Sex differences in heel pad stiffness during in vivo loading and unloading

Journal article

Ugbolue, Ukadike C., Yates, Emma L., Wearing, Scott C., Gu, Yaodong, Lam, Wing-Kai, Valentin, Stephanie, Baker, Julien S., Dutheil, Frédéric and Sculthorpe, Nicholas F.. (2020). Sex differences in heel pad stiffness during in vivo loading and unloading. Journal of Anatomy. 237(3), pp. 520-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13207
AuthorsUgbolue, Ukadike C., Yates, Emma L., Wearing, Scott C., Gu, Yaodong, Lam, Wing-Kai, Valentin, Stephanie, Baker, Julien S., Dutheil, Frédéric and Sculthorpe, Nicholas F.
Abstract

Due to conflicting data from previous studies a new methodological approach to evaluate heel pad stiffness and soft tissue deformation has been developed. The purpose of this study was to compare heel pad (HP) stiffness in both limbs between males and females during a dynamic unloading and loading activity. Ten males and 10 females volunteered to perform three dynamic trials to unload and load the HP. The dynamic protocol consisted of three continuous phases: foot flat (baseline phase), bilateral heel raise (unloading phase) and foot flat (loading phase) with each phase lasting two seconds. Six retroreflective markers (3 mm) were attached to the skin of the left and right heels using a customised marker set. Three-dimensional motion analysis cameras synchronised with force plates collected the kinematic and kinetic data throughout the trials. Three-way repeated measures ANOVA together with a Bonferroni post hoc test were applied to the stiffness and marker displacement datasets. On average, HP stiffness was higher in males than females during the loading and unloading phases. ANOVA results revealed no significant differences for the stiffness and displacement outputs with respect to sex, sidedness or phase interactions (p > .05) in the X, Y and Z directions. Irrespective of direction, there were significant differences in stiffness between the baseline and unloading conditions (p < .001) but no significant differences between the baseline and loaded conditions (p = 1.000). Post hoc analyses for the marker displacement showed significant differences between phases for the X and Z directions (p < .032) but no significant differences in the Y direction (p > .116). Finally, females portrayed lower levels of mean HP stiffness whereas males had stiffer heels particularly in the vertical direction (Z) when the HP was both unloaded and loaded. High HP stiffness values and very small marker displacements could be valuable indicators for the risk of pathological foot conditions.

