Intrinsic foot muscle size can be measured reliably in weight bearing using ultrasound imaging

Journal article

Franettovich Smith, Melinda M., Hides, Julie A., Hodges, Paul W. and Collins, Natalie J.. (2019). Intrinsic foot muscle size can be measured reliably in weight bearing using ultrasound imaging. Gait & Posture. 68, pp. 369-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.012
AuthorsFranettovich Smith, Melinda M., Hides, Julie A., Hodges, Paul W. and Collins, Natalie J.
Abstract

Background
The intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) are important contributors to optimal foot function. While assessment of IFM morphology using ultrasound imaging in non-weight bearing has been established, this does not evaluate the foot in its primary functional position of weight bearing.

Research question
Is ultrasound imaging a reliable and clinically feasible method of measuring IFM morphology in weight bearing, do these measures differ to those from non-weight bearing and are they associated with participant characteristics?

Methods
Ultrasound images were obtained by a single rater from twenty-four healthy participants on two occasions, one week apart. Images were taken in weight bearing (bilateral stance) and non-weight bearing (seated). Cross-sectional area and thickness of the abductor hallucis muscle, and dorsoplantar thickness of the muscles of the first interstitium were measured from acquired images. A second rater also acquired images at the first session. Participant characteristics included age, height, weight, sex, foot posture and foot mobility.

Results
Measurements of IFM morphology demonstrated high reliability within and between test sessions, as well as between raters (ICCs > 0.8). Our findings suggest that changes of 10–18% could be considered to exceed measurement error. Larger IFM size was related to larger body size (taller, heavier), foot posture (longer foot, higher arch, wider midfoot) and male sex.

Significance
This study is the first to describe a reliable and clinically feasible method of measuring IFM morphology in weight bearing. These measurements could be used in future studies to assess IFM morphology in patient populations and to evaluate the effect of intervention. Body size and foot posture explained between 20 and 41% of the variance in measurements and should be considered when comparing IFM morphology between individuals. The establishment of reliable measurements in weight bearing provides a crucial step towards the future evaluation of IFM function using ultrasound imaging.

