Overtraining syndrome symptoms and diagnosis in athletes : Where is the research? A systematic review

Journal article


Weakley, Jonathon, Halson, Shona and Mujika, Inigo. (2022). Overtraining syndrome symptoms and diagnosis in athletes : Where is the research? A systematic review. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 17(5), pp. 675-681. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0448
AuthorsWeakley, Jonathon, Halson, Shona and Mujika, Inigo
Abstract

Context: To understand overtraining syndrome (OTS), it is important to detail the physiological and psychological changes that occur in athletes. Objectives: To systematically establish and detail the physiological and psychological changes that occur as a result of OTS in athletes. Methods: Databases were searched for studies that were (1) original investigations; (2) English, full-text articles; (3) published in peer-reviewed journals; (4) investigations into adult humans and provided (5) objective evidence that detailed changes in performance from prior to the onset of OTS diagnosis and that performance was suppressed for more than 4 weeks and (6) objective evidence of psychological symptoms. Results: Zero studies provided objective evidence of detailed changes in performance from prior to the onset of OTS diagnosis and demonstrated suppressed performance for more than 4 weeks accompanied by changes in psychological symptoms. Conclusions: All studies failed to provide evidence of changes in performance and mood from “healthy” to an overtrained state with evidence of prolonged suppression of performance. While OTS may be observed in the field, little data is available describing how physiological and psychological symptoms manifest. This stems from vague terminology, difficulties in monitoring for prolonged periods of time, and the need for prospective testing. Real-world settings may facilitate the collection of such data, but the ideal testing battery that can easily be conducted on a regular basis does not yet exist. Consequently, it must be concluded that an evidence base of sufficient scientific quality for understanding OTS in athletes is lacking.

KeywordsOTS; physiological; psychological; recovery
Year01 Jan 2022
JournalInternational Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
Journal citation17 (5), pp. 675-681
PublisherHuman Kinetics Publishers
ISSN1555-0273
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0448
PubMed Central ID35320774
Web address (URL)https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijspp/17/5/article-p675.xml
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range675-681
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Online23 Mar 2022
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Deposited04 Jan 2023
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Accepted author manuscript version reprinted, by permission, from International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(5), 675-681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0448. © Human Kinetics, Inc.

Place of publicationUnited States
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Horgan, Barry G., Drew, Michael K., Halson, Shona L., Piromalli, Laura E., Drinkwater, Eric J., Chapman, Dale W. and Haff, G. Gregory. (2021). Impaired recovery is associated with increased injury and illness : A retrospective study of 536 female netball athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 31(3), pp. 691-701. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13866
The validity and reliability of wearable microtechnology for intermittent team sports : A systematic review
Crang, Zachary L., Duthie, Grant, Cole, Michael H., Weakley, Jonathon, Hewitt, Adam and Johnston, Rich D.. (2021). The validity and reliability of wearable microtechnology for intermittent team sports : A systematic review. Sports Medicine. 51(3), pp. 549-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01399-1
The validity and reliability of commercially available resistance training monitoring devices : A systematic review
Weakley, Jonathon, Morrison, Matthew, García-Ramos, Amador, Johnston, Rich, James, Lachlan and Cole, Michael H.. (2021). The validity and reliability of commercially available resistance training monitoring devices : A systematic review. Sports Medicine. 51(3), pp. 443-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01382-w
Influence of countermovement depth on the countermovement jump-derived reactive strength index modified
Pérez-Castilla, Alejandro, Weakley, Jonathon, García-Pinillos, Felipe, Rojas, F. Javier and García-Ramos, Amador. (2021). Influence of countermovement depth on the countermovement jump-derived reactive strength index modified. European Journal of Sport Science. 21(12), pp. 1606-1616. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1845815
Does site matter? Impact of inertial measurement unit placement on the validity and reliability of stride variables during running : A systematic review and meta-analysis
Horsley, Benjamin J., Tofari, Paul J., Halson, Shona L., Kemp, Justin G., Dickson, Jessica, Maniar, Nirav and Cormack, Stuart J.. (2021). Does site matter? Impact of inertial measurement unit placement on the validity and reliability of stride variables during running : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 51(7), pp. 1449-1489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01443-8
Cognitive Load in Sport
Russell, Suzanna, Kelly, Vincent, Halson, Shona and Jenkins, David. (2020). Cognitive Load in Sport. In Human Factors and Ergonomics in Sport pp. 181-200 CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351060073-14
Velocity loss thresholds reliably control kinetic and kinematic outputs during free weight resistance training
Pearson, Madison, García-Ramos, Amador, Morrison, Matthew, Ramirez-Lopez, Carlos, Dalton-Barron, Nicholas and Weakley, Jonathon. (2020). Velocity loss thresholds reliably control kinetic and kinematic outputs during free weight resistance training. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(18), p. Article 6509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186509
Applied sport science for male age-grade rugby union in England
Till, Kevin, Weakley, Jonathon, Read, Dale B., Phibbs, Padraic, Darrall-Jones, Josh, Roe, Greg, Chantler, Sarah, Mellalieu, Stephen, Hislop, Michael, Stokes, Keith, Rock, Andrew and Jones, Ben. (2020). Applied sport science for male age-grade rugby union in England. Sports Medicine - Open. 6(1), p. Article 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-020-0236-6
A validation study of the WHOOP strap against polysomnography to assess sleep
