Parletta, Natalie, Brennan, Leah, Coates, Alison M., Walkley, Jeff, Petkov, John, Howe, Peter, David and Buckley, Jonathan David. (2008). Cognitive behavioural therapy improves diet and body composition in overweight and obese adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 87(5), pp. 1134 - 1140.