Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Journal article


Graetz, Nicholas, Woyczynski, Lauren, Wilson, Katherine F., Hall, Jason B., Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators and Barnett, Anthony. (2020). Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries. Nature. 577, pp. 235-238. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1872-1
AuthorsGraetz, Nicholas, Woyczynski, Lauren, Wilson, Katherine F., Hall, Jason B., Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators and Barnett, Anthony
Abstract

Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health¹,²,³. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting⁴,⁵,⁶. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness⁷,⁸; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health⁹,⁰,¹¹. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries¹²,¹³,¹⁴. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.

Year2020
JournalNature
Journal citation577, pp. 235-238
PublisherNature Publishing Group
ISSN0028-0836
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1872-1
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85077152844
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range235-238
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online25 Dec 2019
Publication process dates
Accepted12 Nov 2019
Deposited26 Oct 2021
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Suen, Yi-nam, Cerin, Ester, Barnett, Anthony, Huang, Wendy Y.J. and Mellecker, Robin. (2017). Development of physical activity-related parenting practices scales for urban Chinese parents of preschoolers: confirmatory factor analysis and reliability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 14(9), pp. 692 - 700. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0704
Places where preschoolers are (in)active: An observational study on Latino preschoolers and their parents using objective measures
Cerin, Ester, Baranowski, Tom, Barnett, Anthony, Butte, Nancy, Hughes, Sheryl, Lee, Rebecca E., Mendoza, Jason A., Thompson, Debbe and O'Connor, Teresia Margareta. (2016). Places where preschoolers are (in)active: An observational study on Latino preschoolers and their parents using objective measures. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 13(29), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0355-0
Neighbourhood environment, physical activity, quality of life and depressive symptoms in Hong Kong older adults: A protocol for an observational study
Cerin, Ester, Sit, Cindy H. P., Zhang, Casper J. P., Barnett, Anthony, Cheung, Martin M. C., Lai, Poh-chin, Johnston, Janice M. and Lee, Ruby S. Y.. (2016). Neighbourhood environment, physical activity, quality of life and depressive symptoms in Hong Kong older adults: A protocol for an observational study. BMJ Open. 6(1), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010384
Associations of objectively-assessed neighborhood characteristics with older adults' total physical activity and sedentary time in an ultra-dense urban environment: Findings from the ALECS study
Cerin, Ester, Zhang, Casper, Barnett, Anthony, Sit, Cindy, Cheung, Martin M.C., Johnston, Janice, Lai, Poh-chin and Lee, Ruby S.Y.. (2016). Associations of objectively-assessed neighborhood characteristics with older adults' total physical activity and sedentary time in an ultra-dense urban environment: Findings from the ALECS study. Health and Place. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.08.009
Associations between the neighbourhood environment characteristics and physical activity in older adults with specific types of chronic conditions: the ALECS cross-sectional study
Barnett, Anthony, Cerin, Ester, Zhang, Casper J.P., Sit, Cindy H.P., Johnston, Janice M., Cheung, Martin C. and Lee, Ruby S.Y.. (2016). Associations between the neighbourhood environment characteristics and physical activity in older adults with specific types of chronic conditions: the ALECS cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 13(53), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0377-7
Measuring moderate-intensity walking in older adults using the ActiGraph accelerometer
Barnett, Anthony, van den Hoek, Daniel, Barnett, David and Cerin, Ester. (2016). Measuring moderate-intensity walking in older adults using the ActiGraph accelerometer. BMC Geriatrics. 16(211), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-016-0380-5
Length of stay and mortality associated with healthcare-associated urinary tract infections: A multi-state model
Mitchell, Brett G., Ferguson, J. K., Anderson, Malcolm, Sear, J. and Barnett, A.. (2016). Length of stay and mortality associated with healthcare-associated urinary tract infections: A multi-state model. Journal of Hospital Infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.01.012
Neighbourhood environment, sitting time and motorised transport in older adults: A cross-sectional study in Hong Kong