Keywordsmorphology; abductor hallucis; adductor hallucis; lumbricals; dorsal interossei
Year2019
JournalGait & Posture
Journal citation68, pp. 369-374
PublisherElsevier B.V.
ISSN0966-6362
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.012
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85058687185
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range369-374
FunderNational Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online06 Dec 2018
Publication process dates
Accepted05 Dec 2018
Deposited17 May 2021
Grant IDNHMRC/1102905
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Hides, Julie Anne, Stanton, Warren Robert, Wilson, Stephen, Freke, Matt, McMahon, Shaun and Sims, K. (2010). Retraining motor control of abdominal muscles among elite cricketers with low back pain. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 20(6), pp. 834 - 842. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01019.x
The reliability and validity of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (assist)
Hides, L., Cotton, Sue, Berger, G., Gleeson, John, O'Donnell, C., Proffitt, T., McGorry, Patrick and Lubman, Dan. (2009). The reliability and validity of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (assist). Addictive Behaviors. 34(10), pp. 821 - 825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.040
Different ways to balance the spine: Subtle changes in sagittal spinal curves affect regional muscle activity
Claus, Andrew, Hides, Julie, Moseley, G. Lorimer and Hodges, Paul. (2009). Different ways to balance the spine: Subtle changes in sagittal spinal curves affect regional muscle activity. Spine. 34(6), pp. 208 - 214. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181908ead
The association between degenerative hip joint pathology and size of the gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata muscles
Grimaldi, Alison, Richardson, Carolyn, Durbridge, Gail, Donnelly, William, Darnell, Ross and Hides, Julie Anne. (2009). The association between degenerative hip joint pathology and size of the gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata muscles. Manual Therapy. 14(6), pp. 611 - 617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2008.11.002
The effect of chronic low back pain on size and contraction of the lumbar multifidus muscle
Wallwork, Tracy, Stanton, Warren, Freke, Matt and Hides, Julie. (2009). The effect of chronic low back pain on size and contraction of the lumbar multifidus muscle. Manual Therapy. 14(5), pp. 496 - 500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2008.09.006
Effect of prolonged bed rest on the anterior hip muscles
Mendis, Dilani, Hides, Julie, Wilson, Stephen, Grimaldi, Alison, Belavy, Daniel, Stanton, Warren, Felsenberg, Dieter, Rittweger, Jorn and Richardson, Carolyn A.. (2009). Effect of prolonged bed rest on the anterior hip muscles. Gait & Posture. 30(4), pp. 533 - 537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.08.002
The association between degenerative hip joint pathology and size of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and piriformis muscles
Grimaldi, Alison, Richardson, Carolyn, Stanton, Warren Robert, Durbridge, Gail, Donnelly, William and Hides, Julie Anne. (2009). The association between degenerative hip joint pathology and size of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and piriformis muscles. Manual Therapy. 14(6), pp. 605 - 610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2009.07.004
Altered response of the anterolateral abdominal muscles to stimulated weight-bearing in subjects with low back pain
Hides, Julie, Belavy, Daniel, Cassar, Lana, Willia, Michelle, Wilson, Stephen and Richardson, Carolyn A.. (2009). Altered response of the anterolateral abdominal muscles to stimulated weight-bearing in subjects with low back pain. European Spine Journal. 18(3), pp. 410 - 418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-008-0827-2
Is 'ideal' sitting posture real?: Measurement of spinal curves in four sitting postures
Claus, Andrew, Hides, Julie, Moseley, G. Lorimer and Hodges, Paul. (2009). Is 'ideal' sitting posture real?: Measurement of spinal curves in four sitting postures. Manual Therapy. 14(4), pp. 404 - 408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2008.06.001
MRI study of the size, symmetry and function of the trunk muscles among elite cricketers with and without low back pain
Hides, Julie, Stanton, Warren, Freke, Matt, Wilson, Stephen, McMahon, Shaun and Richardson, Carolyn A.. (2008). MRI study of the size, symmetry and function of the trunk muscles among elite cricketers with and without low back pain. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 42(10), pp. 809 - 813. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.044024
Sitting versus standing: Does the intradiscal pressure cause disc degeneration or low back pain?
Claus, Andrew, Hides, Julie, Moseley, G. Lorimer and Hodges, Paul. (2008). Sitting versus standing: Does the intradiscal pressure cause disc degeneration or low back pain? Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 18(4), pp. 550 - 558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.10.011
Resistive simulated weightbearing exercise with whole body vibration reduces lumbar spine deconditioning in bed-res
Belavy, Daniel, Hides, Julie, Wilson, Stephen, Stanton, Warren, Dimeo, Fernando, Rittweger, Jorn, Felsenberg, Dieter and Richardson, Carolyn A.. (2008). Resistive simulated weightbearing exercise with whole body vibration reduces lumbar spine deconditioning in bed-res. Spine. 33(5), pp. 121 - 131. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181657f98
Effect of stabilization training on multifidus muscle cross-sectional area among young elite cricketers with low back pain
Hides, Julie, Stanton, Warren, McMahon, Shaun, Si, K. and Richardson, Carolyn A.. (2008). Effect of stabilization training on multifidus muscle cross-sectional area among young elite cricketers with low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 38(3), pp. 101 - 108. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2008.2658
Multifidus size and symmetry among chronic IBP and healthy asymptomatic subjects
