Comparing private and public transport access to diabetic health services across inner, middle, and outer suburbs of Melbourne, Australia

Journal article

Madill, Rebecca, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2018). Comparing private and public transport access to diabetic health services across inner, middle, and outer suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. BMC Health Services Research. 18, p. Article: 286. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3079-9
AuthorsMadill, Rebecca, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne and Giles-Corti, Billie
Abstract

Background
Melbourne, Australia is experiencing rapid population growth, with much of this occurring in metropolitan outer suburban areas, also known as urban growth areas. Currently little is known about differences in travel times when using private and public transport to access primary and secondary services across Melbourne’s urban growth areas. Plan Melbourne Refresh, a recent strategic land use document has called for a 20 min city, which is where essential services including primary health care, can be accessed within a 20 min journey. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major chronic condition in Australia, with some of Melbourne’s growth areas having some of the highest prevalence across Australia. This study explores travel times to diabetic health care services for populations residing in inner, middle and outer suburbs of metropolitan Melbourne.

Method
Geographic information systems (GIS) software were used to map the location of selected diabetic primary and secondary health care service providers across metropolitan inner, middle, outer established, outer urban growth and outer fringe areas of Melbourne. An origin-destination matrix was used to estimate travel distances from point of origin (using a total of approximately 50,000 synthetic residential addresses) to the closest type of each diabetic health care service provider (destinations) across Melbourne. ArcGIS was used to estimate travel times for private transport and public transport; comparisons were made by area.

Results
Our study indicated increased travel times to diabetic health services for people living in Melbourne’s outer growth and outer fringe areas compared with the rest of Melbourne (inner, middle and outer established). Compared with those living in inner city areas, the median time spent travelling to diabetic services was between 2.46 and 23.24 min (private motor vehicle) and 12.01 and 43.15 min (public transport) longer for those living in outer suburban areas. Irrespective of travel mode used, results indicate that those living in inner and middle suburbs of Melbourne have shorter travel times to access diabetic health services, compared with those living in outer areas of Melbourne. Private motor vehicle travel times were approximately 4 to 5 times faster than public transport modes to access diabetic health services in all areas.

Conclusion
Those living in new urban growth communities spend considerably more time travelling to access diabetic health services – particularly specialists - than those living in established areas across Melbourne.

