The ethics of child maltreatment surveys in relation to participant distress : Implications of social science evidence, ethical guidelines, and law

Journal article


Matthews, Ben, Macmillan, Harriet L., Meinck, Franziska, Finkelhor, David, Haslam, Divna, Tonmyr, Lil, Gonzalez, Andrea, Afifi, Tracie O., Scott, James G., Pacella, Rosana E., Higgins, Daryl J., Thomas, Hannah, Collin-Vézina, Delphine and Walsh, Kerryann. (2022). The ethics of child maltreatment surveys in relation to participant distress : Implications of social science evidence, ethical guidelines, and law. Child Abuse and Neglect. 123, p. Article 105424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105424
AuthorsMatthews, Ben, Macmillan, Harriet L., Meinck, Franziska, Finkelhor, David, Haslam, Divna, Tonmyr, Lil, Gonzalez, Andrea, Afifi, Tracie O., Scott, James G., Pacella, Rosana E., Higgins, Daryl J., Thomas, Hannah, Collin-Vézina, Delphine and Walsh, Kerryann
Abstract

Epidemiological surveys measuring the prevalence of child maltreatment generate essential knowledge that is required to enhance human rights, promote gender equality, and reduce child abuse and neglect and its effects. Yet, evidence suggests Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) may assess the risk of these studies using higher than normal thresholds, based on a perception they may cause high distress to participants. It is essential for IRBs and researchers to have an accurate understanding of the nature and extent of participant distress associated with these studies, and of the duties of researchers towards survey participants, so that meritorious research is endorsed and duties to participants discharged. Assessment by IRBs of the ethics of such research must be appropriately informed by scientific evidence, ethical principles, and legal requirements. This article adds to knowledge by considering participant distress in child maltreatment surveys and its appropriate ethical and operational treatment. We provide an updated overview of scientific evidence of the frequency and severity of distress in studies of child maltreatment, a review of ethical requirements including a focus on beneficence and participant welfare, and a new analysis of researchers' legal duties towards participants. Our analyses demonstrate that participant distress is infrequent and transitory, that researchers can satisfy ethical requirements towards participants, and that legal liability does not extend to emotional distress. Informed by these bodies of knowledge, we distil key principles of good epidemiological practice to provide solutions to operational requirements in these surveys, which both fulfil ethical requirements to participants, and demonstrate trauma-informed practice.

Keywordschild maltreatment; violence against children; surveys; research ethics; responses to research participation; distress
Year2022
JournalChild Abuse and Neglect
Journal citation123, p. Article 105424
PublisherElsevier Ltd
ISSN0145-2134
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105424
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85120649023
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range1-11
FunderNational Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online06 Dec 2021
Publication process dates
Accepted29 Nov 2021
Deposited08 Mar 2022
Grant IDNHMRC/1158750
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Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Child Abuse and Neglect. 64, pp. 47 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.002
Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention
Scott, Debbie, Lonne, Bob and Higgins, Daryl. (2016). Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 17(4), pp. 408 - 419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016658877
How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe?
Higgins, Daryl J., Kaufman, Keith and Erooga, Marcus. (2016). How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe? Developing Practice.
Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse
Quadara, Antonia, Nagy, Vicky, Higgins, Daryl and Siegel, Natalie. (2015). Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2015). A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children. Family Matters. 96, pp. 39 - 52.
The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2
Edwards, Ben, Mullan, Killian, Katz, Lian and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2 Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience
Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 299 - 303 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia
Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia. In Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 1 - 4 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions
Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions. 36(4), pp. 8 - 11.
Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support
Bromfield, Leah, Arney, Fiona and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 121 - 129 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2014). Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia. In In M. Robila (Ed.). Handbook of family policies across the globe pp. 335 - 353 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6771-7_22
Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies
Kenny, Pauline and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 29 - 38 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks
Price-Robertson, Rhys, Higgins, Daryl J. and Vassallo, Suzanne. (2013). Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks. Family Matters. 93, pp. 84 - 98.
Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice
Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Children and Families Australia. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.
Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice
Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Communities, Children and Families. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.
Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn
Baxter, Jennifer, Higgins, Daryl J. and Hayes, Alan. (2012). Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn. Family Matters. 90, pp. 98 - 105.
Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response
Higgins, Daryl and Scott, Debbie. (2012). Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response. In In H. Dubowitz (Ed.). World perspectives on child abuse pp. 69 - 75 International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development
Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, Gerard and Knezevic, Goran. (2012). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. In In G. J. Boyle, Donald H. Saklofske and G. Matthews (Ed.). Psychological Assessment pp. 41 - 67 SAGE Publications Inc..
Protecting children: Evolving systems
Higgins, Daryl. (2011). Protecting children: Evolving systems. Family Matters.
Unfit mothers... Unjust practices?: Key issues from Australian research on the impact of past adoption practices
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2011). Unfit mothers... Unjust practices?: Key issues from Australian research on the impact of past adoption practices. Family Matters. 87(1), pp. 56 - 67.
Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development
Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, G. and Kneszevic, G. (2010). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. Psychological Assessment. 22(2), pp. 246 - 258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017372