Miller, Dean J., Lastella, Michele, Scanlan, Aaron T., Bellenger, Clint, Halson, Shona L., Roach, Gregory D. and Sargent, Charli. (2020). A validation study of the WHOOP strap against polysomnography to assess sleep. Journal of Sports Sciences. 38(22), pp. 2631-2636. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1797448
A complex relationship : Sleep, external training load, and well-being in elite Australian footballers
Lalor, Benita J., Halson, Shona L., Tran, Jacqueline, Kemp, Justin G. and Cormack, Stuart J.. (2020). A complex relationship : Sleep, external training load, and well-being in elite Australian footballers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15(6), pp. 777-787. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0061
The impact of training load on sleep during a 14-Day training camp in elite, adolescent, female basketball players
Michele, Lastella, Gregory, D. Roach, Grace, E. Vincent, Aaron, T. Scanlan, Shona, L. Halson and Charli, Sargent. (2020). The impact of training load on sleep during a 14-Day training camp in elite, adolescent, female basketball players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15(5), pp. 724-730. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0157
Perceptions and use of recovery strategies : Do swimmers and coaches believe they are effective?
Shell, Stephanie J., Slattery, Katie, Clark, Brad, Broatch, James R., Halson, Shona, Kellmann, Michael and Coutts, Aaron J.. (2020). Perceptions and use of recovery strategies : Do swimmers and coaches believe they are effective? Journal of Sports Sciences. 38(18), pp. 2092-2099. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1770925
Optimisation and validation of a nutritional intervention to enhance sleep quality and quantity
Halson, Shona L., Shaw, Gregory, Versey, Nathan, Miller, Dean J., Sargent, Charli, Roach, Gregory D., Nyman, Lara, Carter, James M. and Baar, Keith. (2020). Optimisation and validation of a nutritional intervention to enhance sleep quality and quantity. Nutrients. 12(9), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092579
Obstructive sleep apnea in professional rugby league athletes : An exploratory study
Caia, Johnpaul, Halson, Shona L., Scott, Andrew and Kelly, Vincent G.. (2020). Obstructive sleep apnea in professional rugby league athletes : An exploratory study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 23(11), pp. 1011-1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.014
Testing methods and physical qualities of male age grade rugby union players : A systematic review
Owen, Cameron, Till, Kevin, Weakley, Jonathon and Jones, Ben. (2020). Testing methods and physical qualities of male age grade rugby union players : A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 15(6), p. e0233796. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233796
Show me, tell me, encourage me : The effect of different forms of feedback on resistance training performance
Weakley, Jonathon, Wilson, Kyle, Till, Kevin, Banyard, Harry, Dyson, James, Phibbs, Padraic, Read, Dale and Jones, Ben. (2020). Show me, tell me, encourage me : The effect of different forms of feedback on resistance training performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 34(11), pp. 3157-3163. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002887
Convergent validity, reliability, and sensitivity of a running test to monitor neuromuscular fatigue
Leduc, Cédric, Tee, Jason, Lacome, Mathieu, Weakley, Jonathon, Cheradame, Jeremy, Ramirez, Carlos and Jones, Ben. (2020). Convergent validity, reliability, and sensitivity of a running test to monitor neuromuscular fatigue. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15(8), pp. 1067-1073. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2019-0319
Compression garments reduce muscle movement and activation during submaximal running
Broatch, James R., Brophy-Williams, N. E. D., Phillips, Elissa J., O’Bryan, Steven J., Halson, Shona L., Barnes, Shannon and Bishop, David J.. (2020). Compression garments reduce muscle movement and activation during submaximal running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 52(3), pp. 685-695. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002182
Resistance training upregulates skeletal muscle Na+, K+-ATPase content, with elevations in both α1 and α2, but not β isoforms
Altarawneh, Muath M., Petersen, Aaron C., Farr, Trevor, Garnham, Andrew, Broatch, James R., Halson, Shona, Bishop, David J. and McKenna, Michael J.. (2020). Resistance training upregulates skeletal muscle Na+, K+-ATPase content, with elevations in both α1 and α2, but not β isoforms. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 120(8), pp. 1777-1785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04408-3
How to manage travel fatigue and jet lag in athletes? A systematic review of interventions
Janse van Rensburg, Dina C., Jansen van Rensburg, Audrey, Fowler, Peter, Fullagar, Hugh, Stevens, David, Halson, Shona, Bender, Amy, Vincent, Grace, Claassen-Smithers, Amanda, Dunican, Ian, Roach, Gregory Daniel, Sargent, Charli, Lastella, Michele and Cronje, Tanita. (2020). How to manage travel fatigue and jet lag in athletes? A systematic review of interventions. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54(16), pp. 960-968. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101635
Changes in subjective mental and physical fatigue during netball games in elite development athletes
Russell, Suzanna, Jenkins, David, Halson, Shona and Kelly, Vincent. (2020). Changes in subjective mental and physical fatigue during netball games in elite development athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 23(6), pp. 615-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.017
The Challenge of Maintaining Metabolic Health During a Global Pandemic
Andy J. King, Louise M. Burke, Shona L. Halson and John A. Hawley. (2020). The Challenge of Maintaining Metabolic Health During a Global Pandemic. Sports Medicine. 50(7), pp. 1233-1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01295-8
Key viral immune genes and pathways identify elite athletes with URS
Colbey, Candice, Drew, Michael K., Cox, Amanda J., Vider, Jelena, Pyne, David B., Vlahovich, Nicole, Hughes, David, Waddington, Gordon, Appaneal, Renee, Burke, Louise M., Lundy, Bronwen, Toomey, Mary, Watts, David, Lovell, Gregory, Praet, Stephan, Halson, Shona L., Welvaert, Marijke, Zhang, Ping, Cripps, Allan W. and West, Nicholas P. (2020). Key viral immune genes and pathways identify elite athletes with URS. Exercise Immunology Review. 26, pp. 56-78.
