Determinants of hamstring fascicle length in professional rugby league athletes

Journal article


McGrath, Timothy M., Hulin, Billy T., Pickworth, Nathan, Clarke, Alex and Timmins, Ryan G.. (2020). Determinants of hamstring fascicle length in professional rugby league athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 23(5), pp. 524-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.006
AuthorsMcGrath, Timothy M., Hulin, Billy T., Pickworth, Nathan, Clarke, Alex and Timmins, Ryan G.
Abstract

Objectives
Investigate the determinants of hamstring fascicle length in professional rugby league players.

Design
Retrospective cohort study

Methods
Thirty-three elite male athletes underwent testing in the pre-season and in-season periods. Fascicle length measurements of the biceps femoris long head, 3D kinematics and elapsed time-periods at thigh angular velocities between 20 °/s to peak velocity during a single-leg Nordic hamstring strength test, GPS-derived running loads, age and previous injury history were all recorded. Fixed effect determinants for fascicle length were analyzed using multiple linear regression.

Results
Significant determinants of hamstring fascicle length were observed. Multivariate regression analysis showed modifiable factors including chronic (56 days) running volumes >80% of measured peak velocity and maximum velocity itself collectively explained 43% of the variability in the fascicle length data, whilst peak eccentric strength and elapsed time under load from 20 °/s to peak thigh angular velocity collectively contributed an additional 44%. Chronic running volumes >90% of individually measured peak velocity and the ‘break angle’ during a Nordic eccentric contraction were not significant contributors to the final model. Non-modifiable risk factors (age and previous injury) contributed the remaining 13%.

Conclusions
Managing high velocity running exposure as well as eccentric strength allows for ˜90% of the controllable determinants in fascicle length within elite athlete populations. An important contributor to the explained variability within fascicle length (superseded only by chronic velocity exposure and peak eccentric strength) was an athletes ability to achieve a prolonged contraction at long lengths during eccentric strength training rather than the angle of failure during the contraction in itself.

Keywordshamstring; injury; speed; strength; prevention; sport
Year2020
JournalJournal of Science and Medicine in Sport
Journal citation23 (5), pp. 524-528
PublisherElsevier Ltd
ISSN1440-2440
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.006
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85077692575
Open accessPublished as green open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range524-528
Author's accepted manuscript
License
File Access Level
Open
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online12 Dec 2019
Publication process dates
Accepted05 Dec 2019
Deposited03 Jul 2021
Permalink -

https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8w4yy/determinants-of-hamstring-fascicle-length-in-professional-rugby-league-athletes

Download files


Author's accepted manuscript
AM_McGrath_2020_Determinants_of_hamstring_fascicle_length_in.pdf
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
File access level: Open

Restricted files

Publisher's version

  • 157
    total views
  • 225
    total downloads
  • 0
    views this month
  • 5
    downloads this month
These values are for the period from 19th October 2020, when this repository was created.

