The development of empirically derived Australian low-risk gambling limits
Journal article
Dowling, Nicki A., Youssef, George J., Greenwood, Christopher, Merkouris, Stephanie S., Suomi, Aino and Room, Robin. (2021). The development of empirically derived Australian low-risk gambling limits. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10(2), p. Article 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020167
Authors | Dowling, Nicki A., Youssef, George J., Greenwood, Christopher, Merkouris, Stephanie S., Suomi, Aino and Room, Robin |
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Abstract | This study derived a set of Australian low-risk gambling limits and explored the relative and absolute risk associated with exceeding these limits. Secondary analysis of population-representative Tasmanian and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) cross-sectional (11,597 respondents) and longitudinal studies (2027 respondents) was conducted. Balancing sensitivity and specificity, the limits were: gambling frequency of 20–30 times per year; gambling expenditure of AUD $380–$615 per year (USD $240–$388 per year); gambling expenditure comprising 0.83–1.68% of gross personal income; and two types of gambling activities per year. All limits, except number of activities, predicted subsequent harm, with limits related to gambling expenditure consistently the best-performing. Exceeding the limits generally conferred a higher degree of relative and absolute risk, with gamblers exceeding the limits being 3–20 times more likely to experience harm than those who do not, and having a 5–17% risk of experiencing harm. Only 7–12% of gamblers exceeding the limits actually experienced harm. Gambling consumption lower than the limits also conferred a considerable amount of harm. Using a relative risk method, this study derived similar limits from disparate Australian states and territories. These limits can serve as working guidelines for the consideration of researchers, clinicians, and policy makers, but need to be subject to further rigorous empirical investigation. |
Keywords | gambling; low-risk; limits; responsible gambling; guidelines; relative risk; absolute risk; gambling harm; harm |
Year | 2021 |
Journal | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
Journal citation | 10 (2), p. Article 167 |
Publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI AG) |
ISSN | 2077-0383 |
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020167 |
Scopus EID | 2-s2.0-85105056026 |
Open access | Published as ‘gold’ (paid) open access |
Research or scholarly | Research |
Page range | 1-18 |
Publisher's version | License |
Output status | Published |
Publication dates | |
Online | 06 Jan 2021 |
Publication process dates | |
Accepted | 30 Dec 2020 |
Deposited | 28 Oct 2021 |
https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8wxz1/the-development-of-empirically-derived-australian-low-risk-gambling-limits
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Publisher's version
OA_Dowling_2021_The_development_of_empirically_derived_Australian.pdf | |
License: CC BY 4.0 |
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