The Quality, Quantity, and Intraindividual Variability of Sleep Among Students and Student-Athletes
Leduc, Cédric, Tee, Jason, Weakley, Jonathon, Ramírez, Carlos A. and Jones, Ben. (2020). The Quality, Quantity, and Intraindividual Variability of Sleep Among Students and Student-Athletes. Sports Health. 12(1), pp. 43 - 50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738119887966
The effects of 10%, 20%, and 30% velocity loss thresholds on kinetic, kinematic, and repetition characteristics during the barbell back squat
Weakley, Jonathon, Ramirez-Lopez, Carlos, McLaren, Shaun, Dalton-Barron, Nicholas, Weaving, Dan, Jones, Ben, Till, Kevin and Banyard, Harry. (2020). The effects of 10%, 20%, and 30% velocity loss thresholds on kinetic, kinematic, and repetition characteristics during the barbell back squat. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15(2), pp. 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-1008
Criterion validity, and interunit and between-day reliability of the FLEX for measuring barbell velocity during commonly used resistance training exercises
Weakley, Jonathon, Chalkley, Daniel, Johnston, Rich, García-Ramos, Amador, Townshend, Andrew, Dorrell, Harry, Pearson, Madison, Morrison, Matthew and Cole, Michael. (2020). Criterion validity, and interunit and between-day reliability of the FLEX for measuring barbell velocity during commonly used resistance training exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 34(6), pp. 1519 - 1524. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003592
Reliability of the velocity achieved during the last repetition of sets to failure and its association with the velocity of the 1-repetition maximum
García-Ramos, Amador, Janicijevic, Danica, González-Hernández, Jorge M., Keogh, Justin W. L. and Weakley, Jonathon. (2020). Reliability of the velocity achieved during the last repetition of sets to failure and its association with the velocity of the 1-repetition maximum. PeerJ. 8, pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8760
Application of velocity loss thresholds during free-weight resistance training: Responses and reproducibility of perceptual, metabolic, and neuromuscular outcomes
Weakley, Jonathon, McLaren, Shaun, Ramirez-Lopez, Carlos, García-Ramos, Amador, Dalton-Barron, Nicholas, Banyard, Harry, Mann, Bryan, Weaving, Dan and Jones, Ben. (2020). Application of velocity loss thresholds during free-weight resistance training: Responses and reproducibility of perceptual, metabolic, and neuromuscular outcomes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 38(5), pp. 477 - 485. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1706831
Effect of competition frequency on strength performance of powerlifting athletes
Pearson, Joshua, Spathis, Jemima G., van den Hoek, Daniel J., Owen, Patrick J., Weakley, Jonathon and Latella, Christopher. (2020). Effect of competition frequency on strength performance of powerlifting athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 34(5), pp. 1213 - 1219. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003563
The application of mental fatigue research to elite team sport performance : New perspectives
Russell, Suzanna, Jenkins, David, Smith, Mitchell, Halson, Shona and Kelly, Vincent. (2019). The application of mental fatigue research to elite team sport performance : New perspectives. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 22(6), pp. 723-728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.008
Sleep monitoring in athletes : Motivation, methods, miscalculations and why it matters
Halson, Shona. (2019). Sleep monitoring in athletes : Motivation, methods, miscalculations and why it matters. Sports Medicine. 49(10), pp. 1487-1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01119-4
What is mental fatigue in elite sport? Perceptions from athletes and staff
Russell, Suzanna, Jenkins, David, Rynne, Steven, Halson, Shona L. and Kelly, Vincent. (2019). What is mental fatigue in elite sport? Perceptions from athletes and staff. European Journal of Sport Science. 19(10), pp. 1367-1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1618397
Sleep patterns and alertness in an elite super rugby team during a game week
Dunican, Ian C., Higgin, Charles C., Murray, Kevin, Jones, Maddison J., Dawson, Brian, Caldwell, John A., Halson, Shona L. and Eastwood, Peter R.. (2019). Sleep patterns and alertness in an elite super rugby team during a game week. Journal of Human Kinetics. 67(1), pp. 111-121. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0088
Sleep and salivary testosterone and cortisol during a short preseason camp : A study in professional rugby union
Serpell, Benjamin G., Horgan, Barry G., Colomer, Carmen M. E., Field, Byron, Halson, Shona L. and Cook, Christian J.. (2019). Sleep and salivary testosterone and cortisol during a short preseason camp : A study in professional rugby union. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 14(6), pp. 796-804. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0600
Effects of various recovery strategies on repeated bouts of simulated intermittent activity
Crowther, Fiona A., Sealey, Rebecca M., Crowe, Melissa J., Edwards, Andrew M. and Halson, Shona L.. (2019). Effects of various recovery strategies on repeated bouts of simulated intermittent activity. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33(7), pp. 1781-1794. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002396
Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training
Fyfe, Jackson J., Broatch, James R., Trewin, Adam J., Hanson, Erik D., Argus, Christos K., Garnham, Andrew P., Halson, Shona L., Polman, Remco C., Bishop, David J. and Petersen, Aaron C.. (2019). Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 127(5), pp. 1403-1418. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00127.2019
Nutrition for travel : From jet lag to catering
Halson, Shona L., Burke, Louise M. and Pearce, Jeni. (2019). Nutrition for travel : From jet lag to catering. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 29(2), pp. 228-235. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0278
The effects of cold water immersion on the amount and quality of sleep obtained by elite cyclists during a simulated hill climbing tour
Lastella, Michelle, Roach, G. D., Halson, Shona and Sargent, C.. (2019). The effects of cold water immersion on the amount and quality of sleep obtained by elite cyclists during a simulated hill climbing tour. Sport Sciences for Health. 15(1), pp. 223 - 228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-018-0522-6
Effects of sports compression socks on performance, physiological, and hematological alterations after long-haul air travel in elite female volleyballers
Broatch, James R., Bishop, David J., Zadow, Emma K. and Halson, Shona. (2019). Effects of sports compression socks on performance, physiological, and hematological alterations after long-haul air travel in elite female volleyballers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33(2), pp. 492-501. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003002
Structure of force variability during squats performed with an inertial flywheel device under stable versus unstable surfaces
Moras, Gerard, Vázquez-Guerrero, Jairo, Fernández-Valdés, Bruno, Rosas-Casals, Marti, Weakley, Jonathon, Jones, Ben and Sampaio, Jaime. (2019). Structure of force variability during squats performed with an inertial flywheel device under stable versus unstable surfaces. Human Movement Science. 66, pp. 497 - 503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2019.05.022
Assessment of the load-velocity profile in the free-weight prone bench pull exercise through different velocity variables and regression models
García-Ramos, Amador, Ulloa-Díaz, David, Barboza-González, Paola, Rodríguez-Perea, Ángela, Martínez-García, Darío, Quidel-Catrilelbún, Mauricio, Guede-Rojas, Francisco, Cuevas-Aburto, Jesualdo, Janicijevic, Danica and Weakley, Jonathon. (2019). Assessment of the load-velocity profile in the free-weight prone bench pull exercise through different velocity variables and regression models. PLoS ONE. 14(2), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212085
Criterion validity of force and power outputs for a commonly used flywheel resistance training device and bluetooth app
Weakley, Jonathon, Fernández-Valdés, Bruno, Thomas, Liam, Ramirez-Lopez, Carlos and Jones, Ben. (2019). Criterion validity of force and power outputs for a commonly used flywheel resistance training device and bluetooth app. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33(5), pp. 1180 - 1184. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003132
The effects of augmented feedback on sprint, jump, and strength adaptations in rugby union players after a 4-week training program
Weakley, Jonathon, Till, Kevin, Sampson, John Andrew, Banyard, Harry, Leduc, Cédric, Wilson, Kyle M., Roe, Gregory A. B. and Jones, Ben. (2019). The effects of augmented feedback on sprint, jump, and strength adaptations in rugby union players after a 4-week training program. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 14(9), pp. 1205 - 1211. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0523
Reliability and validity of different methods of estimating the one-repetition maximum during the free-weight prone bench pull exercise
García-Ramos, Amador, Barboza-González, Paola, Ulloa-Díaz, David, Rodríguez-Perea, Ángela, Martínez-García, Darío, Guede-Rojas, Francisco, Hinojosa-Riveros, Hans, Chirosa-Ríos, Luis Javier, Cuevas-Aburto, Jesualdo, Janicijevic, Danica and Weakley, Jonathon. (2019). Reliability and validity of different methods of estimating the one-repetition maximum during the free-weight prone bench pull exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences. 37(19), pp. 2205 - 2212. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1626071
Monitoring athletes during training camps : Observations and translatable strategies from elite road cyclists and swimmers
Saw, Anna E., Halson, Shona L. and Mujika, Iñigo. (2018). Monitoring athletes during training camps : Observations and translatable strategies from elite road cyclists and swimmers. Sports. 6(3), p. Article 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030063
Longer sleep durations are positively associated with finishing place during a national multiday netball competition
Laura E. Juliff, Shona Halson, Jeffrey J. Hebert, Peta L. Forsyth and Jeremiah John Peiffer. (2018). Longer sleep durations are positively associated with finishing place during a national multiday netball competition. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 32(1), pp. 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001793
Can sleep be used as an indicator of overreaching and overtraining in athletes?