Export as

Related outputs

Hamstring Strain Injury Prevention : Current Beliefs and Practices of Practitioners Working in Major League Baseball
Lazarczuk, Stephanie L., Headrick, Jonathon, Hickey, Jack Thomas, Timmins, Ryan Gregory, Leva, Furey A. and Bourne, Matthew. (2024). Hamstring Strain Injury Prevention : Current Beliefs and Practices of Practitioners Working in Major League Baseball. Journal of Athletic Training. 59(7), pp. 696-704. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0640.22
The Effect of Eccentric or Isometric Training on Strength, Architecture, and Sprinting across an Australian Football Season
Timmins, R. G., Filopoulos, D., Giannakis, J., Nguyen, V., Ruddy, J. D., Hickey, J. T., Maniar, N., Pollard, C. W., Morgan, N., Weakley, J. and Opar, D. A.. (2024). The Effect of Eccentric or Isometric Training on Strength, Architecture, and Sprinting across an Australian Football Season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 56(3), pp. 564-574. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003326
Biceps femoris long head muscle and aponeurosis geometry in males with and without a history of hamstring strain injury
Lazarczuk, Stephanie L., Collings, Tyler J., Hams, Andrea H., Timmins, Ryan Gregory, Opar, David, Edwards, Suzi, Shield, Anthony, Barrett, Rod and Bourne, Matthew. (2024). Biceps femoris long head muscle and aponeurosis geometry in males with and without a history of hamstring strain injury. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 34(4), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14619
Vertical Jump Testing after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Dutaillis, Benjamin, Diamond, Laura E., Lazarczuk, Stephanie L., Timmins, Ryan Gregory and Bourne, Matthew. (2024). Vertical Jump Testing after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 56(2), pp. 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003298
Validity of Inertial Measurement Units to Measure Lower-Limb Kinematics and Pelvic Orientation at Submaximal and Maximal Effort Running Speeds
Lin, Yi-Chung, Price, Kara, Carmichael, Declan, Maniar, Nirav, Hickey, Jack Thomas, Timmins, Ryan Gregory, Heiderscheit, Bryan C., Blemker, Silvia S. and Opar, David. (2023). Validity of Inertial Measurement Units to Measure Lower-Limb Kinematics and Pelvic Orientation at Submaximal and Maximal Effort Running Speeds. Sensors. 23(23), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239599
Hamstring strain injury risk factors in Australian Football change over the course of the season
Sim, Aylwin, Timmins, Ryan G., Ruddy, Joshua D., Shen, Haifeng, Liao, Kewen, Maniar, Nirav, Hickey, Jack T., Williams, Morgan D. and Opar, David A.. (2023). Hamstring strain injury risk factors in Australian Football change over the course of the season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003297
The effect of feedback on resistance training performance and adaptations : A systematic review and meta-analysis
Weakley, Jonathon, Cowley, Nicholas, Schoenfeld, Brad J., Read, Dale B., Timmins, Ryan G., García-Ramos, Amador and McGuckian, Thomas B.. (2023). The effect of feedback on resistance training performance and adaptations : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 53, pp. 1789-1803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01877-2
The acute demands of repeated-sprint training on physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance outcomes in team sport athletes : A systematic review and meta-analysis
Thurlow, Fraser, Weakley, Jonathon, Townshend, Andrew D., Timmins, Ryan G., Morrison, Matthew and McLaren, Shaun J.. (2023). The acute demands of repeated-sprint training on physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance outcomes in team sport athletes : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 53, pp. 1609-1640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01853-w
The dose–response of pain throughout a Nordic hamstring exercise intervention
Behan, Fearghal P., Opar, David A., Vermeulen, Robin, Timmins, Ryan G. and Whiteley, Rodney. (2023). The dose–response of pain throughout a Nordic hamstring exercise intervention. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 33(4), pp. 542-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14317
Reliability of corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition in biceps femoris during different contraction modes
Presland, Joel D., Tofari, Paul J., Timmins, Ryan G., Kidgell, Dawson J. and Opar, David A.. (2023). Reliability of corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition in biceps femoris during different contraction modes. European Journal of Neuroscience. 57(1), pp. 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15868
Incidence and prevalence of hamstring injuries in field-based team sports : A systematic review and meta-analysis of 5952 injuries from over 7 million exposure hours
Maniar, Nirav, Carmichael, Declan, Hickey, Jack Thomas, Timmins, Ryan Gregory, San Jose, Argell Joseph, Dickson, Jessica and Opar, David. (2023). Incidence and prevalence of hamstring injuries in field-based team sports : A systematic review and meta-analysis of 5952 injuries from over 7 million exposure hours. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 57(2), pp. 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104936
Poor reporting of exercise interventions for hamstring strain injury rehabilitation : A scoping review of reporting quality and content in contemporary applied research