Keywordsbilateral heel raise; foot flat; kinematics and kinetics; marker displacement; plantar flexion
Year2020
JournalJournal of Anatomy
Journal citation237 (3), pp. 520-528
PublisherJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ISSN0021-8782
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13207
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85088391217
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range520-528
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online23 Jul 2020
Publication process dates
Accepted30 Mar 2020
Deposited18 Aug 2021
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Crendal, Edward, Dutheil, Fred, Naughton, Geraldine, McDonald, Tracey and Obert, Philippe. (2014). Increased myocardial dysfunction, dyssynchrony, and epicardial fat across the lifespan in healthy males. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 14(95), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-14-95
Atherogenic subfractions of lipoproteins in the treatment of metabolic syndrome by physical activity and diet - the RESOLVE trial
Dutheil, Frederic, Walther, Guillame, Chapier, Robert, Mnatzaganian, George, Lesourd, Bruno, Naughton, Geraldine, Verney, Julien, Fogli, Anne, Sapin, Vincent, Duclos, Martine, Vinet, Agnes, Obert, Philippe, Courteix, Daniel and Lac, Gerard. (2014). Atherogenic subfractions of lipoproteins in the treatment of metabolic syndrome by physical activity and diet - the RESOLVE trial. Lipids in Health and Disease. 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-13-112
Comparison of the ultra-low-dose Veo algorithm with the gold standard filtered back projection for detecting pulmonary asbestos-related conditions : A clinical observational study
Tekath, Marielle, Dutheil, Frederic, Bellini, Romain, Roche, Antoine, Pereira, Bruno, Naughton, Geraldine, Chamoux, Alain and Michel, Jean-Luc. (2014). Comparison of the ultra-low-dose Veo algorithm with the gold standard filtered back projection for detecting pulmonary asbestos-related conditions : A clinical observational study. BMJ Open. 4(5), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004980
Right ventricle free wall mechanics in metabolic syndrome without type-2 diabetes: Effects of a 3-month lifestyle intervention program
Serrano-Ferrer, Juan, Walther, Guillaume, Crendal, Edward, Vinet, Agnes, Dutheil, Frederic, Naughton, Geraldine A., Lesourd, Bruno, Chapier, Robert, Courteix, Daniel and Obert, Philippe. (2014). Right ventricle free wall mechanics in metabolic syndrome without type-2 diabetes: Effects of a 3-month lifestyle intervention program. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 13(1), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-014-0116-9
Atherogenic subfractions of lipoproteins in the treatment of metabolic syndrome by physical activity and diet : the RESOLVE trial
Dutheil, Frederic, Walther, Guillaume, Chapier, Robert, Mnatzaganian, George, Lesourd, Bruno, Naughton, Geraldine, Verney, Julien, Fogli, Anne, Sapin, Vincent and Duclose, Martine. (2014). Atherogenic subfractions of lipoproteins in the treatment of metabolic syndrome by physical activity and diet : the RESOLVE trial. Lipids in Health and Disease. 13(112), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-13-112
Myocardial deformation and twist mechanics in adults with metabolic syndrome : Impact of cumulative metabolic burden
Crendal, Edward, Walther, Guillaume, Vinet, Agnes, Dutheil, Frederic, Naughton, Geraldine, Lesourd, Bruno, Chapier, Robert, Rupp, Thomas, Courteix, Daniel and Obert, Philippe. (2013). Myocardial deformation and twist mechanics in adults with metabolic syndrome : Impact of cumulative metabolic burden. Obesity: a resourch journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20537
Urinary Interleukin-8 is a biomarker of stress in emergency physicians, especially with advancing age: The JOBSTRESS* randomized trial
Dutheil, Frederic, Trousselard, Marion, Perrier, Christophe, Lac, Gerard, Chamoux, Alain, Duclos, Martine, Naughton, Geraldine, Mnatzaganian, George and Schmidt, Jeannot. (2013). Urinary Interleukin-8 is a biomarker of stress in emergency physicians, especially with advancing age: The JOBSTRESS* randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 8(8), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071658
Different modalities of exercise to reduce visceral fat mass and cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome : the RESOLVE* randomized trial
Dutheil, Frederic, Lac, Gerard, Lesourd, Bruno, Chapier, Robert, Walther, Guillaume, Vinet, Agnes, Sapin, Vincent, Verney, Julien, Ouchchane, Lemlih and Duclos, Martine. (2013). Different modalities of exercise to reduce visceral fat mass and cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome : the RESOLVE* randomized trial. International Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.05.012
The long-term effects of occupational exposure to vinyl chloride monomer on microcirculation : a cross-sectional study 15 years after retirement
Lopez, Vincent, Chamoux, Alain, Tempier, Marion, Thiel, Helene, Ughetto, Sylvie, Trousselard, Marion, Naughton, Geraldine and Dutheil, Frederic. (2013). The long-term effects of occupational exposure to vinyl chloride monomer on microcirculation : a cross-sectional study 15 years after retirement. BMJ Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002785
Treatment of Metabolic syndrome by combination of physical activity and diet needs an optimal protein intake: a randomized controlled trial
Dutheil, Frederic, Lac, Gerard, Courteix, Daniel, Dore, Eric, Chapier, Robert, Roszyk, Laurence, Sapin, Vincent and Lesourd, Bruno. (2012). Treatment of Metabolic syndrome by combination of physical activity and diet needs an optimal protein intake: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal. 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-72