Barnett, Anthony, Cerin, Ester, Ching, Claudia, Johnston, Janice and Lee, Ruby. (2015). Neighbourhood environment, sitting time and motorised transport in older adults: A cross-sectional study in Hong Kong. BMJ Open. 5(4), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007557
Validity of treadmill- and track-based individual calibration methods for estimating free-living walking speed and VO2 using the Actigraph accelerometer
Barnett, Anthony, Cerin, Ester, Vandelanotte, Corneel, Matsumoto, Aya and Jenkins, David. (2015). Validity of treadmill- and track-based individual calibration methods for estimating free-living walking speed and VO2 using the Actigraph accelerometer. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation (online). 7(29), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-015-0024-7
An in-depth pilot study on patterns, destinations, and purposes of walking in Hong Kong older adults
Barnett, Anthony, Cerin, Ester, Cheung, Man-chin and Chan, Wai-man. (2015). An in-depth pilot study on patterns, destinations, and purposes of walking in Hong Kong older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 23(1), pp. 144 - 152. https://doi.org/10.1123/JAPA.2013-0026
Repeatability of self-report measures of physical activity, sedentary and travel behaviour in Hong Kong adolescents for the iHealt(H) and IPEN - Adolescent studies
Cerin, Ester, Sit, Cindy, Huang, Ya-Jun, Barnett, Anthony, Macfarlane, Duncan and Wong, Stephen. (2014). Repeatability of self-report measures of physical activity, sedentary and travel behaviour in Hong Kong adolescents for the iHealt(H) and IPEN - Adolescent studies. BMC Paediatrics. 14(142), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-14-142
Ageing in an ultra-dense metropolis: Perceived neighbourhood characteristics and utilitarian walking in Hong Kong elders
Cerin, Ester, Sit, Cindy, Barnett, Anthony, Johnston, Janice, Cheung, Man-chin and Chan, Wai-man. (2014). Ageing in an ultra-dense metropolis: Perceived neighbourhood characteristics and utilitarian walking in Hong Kong elders. Public Health Nutrition. 17(1), pp. 225 - 232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012003862
Objectively-measured neighborhood environments and leisure-time physical activity in Chinese urban elders
Cerin, Ester, Lee, Ka-yiu, Barnett, Anthony, Sit, Cindy, Cheung, Man-chin and Chan, Wai-man. (2013). Objectively-measured neighborhood environments and leisure-time physical activity in Chinese urban elders. Preventive Medicine. 56(1), pp. 86 - 89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.10.024
Walking for transportation in Hong Kong Chinese urban elders: A cross-sectional study on what destinations matter and when
Cerin, Ester, Lee, Ka-yiu, Barnett, Anthony, Sit, Cindy, Cheung, Man-chin, Chan, Wai-man and Johnston, Janice. (2013). Walking for transportation in Hong Kong Chinese urban elders: A cross-sectional study on what destinations matter and when. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 10(78), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-78
Walking for recreation and perceptions of the neighborhood environment in older Chinese urban dwellers
Cerin, Ester, Sit, Cindy, Barnett, Anthony, Cheung, Man-chin and Chan, Wai-man. (2013). Walking for recreation and perceptions of the neighborhood environment in older Chinese urban dwellers. Journal of Urban Health. 90(1), pp. 56 - 66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9704-8
Socioeconomic status, neighborhood characteristics, and walking within the neighborhood among older Hong Kong Chinese
Cerin, Ester, Mellecker, Robin, Macfarlane, Duncan J., Barnett, Anthony, Cheung, Man-chin, Sit, Cindy H.P. and Chan, Wai-man. (2013). Socioeconomic status, neighborhood characteristics, and walking within the neighborhood among older Hong Kong Chinese. Journal of Aging and Health. 25(8), pp. 1425 - 1444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264313510034
Socio-economic status, neighbourhood characteristics, and walking within the neighbourhood among older Hong Kong Chinese
Cerin, Ester, Mellecker, Robin, Macfarlane, Duncan, Barnett, Anthony, Cheung, Man-chin, Sit, Cindy and Chan, Wai-man. (2013). Socio-economic status, neighbourhood characteristics, and walking within the neighbourhood among older Hong Kong Chinese. Journal of Aging and Health. 25(8), pp. 1425 - 1444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264313510034
Identifying mediators of training effects on performance-related psychobiosocial states: A single-case observational study in an elite female triathlete
Barnett, Anthony, Cerin, Ester, Reaburn, Peter and Hooper, Sue. (2012). Identifying mediators of training effects on performance-related psychobiosocial states: A single-case observational study in an elite female triathlete. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 13(5), pp. 541 - 549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.02.010
Reliability and validity of the IPAQ-L in a sample of Hong Kong Urban older adults: Does neighborhood of residence matter?