Breed, Ray, Opar, David, Timmins, Ryan, Maniar, Nirav, Banyard, Harry and Hickey, Jack. (2022). Poor reporting of exercise interventions for hamstring strain injury rehabilitation : A scoping review of reporting quality and content in contemporary applied research. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 52(3), pp. 130-141. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2022.10641
Effect of an isometric or eccentric hip extension exercise intervention on hamstring strength, architecture, and morphology
Carmichael, Declan S., Hickey, Jack T., Tofari, Paul J., Bourne, Matthew N., Ward, Mark R. and Timmins, Ryan G.. (2022). Effect of an isometric or eccentric hip extension exercise intervention on hamstring strength, architecture, and morphology. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 54(12), pp. 2196-2207. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003012
The development of a HAMstring InjuRy (HAMIR) index to mitigate injury risk through innovative imaging, biomechanics, and data analytics : Protocol for an observational cohort study
Heiderscheit, Bryan C., Blemker, Silvia S., Opar, David, Stiffler-Joachim, Mikel R., Bedi, Asheesh, Hart, Joseph, Mortensen, Brett, Kliethermes, Stephanie A., Baer, Geoffrey, Buckley, Craig, Costigan, Kyle, Drew, Shauna, Eberhardt, Duffy, Fabian, Kurrel, Feller, Herman, Hammer, Erin, Heidt, Danielle, Lee, Kenneth, Lund, Brian, ... Sund, Sarah. (2022). The development of a HAMstring InjuRy (HAMIR) index to mitigate injury risk through innovative imaging, biomechanics, and data analytics : Protocol for an observational cohort study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 14(1), p. Article 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00520-3
The dose-response of the nordic hamstring exercise on biceps femoris architecture and eccentric knee flexor strength : A randomized interventional trial
Behan, Fearghal P., Vermeulen, Robin, Whiteley, Rod, Timmins, Ryan G., Ruddy, Joshua D. and Opar, David A.. (2022). The dose-response of the nordic hamstring exercise on biceps femoris architecture and eccentric knee flexor strength : A randomized interventional trial. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 17(4), pp. 646-654. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0276
Assessing isometric kicking force and post-match responses using the Kicker test
Thomas, Rees J., Timmins, Ryan G., Tofari, Paul J., Williams, Morgan D. and Opar, David A.. (2022). Assessing isometric kicking force and post-match responses using the Kicker test. Journal of Sports Sciences. 40(11), pp. 1275-1281. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2065772
Early introduction of high-intensity eccentric loading into hamstring strain injury rehabilitation
Hickey, Jack T., Rio, Ebonie, Best, Thomas M., Timmins, Ryan G., Maniar, Nirav, Hickey, Peter F., Williams, Morgan D., Pitcher, Christian A. and Opar, David A.. (2022). Early introduction of high-intensity eccentric loading into hamstring strain injury rehabilitation. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 25(9), pp. 732-736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.002
Strength and biomechanical risk factors for noncontact ACL injury in elite female footballers : A prospective study
Collings, Tyler J., Diamond, Laura E., Barrett, Rod S., Timmins, Ryan G., Hickey, Jack T., du Moulin, William S., Williams, Morgan D., Beerworth, Kate A. and Bourne, Matthew N.. (2022). Strength and biomechanical risk factors for noncontact ACL injury in elite female footballers : A prospective study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 54(8), pp. 1242-1251. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002908
Hamstring and gluteal activation during high-speed overground running : Impact of prior strain injury
Bourne, Matthew N., Pollard, Chris, Messer, Daniel, Timmins, Ryan G., Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D. and Shield, Anthony J.. (2021). Hamstring and gluteal activation during high-speed overground running : Impact of prior strain injury. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39(18), pp. 2073-2079. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1917839
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction increases the risk of hamstring strain injury across football codes in Australia
Messer, Daniel J., Williams, Morgan, Bourne, Matthew, Opar, David, Timmins, Ryan Gregory and Shield, Anthony. (2021). Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction increases the risk of hamstring strain injury across football codes in Australia. Sports Medicine. 52, pp. 923-932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01567-x
Screening hamstring injury risk factors multiple times in a season does not improve the identification of future injury risk
Opar, David A., Ruddy, Joshua D., Williams, Morgan D., Maniar, Nirav, Hickey, Jack T., Bourne, Matthew N., Pizzari, Tania and Timmins, Ryan G.. (2021). Screening hamstring injury risk factors multiple times in a season does not improve the identification of future injury risk. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 54(2), pp. 321-329. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002782
Impact of prior anterior cruciate ligament, hamstring or groin injury on lower limb strength and jump kinetics in elite female footballers
Collings, Tyler J., Diamond, Laura E., Barrett, Rod S., Timmins, Ryan G., Hickey, Jack T., du Moulin, William S., Gonçalves, Basílio A. M., Cooper, Christopher and Bourne, Matthew N.. (2021). Impact of prior anterior cruciate ligament, hamstring or groin injury on lower limb strength and jump kinetics in elite female footballers. Physical Therapy in Sport. 52, pp. 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.10.009