Keywordshealth equity; urban growth areas; GIS; accessibility; public transport; private vehicle
Year2018
JournalBMC Health Services Research
Journal citation18, p. Article: 286
PublisherBiomed Central Ltd
ISSN1472-6963
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3079-9
PubMed ID29653533
Scopus EID2-s2.0-8504537895
PubMed Central IDPMC5899403
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range1-13
FunderNational Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online13 Apr 2018
Publication process dates
Accepted28 Mar 2018
Deposited06 Dec 2021
Grant IDNHMRC/1121035
NHMRC/1004900
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Testing spatial measures of alcohol outlet density with self-rated health in the Australian context : Implications for policy and practice
Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Livingston, Michael, David, Stephanie and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2016). Testing spatial measures of alcohol outlet density with self-rated health in the Australian context : Implications for policy and practice. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35(3), pp. 298-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12341
Children's Out-of-School Independently Mobile Trips, Active Travel, and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Examination from the Kids in the City Study
Oliver, Melody, Parker, Karl, Witten, Karen, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah M., Donovan, Phil, Chaudhury, Moushumi and Kearns, Robin. (2016). Children's Out-of-School Independently Mobile Trips, Active Travel, and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Examination from the Kids in the City Study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13(3), pp. 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0043
Associations between the neighborhood environment and moderate-to-vigorous walking in New Zealand children : Findings from the URBAN Study
McGrath, Leslie J., Hinckson, Erica A., Hopkins, Will G., Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen and Schofield, Grant. (2016). Associations between the neighborhood environment and moderate-to-vigorous walking in New Zealand children : Findings from the URBAN Study. Sports Medicine. 46(7), pp. 1003-1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0533-x
Active transport, physical activity, and distance between home and school in children and adolescents
Duncan, Scott, White, Kate, Mavoa, Suzanne, Stewart, Tom, Hinckson, Erica and Schofield, Grant. (2016). Active transport, physical activity, and distance between home and school in children and adolescents. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13(4), pp. 447-453. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0054
Neighbourhood built environment associations with body size in adults : mediating effects of activity and sedentariness in a cross-sectional study of New Zealand adults
Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen, Blakely, Tony, Parker, Karl, Badland, Hannah, Schofield, Grant, Ivory, Vivienne, Pearce, Jamie, Mavoa, Suzanne, Hinckson, Erica, Sweetsur, Paul and Kearns, Robin. (2015). Neighbourhood built environment associations with body size in adults : mediating effects of activity and sedentariness in a cross-sectional study of New Zealand adults. BMC Public Health. 15, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2292-2
Assessing neighbourhood destination access for children : Development of the NDAI-C audit tool
Badland, Hannah, Donovan, Phil, Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Chaudhury, Moushumi and Witten, Karen. (2015). Assessing neighbourhood destination access for children : Development of the NDAI-C audit tool. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 42(6), pp. 1148-1160. https://doi.org/10.1068/b140009p
Age-friendly cities and communities : Access to services for older people
Lowen, Tamara, Davern, Melanie, Mavoa, Suzanne and Brasher, Kathleen. (2015). Age-friendly cities and communities : Access to services for older people. Australian Planner. 52(4), pp. 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2015.1047874
The development of policy-relevant transport indicators to monitor health behaviours and outcomes
Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Villanueva, Karen, Roberts, Rebecca, Davern, Melanie and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2015). The development of policy-relevant transport indicators to monitor health behaviours and outcomes. Journal of Transport and Health. 2(2), pp. 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2014.07.005
Developing indicators of public open space to promote health and wellbeing in communities
Villanueva, Karen, Badland, Hannah, Hooper, Paula, Koohsari, Mohammad, Mavoa, Suzanne, Davern, Melanie, Roberts, Rebecca, Goldfeld, Sharon and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2015). Developing indicators of public open space to promote health and wellbeing in communities. Applied Geography. 57, pp. 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.12.003
Associations between the neighbourhood built environment and out of school physical activity and active travel : An examination from the Kids in the City study
Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Parker, Karl, Donovan, Phil, Kearns, Robin, Lin, En-Yi and Witten, Karen. (2015). Associations between the neighbourhood built environment and out of school physical activity and active travel : An examination from the Kids in the City study. Health & Place. 36, pp. 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.09.005
Environmental and socio-demographic associates of children's active transport to school : a cross-sectional from the URBAN Study
Oliver, Melody, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, Kearns, Robin, Ellaway, Anne, Hinckson, Erica, Mackay, Lisa and Schluter, Philip. (2014). Environmental and socio-demographic associates of children's active transport to school : a cross-sectional from the URBAN Study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 11, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-70
Do low-income neighbourhoods have the least green space? A cross-sectional study of Australia's most populous cities