Hides, Julie, Gilmore, Craig, Stanton, Warren and Bohlscheid, Emma. (2008). Multifidus size and symmetry among chronic IBP and healthy asymptomatic subjects. Manual Therapy. 13(1), pp. 43 - 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2006.07.017
Assessment of abdominal muscle function during a simulated unilateral weigh bearing task using ultrasound imaging
Hides, Julie, Wong, Ian, Wilson, Stephen, Belavy, Daniel and Richardson, Carolyn A.. (2007). Assessment of abdominal muscle function during a simulated unilateral weigh bearing task using ultrasound imaging. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 37(8), pp. 467 - 471. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2007.2417
Ultrasound imaging assessment of abdominal muscle function during drawing-in of the abdominal wall: an intrarater reliability study
Richardson, Carolyn A., Miokovic, Tanja, Belavy, Daniel, Stanton, Warren and Hides, Julie. (2007). Ultrasound imaging assessment of abdominal muscle function during drawing-in of the abdominal wall: an intrarater reliability study. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 37(8), pp. 480 - 486. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2007.2416
Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of the posterior paraspinal muscles
Stokes, Maria, Hides, Julie, Elliott, James, Kiesel, Kyle and Hodges, Paul. (2007). Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of the posterior paraspinal muscles. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 37(10), pp. 581 - 595. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2007.2599
The ability to predict dynamic foot posture from static measurements
Franettovich-Smith, M., McPoil, T. G., Russell, T., Skardoon, G and Vicenzino, Bill. (2007). The ability to predict dynamic foot posture from static measurements. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 97(2), pp. 115 - 120. https://doi.org/10.7547/0970115
Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of the abdominal muscles
Teyhen, Deydre, Gill, Norman, Whitake, Jackie, Henry, Sharon, Hides, Julie and Hodges, Paul. (2007). Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of the abdominal muscles. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 37(8), pp. 450 - 466. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2007.2558
Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of trunk muscles during prolonged bed rest
Hides, Julie, Belavy, Daniel, Stanton, Warren, Wilson, Stephen, Rittweger, Jorn, Felsenberg, Dieter and Richardson, Carolyn A.. (2007). Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of trunk muscles during prolonged bed rest. Spine. 32(15), pp. 1687 - 1692. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e318074c386
Intrarater and interrater reliability of assessment of lumbar multifidus thickness using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging
Wallwork, Tracy, Hides, Julie and Stanton, Warren. (2007). Intrarater and interrater reliability of assessment of lumbar multifidus thickness using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 37(10), pp. 608 - 612. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2007.2418
A pilot study of the initial effects of anti-pronation taping on electromyographic activity of lower leg muscles during walking
Franettovich, M., Chapman, A. and Vicenzino, B.. (2006). A pilot study of the initial effects of anti-pronation taping on electromyographic activity of lower leg muscles during walking. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 9(1), pp. 33-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.078
An MRI investigation into the function of the transversus abdominis muscle during "drawing-in" of the abdominal wall
Hides, Julie, Wilson, Stephen, Stanton, Warren, McMahon, Shaun, Keto, Heidi, McMahon, Catherine, Bryant, Mary and Richardson, Carolyn A.. (2006). An MRI investigation into the function of the transversus abdominis muscle during "drawing-in" of the abdominal wall. Spine. 31(6), pp. 175 - 178. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000202740.86338.df
The use of real-time ultrasound imaging for biofeedback of lumbar multifidus muscle contraction in healthy subjects
Van, Khai, Hides, Julie and Richardson, Carolyn A.. (2006). The use of real-time ultrasound imaging for biofeedback of lumbar multifidus muscle contraction in healthy subjects. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 36(12), pp. 920 - 925. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.2304
Low back pain patients demonstrate increased hip extensor muscle activity during standardized submaximal rotational efforts
Pirouzi, Soraya, Hides, Julie, Richardson, Carolyn A., Darnell, Ross and Toppenberg, Rowena. (2006). Low back pain patients demonstrate increased hip extensor muscle activity during standardized submaximal rotational efforts. Spine. 31(26), pp. 999 - 1005. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000250076.74366.9d
Initial effects of anti-pronation tape on the medial longitudinal arch during walking and running
Vicenzino, Bill, Franettovich-Smith, M., McPoil, T. G., Russell, T and Skardoon, G. (2005). Initial effects of anti-pronation tape on the medial longitudinal arch during walking and running. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39(12), pp. 939 - 943. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.019158
MRI measures of the lumbo-pelvic muscles in bedrest and follow-up: Implications for exercise countermeasures in microgravity.
Richardson, Carolyn A., Hides, Julie, Wilson, Stephen, Belavy, Daniel, Stanton, Warren, McCook, D, Elmann-Larsen, B, Rittweger, Jorn and Felsenberg, Dieter. (2005). MRI measures of the lumbo-pelvic muscles in bedrest and follow-up: Implications for exercise countermeasures in microgravity. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 12(1), pp. 117 - 118.
Long-term overactivity in the abdominal oblique muscle after 8 weeks bed-rest - possible implications for musculoskeletal health
Belavy, Daniel, Richardson, Carolyn A., Wilson, Stephen, Darnell, Ross, Hides, Julie, Toppenberg, Rowena, Elmann-Larsen, B, Rittweger, Jorn and Felsenberg, Dieter. (2005). Long-term overactivity in the abdominal oblique muscle after 8 weeks bed-rest - possible implications for musculoskeletal health. Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 12(1), pp. 117 - 118.