Prediction of hamstring injuries in Australian Football using biceps femoris architectural risk factors derived from soccer
Lee Dow, Connor, Timmins, Ryan G., Ruddy, Joshua D., Williams, Morgan D., Maniar, Nirav, Hickey, Jack T., Bourne, Matthew N. and Opar, David A.. (2021). Prediction of hamstring injuries in Australian Football using biceps femoris architectural risk factors derived from soccer. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 49(13), pp. 3687-3695. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465211041686
Muscle activity and activation in previously strain-injured lower limbs : A systematic review
Presland, J. D., Timmins, R. G., Maniar, N., Tofari, P. J., Kidgell, D. J., Shield, A. J., Dickson, J. and Opar, D.. (2021). Muscle activity and activation in previously strain-injured lower limbs : A systematic review. Sports Medicine. 51(11), pp. 2311-2327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01487-w
Is pre-season eccentric strength testing during the nordic hamstring exercise associated with future hamstring strain injury? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Opar, David A., Timmins, Ryan G., Behan, Fearghal P., Hickey, Jack T., van Dyk, Nicol, Price, Kara and Maniar, Nirav. (2021). Is pre-season eccentric strength testing during the nordic hamstring exercise associated with future hamstring strain injury? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 51(9), pp. 1935-1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01474-1
Sprinting, strength, and architectural adaptations following hamstring training in Australian Footballers
Timmins, Ryan G., Filopoulos, Dean, Nguyen, Victor, Giannakis, Jake, Ruddy, Joshua D., Hickey, Jack T., Maniar, Nirav and Opar, David A.. (2021). Sprinting, strength, and architectural adaptations following hamstring training in Australian Footballers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 31(6), pp. 1276-1289. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13941
Skeletal muscle adaptive responses to different types of short-term exercise training and detraining in middle-age men
Callahan, Marcus J., Parr, Evelyn B., Snijders, Tim, Conceição, Miguel S., Radford, Bridget E., Timmins, Ryan G., Devlin, Brooke L., Hawley, John A. and Camera, Donny M.. (2021). Skeletal muscle adaptive responses to different types of short-term exercise training and detraining in middle-age men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 53(10), pp. 2023-2036. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002684
Lower limb muscle size after anterior cruciate ligament injury : A systematic review and meta-analysis
Dutaillis, Benjamin, Maniar, Nirav, Opar, David A., Hickey, Jack T. and Timmins, Ryan G.. (2021). Lower limb muscle size after anterior cruciate ligament injury : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 51(6), pp. 1209-1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01419-0
Trunk, pelvis and lower limb coordination between anticipated and unanticipated sidestep cutting in females
Dutaillis, Benjamin, Opar, David A., Pataky, Todd, Timmins, Ryan G., Hickey, Jack T. and Maniar, Nirav. (2021). Trunk, pelvis and lower limb coordination between anticipated and unanticipated sidestep cutting in females. Gait & Posture. 85, pp. 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.12.011
Anatomy of the hamstrings
Timmins, Ryan, Woodley, Stephanie, Shield, Anthony and Opar, David. (2020). Anatomy of the hamstrings. In In Thorborg , Kristian, Opar, David and Shield, Anthony (Ed.). Prevention and rehabilitation of hamstring injuries pp. 1-30 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31638-9_1
Pain-free versus pain-threshold rehabilitation following acute hamstring strain injury : A randomized controlled trial
Hickey, Jack T., Timmins, Ryan G., Maniar, Nirav, Rio, Ebonie, Hickey, Peter F., Pitcher, Christian A., Williams, Morgan D. and Opar, David A.. (2020). Pain-free versus pain-threshold rehabilitation following acute hamstring strain injury : A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 50(2), pp. 91-103. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2020.8895
Preseason hip/groin strength and HAGOS scores are associated with subsequent injury in professional male soccer players
Bourne, Matthew N., Williams, Morgan, Jackson, Jeremy, Williams, Kate L., Timmins, Ryan G. and Pizzari, Tania. (2020). Preseason hip/groin strength and HAGOS scores are associated with subsequent injury in professional male soccer players. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 50(5), pp. 234-242. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2020.9022
Hamstring strength and architectural adaptations following inertial flywheel resistance training
Presland, Joel D., Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D., Hickey, Jack T., Maniar, Nirav, Lee Dow, Connor, Bourne, Matthew N. and Timmins, Ryan G.. (2020). Hamstring strength and architectural adaptations following inertial flywheel resistance training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 23(11), pp. 1093-1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.007
Factors that impact self-reported wellness scores in elite Australian Footballers
Ruddy, Joshua D., Cormack, Stuart, Timmins, Ryan G., Sakadjian, Alex, Pietsch, Samuel, Carey, David L., Williams, Morgan D. and Opar, David A.. (2020). Factors that impact self-reported wellness scores in elite Australian Footballers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 52(6), pp. 1427-1435. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002244
Differences in lower limb strength and structure after 12 weeks of resistance, endurance, and concurrent training
