Which biological and self-report measures of cannabis use predict cannabis dependency and acute psychotic-like effects?

Journal article

Curran, H. Valerie, Hindocha, Chandni, Morgan, Celia J. A., Shaban, Natacha, Das, Ravi K. and Freeman, Tom P.. (2019). Which biological and self-report measures of cannabis use predict cannabis dependency and acute psychotic-like effects? Psychological Medicine. 49(9), pp. 1574-1580. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171800226X
AuthorsCurran, H. Valerie, Hindocha, Chandni, Morgan, Celia J. A., Shaban, Natacha, Das, Ravi K. and Freeman, Tom P.
Abstract

Background
Changes in cannabis regulation globally make it increasingly important to determine what predicts an individual's risk of experiencing adverse drug effects. Relevant studies have used diverse self-report measures of cannabis use, and few include multiple biological measures. Here we aimed to determine which biological and self-report measures of cannabis use predict cannabis dependency and acute psychotic-like symptoms.

Method
In a naturalistic study, 410 young cannabis users were assessed once when intoxicated with their own cannabis and once when drug-free in counterbalanced order. Biological measures of cannabinoids [(Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN) and their metabolites)] were derived from three samples: each participant's own cannabis (THC, CBD), a sample of their hair (THC, THC-OH, THC-COOH, CBN, CBD) and their urine (THC-COOH/creatinine). Comprehensive self-report measures were also obtained. Self-reported and clinician-rated assessments were taken for cannabis dependency [Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), DSM-IV-TR] and acute psychotic-like symptoms [Psychotomimetic State Inventory (PSI) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)].

Results
Cannabis dependency was positively associated with days per month of cannabis use on both measures, and with urinary THC-COOH/creatinine for the SDS. Acute psychotic-like symptoms were positively associated with age of first cannabis use and negatively with urinary THC-COOH/creatinine; no predictors emerged for BPRS.

Conclusions
Levels of THC exposure are positively associated with both cannabis dependency and tolerance to the acute psychotic-like effects of cannabis. Combining urinary and self-report assessments (use frequency; age first used) enhances the measurement of cannabis use and its association with adverse outcomes.

