Independent and interactive associations of fitness and fatness with changes in cardiometabolic risk in children : A longitudinal analysis

Journal article


Shang, Xianwen, Li, Yanping, Xu, Haiquan, Zhang, Qian, Hu, Xiaoqi, Liu, Ailing, Du, Songming, Li, Tingyu, Guo, Hongwei, Li, Ying, Xu, Guifa, Liu, Weijia, Ma, Jun and Ma, Guansheng. (2020). Independent and interactive associations of fitness and fatness with changes in cardiometabolic risk in children : A longitudinal analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 11, p. 342. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00342
AuthorsShang, Xianwen, Li, Yanping, Xu, Haiquan, Zhang, Qian, Hu, Xiaoqi, Liu, Ailing, Du, Songming, Li, Tingyu, Guo, Hongwei, Li, Ying, Xu, Guifa, Liu, Weijia, Ma, Jun and Ma, Guansheng
Abstract

Background: Findings for associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors are inconsistent, and the interactive association between CRF and fatness with CMR factors is unclear in children. Our study aimed to examine whether CRF and fatness are independently and interactively associated with CMR factors.

Methods: We included 5,869 children aged 6–13 years in the analysis. Physical examinations, blood tests, and CRF were measured at baseline and 1 year later. Cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS) was computed by summing Z scores of waist circumference (WC), averaged systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, multiplied by −1), and triglycerides.

Results: There was a high correlation between fatness and CRF in both boys and girls. High baseline CRF was independently associated with favorable changes in CMRS, BMI, WC, percent body fat (PBF), total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C (all P < 0.025). Improved CRF was independently associated with favorable changes in CMRS, BMI, WC, PBF, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, and fasting glucose (all P < 0.0321). Baseline BMI was positively associated with changes in CMRS, WC, blood pressure, triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR (all P < 0.0462). Low PBF at baseline was associated with favorable changes in CMRS, BMI, WC, blood pressure, HDL-C, triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR (all P < 0.0423). The percentage of the total effect of baseline CRF on changes in CMRS, triglycerides, HDL-C, PBF, and WC mediated by baseline BMI was 66.0, 61.6, 40.3, 20.7, and 9.2%, respectively. Baseline CRF was a significant mediator for the association between baseline BMI and changes in CMRS (mediated by 4.3%), triglycerides (5.1%), and HDL-C (12.0%). An inverse association was found between baseline CRF and CMRS in children with high baseline BMI/PBF only. Improved CRF was associated with decreased BMI and WC in children with low baseline CRF.

Conclusions: Fatness and CRF are each independently associated with changes in CMR factors. Fatness is a major mediator for the association between CRF and CMR factors, whereas the association between fatness and CMR factors is also mediated by CRF. The beneficial effect of high CRF on CMR factors was more evident in obese or unfit children.

Keywordscardiorespiratory fitness; fatness; cardiometabolic risk; mediation analysis; moderation analysis
Year2020
JournalFrontiers in Endocrinology
Journal citation11, p. 342
PublisherFrontiers Media S.A.
ISSN1664-2392
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00342
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85087030204
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range1-14
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online12 Jun 2020
Publication process dates
Accepted30 Apr 2020
Deposited09 Aug 2021
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https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8w908/independent-and-interactive-associations-of-fitness-and-fatness-with-changes-in-cardiometabolic-risk-in-children-a-longitudinal-analysis

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