Michelle Lastella, Grace E. Vincent, Rob Duffield, Gregory D. Roach, Shona Halson, Luke J. Heales and Charli Sargent. (2018). Can sleep be used as an indicator of overreaching and overtraining in athletes? Frontiers in Physiology. 9, pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00436
Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement
Michael Kellmann, Maurizio Bertollo, Laurent Bosquet, Michel Brink, Aaron Coutts, Rob Duffield, Daniel Erlacher, Shona Halson, Anne Hecksteden, Jahan Heidari, Wolfgang Kallus, R Meeusen, I Mujika, Claudio Robazza, Sabrina Skorski, Ranel Venter and Jürgen Beckmann. (2018). Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 13(2), pp. 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759
Development of the athlete sleep behavior questionnaire: A tool for identifying maladaptive sleep practices in elite athletes
Matthew W Driller, Cheri D Mah and Shona Halson. (2018). Development of the athlete sleep behavior questionnaire: A tool for identifying maladaptive sleep practices in elite athletes. Sleep Science. 11(1), pp. 37-44.
The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists
Woods, Amy L., Rice, Anthony J., Garvican-Lewis, Laura A., Wallett, Alice M., Lundy, Bronwen, Rogers, Margot A., Welvaert, Marijke, Halson, Shona, McKune, Andrew and Thompson, Kevin G.. (2018). The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists. PLoS ONE. 13(2), pp. 1 - 24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191644
Organized chaos in late specialization team sports: Weekly training loads of elite adolescent rugby union players
Phibbs, Padraic J., Jones, Ben, Roe, Gregory A. B., Read, Dale B., Darrall-Jones, Joshua David, Weakley, Jonathon, Rock, Andrew and Till, Kevin. (2018). Organized chaos in late specialization team sports: Weekly training loads of elite adolescent rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 32(5), pp. 1316 - 1323. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001965
An integrated, multifactorial approach to periodization for optimal performance in individual and team sports
Mujika, Iñigo, Halson, Shona, Burke, Louise M., Balagué, Gloria and Farrow, Damian. (2018). An integrated, multifactorial approach to periodization for optimal performance in individual and team sports. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 13(5), pp. 538 - 561. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0093
The physical characteristics of specific phases of play during rugby union match play
Read, Dale B., Jones, Ben, Williams, Sean, Phibbs, Padraic J., Darrall-Jones, Joshua David, Roe, Gregory A. B., Weakley, Jonathon, Rock, Andrew and Till, Kevin. (2018). The physical characteristics of specific phases of play during rugby union match play. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 13(10), pp. 1331 - 1336. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0625
Understanding the relationship between coach and athlete perceptions of training intensity in youth sport
Scantlebury, Sean, Till, Kevin, Sawczuk, Tom, Weakley, Jonathon and Jones, Ben. (2018). Understanding the relationship between coach and athlete perceptions of training intensity in youth sport. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 32(11), pp. 3239 - 3245. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002204
The organised chaos of English adolescent rugby union: Influence of weekly match frequency on the variability of match and training loads
Phibbs, Padraic J., Jones, Ben, Roe, Gregory A. B., Read, Dale B., Darrall-Jones, Joshua David, Weakley, Jonathon, Rock, Andrew and Till, Kevin. (2018). The organised chaos of English adolescent rugby union: Influence of weekly match frequency on the variability of match and training loads. European Journal of Sport Science. 18(3), pp. 341 - 348. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1418026
Between-day reliability and usefulness of a fitness testing battery in youth sport athletes: Reference data for practitioners
Sawczuk, Thomas, Jones, Ben, Scantlebury, Sean, Weakley, Jonathon, Read, Dale B., Costello, Nessan, Darrall-Jones, Joshua David, Stokes, Keith A. and Till, Kevin. (2018). Between-day reliability and usefulness of a fitness testing battery in youth sport athletes: Reference data for practitioners. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 22(1), pp. 11 - 18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2017.1360304
Evening electronic device use: The effects on alertness, sleep and next-day physical performance in athletes
Jones, Maddison J., Peeling, Peter, Dawson, Brian, Halson, Shona, Miller, Joanna, Dunican, Ian C., Clarke, Michael W., Goodman, Craig and Eastwood, Peter R.. (2018). Evening electronic device use: The effects on alertness, sleep and next-day physical performance in athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 36(2), pp. 162 - 170. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1287936
Bigger, stronger, faster, fitter: The differences in physical qualities of school and academy rugby union players