Timmins, Ryan G., Shamim, Baubak, Tofari, Paul J., Hickey, Jack T. and Camera, Donny M.. (2020). Differences in lower limb strength and structure after 12 weeks of resistance, endurance, and concurrent training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15(9), pp. 1223-1230. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2019-0788
Relationships among playerload, high-intensity intermittent running ability, and injury risk in professional rugby league players
Hulin, William T., Gabbett, Tim J., Pickworth, Nathan J., Johnston, Rich D. and Jenkins, David G.. (2020). Relationships among playerload, high-intensity intermittent running ability, and injury risk in professional rugby league players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15(3), pp. 423 - 429. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0139
Hamstring myoelectrical activity during three different kettlebell swing exercises
Del Monte, Michael J., Opar, David, Timmins, Ryan G., Ross, James A., Keogh, Justin W. L. and Lorenzen, Christian. (2020). Hamstring myoelectrical activity during three different kettlebell swing exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 34(7), pp. 1953-1958. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002254
Modeling the risk of team sport injuries : A narrative review of different statistical approaches
Ruddy, Joshua D., Cormack, Stuart J., Whiteley, Rod, Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G. and Opar, David A.. (2019). Modeling the risk of team sport injuries : A narrative review of different statistical approaches. Frontiers in Physiology. 10, p. Article 829.
Session availability as a result of prior injury impacts the risk of subsequent non-contact lower limb injury in elite male australian footballers
Ruddy, Joshua D., Pietsch, Samuel, Maniar, Nirav, Cormack, Stuart J., Timmins, Ryan G., Williams, Morgan D., Carey, David L. and Opar, David A.. (2019). Session availability as a result of prior injury impacts the risk of subsequent non-contact lower limb injury in elite male australian footballers. Frontiers in Physiology. 10, p. 737. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00737
Sub-maximal heart rate is associated with changes in high-intensity intermittent running ability in professional rugby league players
Hulin, Billy T., Gabbett, Tim J., Johnston, Rich D. and Jenkins, David G.. (2019). Sub-maximal heart rate is associated with changes in high-intensity intermittent running ability in professional rugby league players. Science and Medicine in Football. 3(1), pp. 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2018.1475748
A novel device to assess hip strength : Concurrent validity and normative values in male athletes
O'Brien, Michael, Bourne, Matthew, Heerey, Joshua, Timmins, Ryan G. and Pizzari, Tania. (2019). A novel device to assess hip strength : Concurrent validity and normative values in male athletes. Physical Therapy in Sport. 35, pp. 63-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.11.006
Effect of concentric and eccentric hamstring training on sprint recovery, strength and muscle architecture in inexperienced athletes
Duhig, Steven J., Bourne, Matthew N., Buhmann, Robert L., Williams, Morgan, Minett, Geoffrey M., Roberts, Llion A., Timmins, Ryan Gregory, Sims, Casey and Shield, Anthony J.. (2019). Effect of concentric and eccentric hamstring training on sprint recovery, strength and muscle architecture in inexperienced athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 22(7), pp. 769 - 774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.010
Hamstring muscle activation and morphology are significantly altered 1-6 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus graft
Messer, Daniel J., Shield, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan Gregory and Bourne, Matthew N.. (2019). Hamstring muscle activation and morphology are significantly altered 1-6 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus graft. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-019-05374-w
Razor hamstring curl and Nordic hamstring exercise architectural adaptations : Impact of exercise selection and intensity
Pollard, Christopher W., Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D., Bourne, Matthew N. and Timmins, Ryan Gregory. (2019). Razor hamstring curl and Nordic hamstring exercise architectural adaptations : Impact of exercise selection and intensity. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 29(5), pp. 706-715. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13381
An evidence-based framework for strengthening exercises to prevent hamstring injury
Bourne, Matthew N., Timmins, Ryan Gregory, Opar, David, Pizzari, Tania, Ruddy, Joshua D., Sims, Casey, Williams, Morgan D. and Shield, Anthony J.. (2018). An evidence-based framework for strengthening exercises to prevent hamstring injury. Sports Medicine. 48(2), pp. 251 - 267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0796-x
The effect of Nordic hamstring exercise training volume on biceps femoris long head architectural adaptation
Presland, J. D., Timmins, R. G., Bourne, M. N., Williams, M. D. and Opar, D. A.. (2018). The effect of Nordic hamstring exercise training volume on biceps femoris long head architectural adaptation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 28(7), pp. 1775-1783. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13085
Infographic. Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring architecture and morphology: Implications for injury prevention