Astell-Burt, Thomas, Feng, Xiaoqi, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2014). Do low-income neighbourhoods have the least green space? A cross-sectional study of Australia's most populous cities. BMC Public Health. 14, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-292
Distance to school is associated with sedentary time in children : findings from the URBAN study
Hinckson, Erica, McGrath, Les, Hopkins, Will, Oliver, Melody, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen and Kearns, Robin. (2014). Distance to school is associated with sedentary time in children : findings from the URBAN study. Frontiers in Public Health. 2, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00151
Developing a research and practice tool to measure walkability : a demonstration project
Giles-Corti, Billie, Macaulay, Gus, Middleton, Nick, Boruff, Bryan, Bull, Fiona, Butterworth, Iain, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Roberts, Rebecca and Christian, Hayley. (2014). Developing a research and practice tool to measure walkability : a demonstration project. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 25(3), pp. 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1071/HE14050
What constitutes a 'trip'? Examining child journey attributes using GPS and self-report
Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Carroll, Penelope, Asiasiga, Lanuola, Tavae, N, Kearns, Robin and Witten, Karen. (2014). What constitutes a 'trip'? Examining child journey attributes using GPS and self-report. Children's Geographies. 12(2), pp. 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2014.890370
Utility of passive photography to objectively audit built environment features of active transport journeys : an observational study
Oliver, Melody, Doherty, Aiden, Kelly, Paul, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Shepherd, Janine, Kerr, Jacqueline, Marshall, Simon, Hamilton, Alexander and Foster, Charlie. (2013). Utility of passive photography to objectively audit built environment features of active transport journeys : an observational study. International Journal of Health Geographics. 12(20), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12-20
Using simple agent-based modeling to inform and enhance neighborhood walkability
Badland, Hannah, White, Marcus, MacAulay, Gus, Eagleson, Serryn, Mavoa, Suzanne, Pettit, Christopher and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2013). Using simple agent-based modeling to inform and enhance neighborhood walkability. International Journal of Health Geographics. 12, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12-58
Portable Global Positioning System Receivers : Static Validity and Environmental Conditions
Duncan, Scott, Stewart, Tom, Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, MacRae, Deborah, Badland, Hannah and Duncan, Mitch. (2013). Portable Global Positioning System Receivers : Static Validity and Environmental Conditions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 44(2), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.013
Using SenseCam Images to Assess the Environment
Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Kerr, Jacqueline, Doherty, Aiden and Witten, Karen. (2013). Using SenseCam Images to Assess the Environment. United States: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 84 https://doi.org/10.1145/2526667.2526683
Neighborhood built environment and transport and leisure physical activity : findings using objective exposure and outcome measures in New Zealand
Witten, Karen, Blakely, Tony, Bagheri, Nasser, Badland, Hannah, Ivory, Vivienne, Pearce, Jamie, Mavoa, Suzanne, Hinckson, Erica and Schofield, Grant. (2012). Neighborhood built environment and transport and leisure physical activity : findings using objective exposure and outcome measures in New Zealand. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120(7), pp. 971-977. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104584
Association of neighbourhood residence and preferences with the built environment, work-related travel behaviours, and health implications for employed adults : Findings from the URBAN study
Badland, Hannah, Oliver, Melody, Kearns, Robin, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, Duncan, Mitch and Batty, G. David. (2012). Association of neighbourhood residence and preferences with the built environment, work-related travel behaviours, and health implications for employed adults : Findings from the URBAN study. Social Science and Medicine. 75(8), pp. 1469-1476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.029
GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland, New Zealand
Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, McCreanor, Tim and O'Sullivan, David. (2012). GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland, New Zealand. Journal of Transport Geography. 20(1), pp. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.001
Linking GPS and travel diary data using sequence alignment in a study of children's independent mobility
Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen and Badland, Hannah. (2011). Linking GPS and travel diary data using sequence alignment in a study of children's independent mobility. International Journal of Health Geographics. 10, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-10-64
Social and recreational travel : The destinations, travel modes and CO2 emissions of New Zealand households
Witten, Karen, Huakau, John and Mavoa, Suzanne. (2011). Social and recreational travel : The destinations, travel modes and CO2 emissions of New Zealand households. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand : te puna whakaaro. (37), pp. 1-13.
Kids in the city study : research design and methodology
Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen, Kearns, Robin, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Carroll, Penelope, Drumheller, Chelsea, Tavae, Nicola, Asiasiga, Lanuola, Jelley, Su, Kaiwai, Hector, Opit, Simon, Lin, En-Yi, Sweetsur, Paul, Barnes, Helen, Mason, Nic and Ergler, Christina. (2011). Kids in the city study : research design and methodology. BMC Public Health. 11, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-587