Jones, Ben, Weaving, Dan, Tee, Jason, Darrall-Jones, Joshua David, Weakley, Jonathon, Phibbs, Padraic J., Read, Dale B., Roe, Gregory A. B., Hendricks, Sharief and Till, Kevin. (2018). Bigger, stronger, faster, fitter: The differences in physical qualities of school and academy rugby union players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 36(21), pp. 2399 - 2404. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1458589
The psychomotor vigilance test: A comparison of different test durations in elite athletes
Jones, Maddison J., Dunican, Ian C., Murray, Kevin, Peeling, Peter, Dawson, Brian, Halson, Shona, Miller, Joanna and Eastwood, Peter R.. (2018). The psychomotor vigilance test: A comparison of different test durations in elite athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 36(18), pp. 2033 - 2037. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1433443
Lower limb sports compression garments improve muscle blood flow and exercise performance during repeated-sprint cycling
Broatch, James R., Bishop, David J. and Halson, Shona. (2018). Lower limb sports compression garments improve muscle blood flow and exercise performance during repeated-sprint cycling. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 13(7), pp. 882 - 890. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0638
Sleep, sport, and the brain
Halson, Shona L. and Juliff, Laura E.. (2017). Sleep, sport, and the brain. Progress in Brain Research. 234, pp. 13-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.06.006
Cold-water immersion for athletic recovery: One size does not fit all
Jessica M. Stephens, Shona Halson, Joanna Miller, Gary Slater and Christopher D. Askew. (2017). Cold-water immersion for athletic recovery: One size does not fit all. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12(1), pp. 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0095
A multifactorial evaluation of illness risk factors in athletes preparing for the Summer Olympic Games
Drew, Michael K., Vlahovich, Nicole, Hughes, David, Appaneal, Renee, Peterson, Kirsten, Burke, Louise, Lundy, Bronwen, Toomey, Mary, Watts, David, Lovell, Gregory, Praet, Stephan, Halson, Shona, Colbey, Candice, Manzanero, Silvia, Welvaert, Marijke, West, Nic P., Pyne, David B. and Waddington, Gordon. (2017). A multifactorial evaluation of illness risk factors in athletes preparing for the Summer Olympic Games. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 20(8), pp. 745 - 750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.02.010
Greater effect of east versus west travel on jet lag, sleep, and team sport performance
Fowler, Peter M., Knez, Wade, Crowcroft, Stephen, Mendham, Amy E., Miller, Joanna, Sargent, Charli, Halson, Shona and Duffield, Rob. (2017). Greater effect of east versus west travel on jet lag, sleep, and team sport performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 49(12), pp. 2548 - 2561. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001374
Team sport athletes' perceptions and use of recovery strategies: A mixed-methods survey study
Crowther, Fiona, Sealey, Rebecca, Crowe, Melissa, Edwards, Andrew and Halson, Shona. (2017). Team sport athletes' perceptions and use of recovery strategies: A mixed-methods survey study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 9(1), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-017-0071-3
Cold-water immersion and contrast water therapy: No improvement of short-term recovery after resistance training
Argus, Christos K., Broatch, James R., Petersen, Aaron C., Polman, Remco, Bishop, David J. and Halson, Shona. (2017). Cold-water immersion and contrast water therapy: No improvement of short-term recovery after resistance training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12(7), pp. 886 - 892. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0127
Validity of daily and weekly self-reported training load measures in adolescent athletes
Phibbs, Padraic J., Roe, Gregory, Jones, Ben, Read, Dale B., Weakley, Jonathon, Darrall-Jones, Joshua and Till, Kevin. (2017). Validity of daily and weekly self-reported training load measures in adolescent athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31(4), pp. 1121 - 1126. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001708
Prevalence of illness, poor mental health and sleep quality and low energy availability prior to the 2016 Summer Olympic Games
Drew, Michael, Vlahovich, Nicole, Hughes, David, Appaneal, Renee, Burke, Louise, Lundy, Bronwen, Rogers, Margot, Toomey, Mary, Watts, David, Lovell, Gregory, Praet, Stephan F. E., Halson, Shona, Colbey, Candice, Manzanero, Silvia, Welvaert, Marijke, West, NIcholas P., Pyne, David and Waddington, Gordon. (2017). Prevalence of illness, poor mental health and sleep quality and low energy availability prior to the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52(1), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098208
Protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial
Kouw, Imre W.K., Holwerda, Andrew M., Trommelen, Jorn, Kramer, Irene Fleur, Bastiaanse, Jacqueline, Halson, Shona, Wodzig, Will K.W.H., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition. 147(12), pp. 2252 - 2261. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.254532
Movement and physical demands of school and university rugby union match-play in England
Read, Dale, Weaving, Daniel, Phibbs, Padraic, Darrall-Jones, Joshua, Roe, Gregory, Weakley, Jonathon, Hendricks, Sharief, Till, Kevin and Jones, Ben. (2017). Movement and physical demands of school and university rugby union match-play in England. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. 2(1), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000147
The effect of physical contact on changes in fatigue markers following rugby union field-based training
Roe, Gregory, Darrall-Jones, Joshua, Till, Kevin, Phibbs, Padraic, Read, Dale, Weakley, Jonathon, Rock, Andrew and Jones, Ben. (2017). The effect of physical contact on changes in fatigue markers following rugby union field-based training. European Journal of Sport Science. 17(6), pp. 647 - 655. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1287960
To jump or cycle? Monitoring neuromuscular function in rugby union players
Roe, Gregory, Darrall-Jones, Joshua, Till, Kevin, Phibbs, Padraic J., Read, Dale, Weakley, Jonathon and Jones, Ben. (2017). To jump or cycle? Monitoring neuromuscular function in rugby union players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12(5), pp. 690 - 696. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0273
Software thresholds alter the bias of actigraphy for monitoring sleep in team-sport athletes
Fuller, Kate L., Juliff, Laura E., Gore, Christopher J., Peiffer, Jeremiah John and Halson, Shona. (2017). Software thresholds alter the bias of actigraphy for monitoring sleep in team-sport athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 20(8), pp. 756 - 760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.11.021
Influence of recovery strategies upon performance and perceptions following fatiguing exercise: A randomized controlled trial
Crowther, Fiona, Sealey, Rebecca, Crowe, Melissa, Edwards, Andrew and Halson, Shona. (2017). Influence of recovery strategies upon performance and perceptions following fatiguing exercise: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 9(1), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-017-0087-8
The chronotype of elite athletes
Lastella, Michelle, Roach, G. D., Halson, Shona and Sargent, C.. (2016). The chronotype of elite athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics. 54(1), pp. 219 - 225. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2016-0049
Superior inhibitory control and resistance to mental fatigue in professional road cyclists
Martin, Kristy, Staiano, Walter, Menaspà, Paolo, Hennessey, Tom, Marcora, Samuele, Keegan, Richard J., Thompson, Kevin G., Martin, David, Halson, Shona and Rattray, Ben. (2016). Superior inhibitory control and resistance to mental fatigue in professional road cyclists. PLoS ONE. 11(7), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159907
Importance of standardized DXA protocol for assessing physique changes in athletes
Nana, Alisa, Slater, Gary J., Hopkins, Will, Halson, Shona, Martin, D. T., West, N. P. and Burke, Louise Mary. (2016). Importance of standardized DXA protocol for assessing physique changes in athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 26(3), pp. 259 - 267. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0111
The effect of body mass on the 30-15 intermittent fitness test in rugby union players
Darrall-Jones, Joshua David, Roe, Gregory A. B., Carney, Shane, Clayton, Ryan, Phibbs, Padraic J., Read, Dale B., Weakley, Jonathon, Till, Kevin and Jones, Ben. (2016). The effect of body mass on the 30-15 intermittent fitness test in rugby union players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 11(3), pp. 400 - 403. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0231
Between-days reliability and sensitivity of common fatigue measures in rugby players
Roe, Gregory A. B., Darrall-Jones, Joshua David, Till, Kevin, Phibbs, Padraic J., Read, Dale B., Weakley, Jonathon and Jones, Ben. (2016). Between-days reliability and sensitivity of common fatigue measures in rugby players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 11(5), pp. 581 - 586. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0413
Nutrition and recovery
Halson, Shona and Burke, Louise Mary. (2015). Nutrition and recovery. In Tennis science : How player and racket work together pp. 116-135 University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226139623.001.0001
The impact of a simulated grand tour on sleep, mood, and well-being of competitive cyclists
Michelle Lastella, Gregory D Roach, Shona Halson, David Martin, Nicholas P West and Charli Sargent. (2015). The impact of a simulated grand tour on sleep, mood, and well-being of competitive cyclists. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 55(12), pp. 1555-1564.