Bourne, Matthew N., Pope, David, Duhig, Steven J., Timmins, Ryan G., Williams, Morgan D., Al Najjar, Aiman, Kerr, Graham K. and Shield, Anthony J.. (2018). Infographic. Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring architecture and morphology: Implications for injury prevention. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52(23), pp. 1490 - 1491. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098730
A novel apparatus to measure knee flexor strength during various hamstring exercises: A reliability and retrospective injury study
Hickey, Jack T., Hickey, Peter F., Maniar, Nirav, Timmins, Ryan G., Williams, Morgan D., Pitcher, Christian A. and Opar, David A.. (2018). A novel apparatus to measure knee flexor strength during various hamstring exercises: A reliability and retrospective injury study. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 48(2), pp. 72 - 80. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.7634
Adaptations to concurrent training in combination with high protein availability: A comparative trial in healthy, recreationally active men
Shamim, Baubak, Devlin, Brooke L., Timmins, Ryan G., Tofari, Paul, Dow, Connor Lee, Coffey, Vernon G., Hawley, John A. and Camera, Donny M.. (2018). Adaptations to concurrent training in combination with high protein availability: A comparative trial in healthy, recreationally active men. Sports Medicine. 48(12), pp. 2869 - 2883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0999-9
Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring architecture and morphology: Implications for injury prevention
Bourne, Matthew N., Duhig, Steven J., Timmins, Ryan, Williams, Morgan, Opar, David, Najjar, Aiman Al, Kerr, Graham K. and Shield, Anthony J.. (2017). Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring architecture and morphology: Implications for injury prevention. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 51(5), pp. 469 - 477. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096130
Biceps femoris architecture : The association with injury and response to training
Timmins, Ryan. (2017). Biceps femoris architecture : The association with injury and response to training. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 51(6), pp. 547-548. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097044
There is strength in numbers for muscle injuries it is time to establish an international collaborative registry
Van Dyke, Nicol, Van der Made, Anne D., Timmins, Ryan, Opar, David and Tol, Johannes L.. (2017). There is strength in numbers for muscle injuries it is time to establish an international collaborative registry. British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097318
Effect of prior injury on changes to biceps femoris architecture across an Australian football league season
Timmins, Ryan, Bourne, Matthew N., Hickey, Jack, Maniar, Nirav, Tofari, Paul, Williams, Morgan and Opar, David. (2017). Effect of prior injury on changes to biceps femoris architecture across an Australian football league season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 49(10), pp. 2102 - 2109. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001333
Criteria for progressing rehabilitation and determining return to play clearance following hamstring strain injury: A systematic review
Hickey, Jack, Timmins, Ryan G., Maniar, Nirav, Williams, Morgan and Opar, David. (2017). Criteria for progressing rehabilitation and determining return to play clearance following hamstring strain injury: A systematic review. Sports Medicine. 47(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0667-x
Predictive modeling of hamstring strain injuries in elite Australian footballers
Ruddy, Joshua, Shield, Anthony J., Maniar, Nirav, Williams, Morgan D., Duhig, Steven J., Timmins, Ryan, Hickey, Jack, Bourne, Matthew N. and Opar, David. (2017). Predictive modeling of hamstring strain injuries in elite Australian footballers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 50(5), pp. 1 - 30. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001527
Running exposure is associated with the risk of hamstring strain injury in elite Australian footballers
Ruddy, Joshua D., Pollard, Christopher, Timmins, Ryan, Williams, Morgan, Shield, Anthony and Opar, David. (2017). Running exposure is associated with the risk of hamstring strain injury in elite Australian footballers. British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096777
Individual and combined effects of acute and chronic running loads on injury risk in elite Australian footballers
Murray, Nicholas, Gabbett, Tim, Townshend, Andrew, Hulin, William and McLellan, Christopher. (2017). Individual and combined effects of acute and chronic running loads on injury risk in elite Australian footballers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 27(9), pp. 990 - 998. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12719
Biceps femoris architecture and strength in athletes with a prior ACL reconstruction
Timmins, Ryan G., Bourne, Matthew N., Shield, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan, Lorenzen, Christian and Opar, David A.. (2016). Biceps femoris architecture and strength in athletes with a prior ACL reconstruction. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48(3), pp. 337-345. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000783
Hamstring strength and flexibility after hamstring strain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Maniar, Nirav, Shielf, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G. and Opar, David A.. (2016). Hamstring strength and flexibility after hamstring strain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(15), pp. 909-920. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095311