Cerin, Ester, Barnett, Anthony, Cheung, Man-chin, Sit, Cindy, Macfarlane, Duncan J. and Chan, Wai-man. (2012). Reliability and validity of the IPAQ-L in a sample of Hong Kong Urban older adults: Does neighborhood of residence matter? Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.20.4.402
Impact of an active video game on healthy children's physical activity
Baranowski, Tom, Abdelsamad, Dina, Baranowski, Janice, O'Connor, Teresia, Thompson, Debbe, Barnett, Anthony, Cerin, Ester and Chen, Tzu-An. (2012). Impact of an active video game on healthy children's physical activity. Pediatrics. 129(3), pp. 636 - 642. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2050
Predictors of pre- and post-competition affective states in male martial artists: A multilevel interactional approach
Cerin, Ester and Barnett, Anthony. (2011). Predictors of pre- and post-competition affective states in male martial artists: A multilevel interactional approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 21(1), pp. 137 - 150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01006.x
Active video games for youth: A systematic review
Barnett, Anthony, Cerin, Ester and Baranowski, Tom. (2011). Active video games for youth: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 8(5), pp. 724 - 737. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.5.724
Measuring walking within and outside the neighborhood in Chinese elders: Reliability and validity
Cerin, Ester, Barnett, Anthony, Sit, Cindy, Cheung, Man-chin, Lee, Lok-chun, Ho, Sai-yin and Chan, Wai-man. (2011). Measuring walking within and outside the neighborhood in Chinese elders: Reliability and validity. BMC Public Health. 11(851), pp. 3 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-851
Components of the diet associated with child adiposity: A cross-sectional study
Ledoux, Tracey A., Watson, Kathy, Barnett, Anthony, Nguyen, Nga T., Baranowski, Janice C. and Baranowski, Tom. (2011). Components of the diet associated with child adiposity: A cross-sectional study. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 30(6), pp. 536 - 546. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2011.10720000
Mechanisms linking affective reactions to competition-related and competition-extraneous concerns in male martial artists
Cerin, Ester and Barnett, Anthony. (2011). Mechanisms linking affective reactions to competition-related and competition-extraneous concerns in male martial artists. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 21(5), pp. 700 - 712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01072.x
The effects of training on performance and performance-related states in individual elite athletes: A dynamic approach
Barnett, Anthony, Cerin, Ester, Reaburn, Peter and Hooper, Sue. (2010). The effects of training on performance and performance-related states in individual elite athletes: A dynamic approach. Journal of Sports Sciences. 28(10), pp. 1117 - 1126. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.497817
Testing theories of dietary behavior change in youth using the Mediating Variable Model with intervention programs
Cerin, Ester, Barnett, Anthony and Baranowski, Tom. (2009). Testing theories of dietary behavior change in youth using the Mediating Variable Model with intervention programs. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 41(5), pp. 309 - 318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2009.03.129
Using recovery modalities between training sessions in elite athletes: Does it help?
Barnett, Anthony. (2006). Using recovery modalities between training sessions in elite athletes: Does it help? Sports Medicine. 36(9), pp. 781 - 796. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636090-00005
A processual analysis of basic emotions and sources of concerns as they are lived before and after a competition
Cerin, Ester and Barnett, Anthony. (2006). A processual analysis of basic emotions and sources of concerns as they are lived before and after a competition. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 7(3), pp. 287 - 307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.07.002
Individual calibration for estimating free-living walking speed using the MTI monitor
Barnett, Anthony and Cerin, Ester. (2006). Individual calibration for estimating free-living walking speed using the MTI monitor. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 38(4), pp. 761 - 767. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000210206.55941.b2
Peak oxygen uptake of 12 to 18-year-old boys living in a densely populated urban environment
Barnett, Anthony, Bacon-Shone, John, Tam, K. H., Leung, Mauriceping and Armstrong, Neil. (1995). Peak oxygen uptake of 12 to 18-year-old boys living in a densely populated urban environment. Annals of Human Biology. 22(6), pp. 525 - 532. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014469500004182
A preliminary study of the 20-m multistage shuttle run as a predictor of peak  VO2 in Hong Kong Chinese students
Barnett, Anthony, Chan, Lawrence Y.S. and Bruce, Iain C.. (1993). A preliminary study of the 20-m multistage shuttle run as a predictor of peak  VO2 in Hong Kong Chinese students. Pediatric Exercise Science. 5(1), pp. 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.5.1.42
Response of unacclimatized males to repeated weekly bouts of exercise in the heat
Barnett, Anthony. (1993). Response of unacclimatized males to repeated weekly bouts of exercise in the heat. British Journal of Sports Medicine.
Leg muscle pH following sprint running
Costill, Davlid L., Barnett, Anthony, Sharp, Rick, Fink, William J. and Katz, Abram. (1983). Leg muscle pH following sprint running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 15(4), pp. 325 - 329. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198315040-00013