Keywordsbiological markers; cannabinoids; cannabis; predictors of dependence; predictors of psychotic-like; self-report measures
Year2019
JournalPsychological Medicine
Journal citation49 (9), pp. 1574-1580
PublisherCambridge University Press
ISSN0033-2917
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171800226X
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85052929061
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range1574-1580
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online04 Sep 2018
Publication process dates
Accepted02 Aug 2018
Deposited09 Jun 2021
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Cannabis Dampens the Effects of Music in Brain Regions Sensitive to Reward and Emotion
Tom P. Freeman, Rebecca A. Pope, Matthew B. Wall, James A. Bisby, Maartje Luijten, Chandni Hindocha, Claire Mokrysz, Will Lawn, Abigail Moss, Michael A. P. Bloomfield, Celia J. A. Morgan, David J. Nutt and H. Valerie Curran. (2018). Cannabis Dampens the Effects of Music in Brain Regions Sensitive to Reward and Emotion. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 21(1), pp. 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx082
Cannabidiol reverses attentional bias to cigarette cues in a human experimental model of tobacco withdrawal
Chandni Hindocha, Tom P. Freeman, Meryem Grabsk, Jack B. Stroud, Holly Crudgington, Alan C. Davies, Ravi K. Das, William Lawn, Celia Morgan and H. Valerie Curran. (2018). Cannabidiol reverses attentional bias to cigarette cues in a human experimental model of tobacco withdrawal. Addiction. 113(9), pp. 1696-1705. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14243
Amisulpride for very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: The ATLAS three-arm RCT
Howard, Robert, Cort, Elizabeth, Bradley, Rosie, Harper, Emma, Kelly, Linda, Bentham, Peter, Ritchie, Craig, Reeves, Suzanne, Fawzi, Waleed, Livingston, Gill, Sommerlad, Andrew, Oomman, Sabu, Nazir, Ejaz, Nilforooshan, Ramin, Barber, Robert, Fox, Chris, Macharouthu, Ajay, Ramachandra, Pranathi, Pattan, Vivek, ... Gray, Richard. (2018). Amisulpride for very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: The ATLAS three-arm RCT. Health Technology Assessment. 22(67), pp. 1 - 60. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta22670
Ketamine treatment for depression : Opportunities for clinical innovation and ethical foresight
Singh, Ilina, Morgan, Celia, Curran, Valerie, Nutt, David, Schlag, Anne and McShane, Rupert. (2017). Ketamine treatment for depression : Opportunities for clinical innovation and ethical foresight. The Lancet Psychiatry. 4(5), pp. 419-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30102-5
Anatomy of a Joint: Comparing Self-Reported and Actual Dose of Cannabis and Tobacco in a Joint, and How These Are Influenced by Controlled Acute Administration
Chandni Hindocha, Tom P. Freeman and H. Valerie Curran. (2017). Anatomy of a Joint: Comparing Self-Reported and Actual Dose of Cannabis and Tobacco in a Joint, and How These Are Influenced by Controlled Acute Administration. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 2(1), pp. 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2017.0024
Acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of cannabis and tobacco both 'joint' and individually: A placebo-controlled trial
Hindocha, Chandni, Freeman, T. P., Xia, J. X., Shaban, Natacha D. C. and Curran, Helen V.. (2017). Acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of cannabis and tobacco both 'joint' and individually: A placebo-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine. 47(15), pp. 2708 - 2719. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001222
Editorial : Reporting guidelines for psychopharmacology
Steckler, Thomas, Curran, H. Valerie, de Wit, Harriet, Howes, Oliver, Hoyer, Daniel, Lucki, Irwin, Miczek, Klaus A., Morrow, A. Leslie, Price, Lawrence H. and Robbins, Trevor W.. (2016). Editorial : Reporting guidelines for psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology. 233(7), pp. 1131-1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4252-7
AKT1 genotype moderates the acute psychotomimetic effects of naturalistically smoked cannabis in young cannabis smokers
Morgan, Celia J. A., Freeman, T. P., Powell, J. and Curran, Helen V.. (2016). AKT1 genotype moderates the acute psychotomimetic effects of naturalistically smoked cannabis in young cannabis smokers. Translational Psychiatry. 6(2), pp. 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.219
Deconstructing the nature of episodic foresight deficits associated with chronic opiate use
Mercuri, Kimberly, Terrett, Gill, Bailey, Phoebe E., Henry, Julie D., Curran, Helen Valerie and Rendell, Peter G.. (2016). Deconstructing the nature of episodic foresight deficits associated with chronic opiate use. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 55(4), pp. 401 - 413. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12110
Are adolescents more vulnerable to the harmful effects of cannabis than adults? A placebo-controlled study in human males
Mokrysz, Claire, Freeman, Tom P., Korkki, S., Griffiths, K. and Curran, Helen V.. (2016). Are adolescents more vulnerable to the harmful effects of cannabis than adults? A placebo-controlled study in human males. Translational Psychiatry. 6(11), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.225
LSD enhances the emotional response to music
Kaelen, M., Barrett, F. S., Roseman, L., Lorenz, R., Family, N., Bolstridge, M., Curran, Helen V., Feilding, A., Nutt, David J. and Carhart-Harris, R. L.. (2015). LSD enhances the emotional response to music. Psychopharmacology. 232(19), pp. 3607 - 3614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4014-y
Effects of immediate-release opioid on memory functioning: A randomized-controlled study in patients receiving sustained-release opioids
Kamboj, S. K., Conroy, L., Tookman, A., Carroll, E., Jones, L. and Curran, H.. (2014). Effects of immediate-release opioid on memory functioning: A randomized-controlled study in patients receiving sustained-release opioids. European Journal of Pain. 18(10), pp. 1376 - 1384. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.498.x
Effects of ecstasy on cooperative behaviour and perception of trustworthiness: A naturalistic study
Stewart, L. H., Ferguson, B., Morgan, C. J. A., Swaboda, N., Jones, L., Fenton, R., Wall, M. B. and Curran, H.. (2014). Effects of ecstasy on cooperative behaviour and perception of trustworthiness: A naturalistic study. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 28(11), pp. 1001 - 1008. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114544775
Prospective memory impairment in long-term opiate users
Terrett, Gillian, McLennan, Skye, Henry, Julie, Biernacki, Kathryn, Mercuri, Kimberly, Curran, Valerie and Rendell, Peter. (2014). Prospective memory impairment in long-term opiate users. Psychopharmacology. 231(13), pp. 2623 - 2632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3432-6
Benzodiazepines: Risks and benefits. A reconsideration
Baldwin, David S., Aitchison, Katherine, Bateson, Alan, Curran, H. Valerie, Davies, Simon, Leonard, Brian, Nutt, David J., Stephens, David N. and Wilson, Sue. (2013). Benzodiazepines: Risks and benefits. A reconsideration. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27(11), pp. 967 - 971. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881113503509
Prospective memory and future event simulation in individuals with alcohol dependence
Griffiths, Alison, Hill, Robert, Morgan, Celia, Rendell, Peter Gregory, Karimi, Khashayar, Wanagaratne, Shamil and Curran, Valerie. (2012). Prospective memory and future event simulation in individuals with alcohol dependence. Addiction. 107(10), pp. 1809 - 1816. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03941.x
Neurocognitive function and schizophrenia-proneness in individuals dependent on ketamine, on high potency cannabis (skunk) or on cocaine
Morgan, Celia, Duffin, S., Hunt, S., Monaghan, L., Mason, O. and Curran, Helen. (2012). Neurocognitive function and schizophrenia-proneness in individuals dependent on ketamine, on high potency cannabis (skunk) or on cocaine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 45(7), pp. 269 - 274. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1306310