Understanding sleep disturbance in athletes prior to important competitions
Juliff, Laura E., Halson, Shona and Peiffer, Jeremiah John. (2015). Understanding sleep disturbance in athletes prior to important competitions. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 18(1), pp. 13 - 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.02.007
Sleep/wake behaviour of endurance cyclists before and during competition
Lastella, Michelle, Roach, Gregory D., Halson, Shona, Martin, David T., West, Nicholas P. and Sargent, Charli. (2015). Sleep/wake behaviour of endurance cyclists before and during competition. Journal of Sports Sciences. 33(3), pp. 293 - 299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.942690
Confounding compression: The effects of posture, sizing and garment type on measured interface pressure in sports compression clothing
Brophy-Williams, Ned, Driller, Matthew W., Shing, C., Fell, James W. and Halson, Shona. (2015). Confounding compression: The effects of posture, sizing and garment type on measured interface pressure in sports compression clothing. Journal of Sports Sciences. 33(13), pp. 1403 - 1410. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.990489
Sleep hygiene and recovery strategies in elite soccer players
Nédélec, Mathieu, Halson, Shona, Delecroix, Barthélémy, Abaidia, Abd-Elbasset, Ahmaidi, S. and Dupont, Gregory. (2015). Sleep hygiene and recovery strategies in elite soccer players. Sports Medicine. 45(11), pp. 1547 - 1559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0377-9
Stress, sleep and recovery in elite soccer: A critical review of the literature
Nédélec, Mathieu, Halson, Shona, Abaidia, Abd-Elbasset, Ahmaidi, S. and Dupont, Gregory. (2015). Stress, sleep and recovery in elite soccer: A critical review of the literature. Sports Medicine. 45(10), pp. 1387 - 1400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0358-z
Sleep/wake behaviours of elite athletes from individual and team sports
Lastella, Michelle, Roach, Gregory D., Halson, Shona and Sargent, Charli. (2015). Sleep/wake behaviours of elite athletes from individual and team sports. European Journal of Sport Science. 15(2), pp. 94 - 100. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.932016
Influence of contrast shower and water immersion on recovery in elite netballers
Juliff, Laura E., Halson, Shona, Bonetti, Darrell L., Versey, Nathan, Driller, Matthew W. and Peiffer, Jeremiah John. (2014). Influence of contrast shower and water immersion on recovery in elite netballers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 28(8), pp. 2353 - 2358. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000417
Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes
Halson, Shona. (2014). Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Medicine. 44(Suppl 2), pp. 139 - 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z
Does hydrotherapy help or hinder adaptation to training in competitive cyclists?
Halson, Shona, Bartram, Jason C., West, Nicholas P., Stephens, Jessica M., Argus, Christos K., Driller, Matthew W., Sargent, Charli, Lastella, Michelle, Hopkins, Will G. and Martin, David T.. (2014). Does hydrotherapy help or hinder adaptation to training in competitive cyclists? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 46(8), pp. 1631 - 1639. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000268
Sleep or swim? Early-morning training severely restricts the amount of sleep obtained by elite swimmers
Sargent, Charli, Halson, Shona and Roach, Gregory D.. (2014). Sleep or swim? Early-morning training severely restricts the amount of sleep obtained by elite swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science. 14(Supplement 1), pp. 310 - 315. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.696711
Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep
Halson, Shona. (2014). Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep. Sports Medicine. 44(Supplement 1), pp. 13 - 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0147-0
Sleep quantity and quality in elite youth soccer players: A pilot study
Robey, Elisa, Dawson, Brian, Halson, Shona, Gregson, Warren, Goodman, Carmel and Eastwood, Peter R.. (2014). Sleep quantity and quality in elite youth soccer players: A pilot study. European Journal of Sport Science. 14(5), pp. 410 - 417. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.843024
Evaluating the Kikuhime pressure monitor for use with sports compression clothing
Brophy-Williams, Ned, Driller, Matthew, Halson, Shona, Fell, James W. and Shing, C.. (2014). Evaluating the Kikuhime pressure monitor for use with sports compression clothing. Sports Engineering. 17(1), pp. 55 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-013-0125-z
Nitrate supplementation and high-intensity performance in competitive cyclists
Hoon, Matthew, Hopkins, William, Jones, Andrew, Martin, David, Halson, Shona, West, Nicholas, Johnson, Nathan and Burke, Louise. (2014). Nitrate supplementation and high-intensity performance in competitive cyclists. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 39(9), pp. 1043 - 1049. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0574
Reliability of a 2-bout exercise test on a wattbike cycle ergometer
Driller, Matthew W., Argus, Christos K., Bartram, Jason C., Bonaventura, Jacinta, Martin, David T., West, Nicholas P. and Halson, Shona. (2014). Reliability of a 2-bout exercise test on a wattbike cycle ergometer. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 9(2), pp. 340 - 345. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0103
Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling
Cox, Geoffrey, Clark, Sally, Cox, A, Halson, Shona, Hargreaves, M, Hawley, John, Jeacocke, N, Snow, Rod, Yeo, W and Burke, Louise. (2010). Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling. Journal of Applied Physiology. 109(1), pp. 126 - 134. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2009
Cytokine responses to carbohydrate ingestion during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury
Ross, M, Halson, Shona, Suzuki, K, Garnham, A, Hawley, John, Cameron-Smith, David and Peake, J. (2010). Cytokine responses to carbohydrate ingestion during recovery from exercise-induced muscle injury. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research. 30(5), pp. 329 - 337. https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2009.0079