Is there evidence to support the use of the angle of peak torque as a marker of hamstring injury and re-injury risk?
Timmins, Ryan G., Shield, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan D. and Opar, David A.. (2016). Is there evidence to support the use of the angle of peak torque as a marker of hamstring injury and re-injury risk? Sports Medicine. 46(1), pp. 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0378-8
Short biceps femoris fascicles and eccentric knee flexor weakness increase the risk of hamstring injury in elite football (soccer): a prospective cohort study
Timmins, Ryan G., Bourne, Matthew N., Shield, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan, Lorenzen, Christian and Opar, David. (2016). Short biceps femoris fascicles and eccentric knee flexor weakness increase the risk of hamstring injury in elite football (soccer): a prospective cohort study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(24). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095362
Architectural changes of the biceps femoris long head after concentric or eccentric training
Timmins, Ryan G., Ruddy, Joshua D., Presland, Joel, Maniar, Nirav and Williams, Morgan. (2016). Architectural changes of the biceps femoris long head after concentric or eccentric training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48(3), pp. 499-508. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000795
Architectural adaptations of muscle to training and injury: A narrative review outlining the contributions by fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness
Timmins, Ryan G., Shield, Anthony J., Williams, Morgan D., Lorenzen, Christian and Opar, David. (2016). Architectural adaptations of muscle to training and injury: A narrative review outlining the contributions by fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(23). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094881
What do submarines have in common with diabetes?
Rio, Ebony, Timmins, Ryan Gregory and Opar, David. (2016). What do submarines have in common with diabetes? British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(16), pp. 955 - 956. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096646
Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring injury risk in Australian footballers
Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G., Duhig, Steven and Shield, Anthony J.. (2015). Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring injury risk in Australian footballers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 47(4). https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000465
The effect of previous hamstring strain injury on the change in eccentric hamstring strength during preseason training in elite Australian footballers
Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G., Hickey, Jack, Duhig, Steven J. and Shield, Anthony J.. (2015). The effect of previous hamstring strain injury on the change in eccentric hamstring strength during preseason training in elite Australian footballers. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 43(2), pp. 377-384. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514556638
Biceps femoris long head architecture: A reliability and retrospective injury study
Timmins, Ryan Gregory, Shield, Anthony, Williams, Morgan, Lorenzen, Christian and Opar, David. (2015). Biceps femoris long head architecture: A reliability and retrospective injury study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 47(5), pp. 905 - 913. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000507
Biceps femoris long head architecture: The association with hamstring injury and response to training
Timmins, Ryan Gregory. (2015). Biceps femoris long head architecture: The association with hamstring injury and response to training [Thesis]. https://doi.org/10.4226/66/5a9cbd05b0b98
Spikes in acute workload are associated with increased injury risk in elite cricket fast bowlers
Hulin, William, Gabbett, Timothy, Blanch, Peter, Chapman, Paul, Bailey, David and Orchard, John. (2014). Spikes in acute workload are associated with increased injury risk in elite cricket fast bowlers. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48(8), pp. 708 - 712. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092524
Reduced biceps femoris myoelectrical activity influences eccentric knee flexor weakness after repeat sprint running
Timmins, R. G., Opar, D. A., Williams, M. D., Schache, A. G., Dear, N. M. and Shield, A. J.. (2014). Reduced biceps femoris myoelectrical activity influences eccentric knee flexor weakness after repeat sprint running. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 24(4), pp. e299-e305. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12171
Rate of torque and electromyographic development during anticipated eccentric contraction is lower in previously strained hamstrings
Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G. and Dear, Nuala M. (2013). Rate of torque and electromyographic development during anticipated eccentric contraction is lower in previously strained hamstrings. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 41(1), pp. 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512462809
Knee flexor strength and bicep femoris electromyographical activity is lower in previously strained hamstrings
Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D., Timmins, Ryan G., Dear, Nuala M. and Shield, Anthony J. (2013). Knee flexor strength and bicep femoris electromyographical activity is lower in previously strained hamstrings. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 23(3), pp. 696-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.11.004