Resistance exercise training increases muscle mass and strength in prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy

Journal article

Houben, Lisanne H. P., Overkamp, Maarten, van Kraaij, Puck, Trommelen, Jorn, van Roermund, Joep G. H., de Vries, Peter, de Laet, Kevin, van der Meer, Saskia, Mikkelsen, Ulla R., Verdijk, Lex B., van Loon, Luc J. C., Beijer, Sandra and Beelen, Milou. (2022). Resistance exercise training increases muscle mass and strength in prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 55(4), pp. 614-624. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003095

Publication dates
Authors	Houben, Lisanne H. P., Overkamp, Maarten, van Kraaij, Puck, Trommelen, Jorn, van Roermund, Joep G. H., de Vries, Peter, de Laet, Kevin, van der Meer, Saskia, Mikkelsen, Ulla R., Verdijk, Lex B., van Loon, Luc J. C., Beijer, Sandra and Beelen, Milou
Abstract	Purpose This study aimed to assess the effects of 20 wk resistance exercise training with or without protein supplementation on body composition, muscle mass, muscle strength, physical performance, and aerobic capacity in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Methods Sixty prostate cancer patients receiving ADT were randomly assigned to perform 20 wk of resistance exercise training with supplementation of 31 g whey protein (EX + PRO, n = 30) or placebo (EX + PLA, n = 30), consumed immediately after exercise and every night before sleep. A separate control group (CON, n = 36) only received usual care. At baseline and after 20 wk, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), muscle mass (computed tomography scan), muscle strength (1-repetition maximum strength tests), physical performance (Timed Up and Go Test, 30-Second Chair Stand Test, and Stair Climb Test), aerobic capacity (cardiopulmonary exercise test), and habitual dietary intake (food diary) were assessed. Data were analyzed using a two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA. Results Over time, muscle mass and strength increased in EX + PRO and EX + PLA and decreased in CON. Total fat mass and fat percentage increased in EX + PRO and CON, but not in EX + PLA. Physical performance did not significantly change over time in either group. Aerobic capacity was maintained in EX + PLA, but it decreased in EX + PRO and CON. Habitual protein intake (without supplements) averaged >1.0 g·kg body weight−1·d−1, with no differences over time or between groups. Conclusions In prostate cancer patients, resistance exercise training counteracts the adverse effects of ADT on body composition, muscle mass, muscle strength, and aerobic capacity, with no additional benefits of protein supplementation.
Keywords	hormone therapy; protein supplementation; body composition; physical performance; aerobic capacity
Year	2022
Journal	Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
Journal citation	55 (4), pp. 614-624
Publisher	Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISSN	0195-9131
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003095
PubMed ID	36534950
Scopus EID	2-s2.0-85150198540
PubMed Central ID	PMC9997646
Open access	Published as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Page range	614-624
Funder	KWF Kankerbestrijding
	Arla Food Ingredients
Publisher's version	OA_Houben_2022_Resistance_exercise_training_increases_muscle_mass.pdf License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 File Access Level Open
Output status	Published
Online	Apr 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted	Nov 2022
Deposited	27 Mar 2023

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Holwerda, Andrew M., Trommelen, Jorn, Kouw, Imre W. K., Senden, Joan M., Goessens, Joy P. B., van Kranenburg, Janneau, Gijsen, Annemie P., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2021). Exercise plus presleep protein ingestion increases overnight muscle connective tissue protein synthesis rates in healthy older men. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 31(3), pp. 317-226. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0222

Whey protein supplementation does not accelerate recovery from a single bout of eccentric exercise

Hilkens, Luuk, De Bock, Jolien, Kretzers, Joris, Kardinaal, Alwine F. M., Floris-Vollenbroek, Esther G., Scholtens, Petra A. M. J., Horstman, Astrid M. H., van Loon, Luc J. C. and van Dijk, Jan-Willem. (2021). Whey protein supplementation does not accelerate recovery from a single bout of eccentric exercise. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 39(3), pp. 322-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1820184

Muscle fiber capillarization is associated with various indices of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men

Betz, M. W., Aussieker, T., Kruger, C. Q., Gorissen, S. H. M., van Loon, L. J. C. and Snijders, T.. (2021). Muscle fiber capillarization is associated with various indices of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men. Experimental Gerontology. 143, p. 111161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.111161

Higher levels of physical activity are associated with greater fruit and vegetable intake in older adults

Van Loon, L.. (2021). Higher levels of physical activity are associated with greater fruit and vegetable intake in older adults. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 25(2), pp. 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1520-3

Dietary protein intake does not modulate daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates of loss of muscle mass and function during short-term immobilization in young men : a randomized controlled trial

Kilroe, Sean Paul, Fulford, Jonathan, Jackman, Sarah, Holwerda, Andrew, Gijsen, Annemie, van Loon, Luc and Wall, Benjamin Toby. (2021). Dietary protein intake does not modulate daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates of loss of muscle mass and function during short-term immobilization in young men : a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 113(3), pp. 548-561. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa136

Effect of acute and short-term dietary fat ingestion on postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates in middle-aged, overweight and obese men

Tsintzas, Kostas, Jones, Robert, Pabla, Pardeep, Mallinson, Joanne, Barrett, David A., Kim, Dong-Hyun, Cooper, Scott, Davies, Amanda, Taylor, Tariq, Chee, Carolyn, Gaffney, Christopher, van Loon, Luc J. C. and Stephens, Francis B.. (2020). Effect of acute and short-term dietary fat ingestion on postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates in middle-aged, overweight and obese men. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 318(3), pp. E417-E429. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00344.2019

In vitro ketone-supported mitochondrial respiration is minimal when other substrates are readily available in cardiac and skeletal muscle

Petrick, Heather L., Brunetta, Henver S., Pignanelli, Chris, Nunes, Everson A., van Loon, Luc J. C., Burr, Jamie F. and Holloway, Graham P.. (2020). In vitro ketone-supported mitochondrial respiration is minimal when other substrates are readily available in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The Journal of Physiology. 598(21), pp. 4869-4885. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280032

Casein ingestion does not increase muscle connective tissue protein synthesis rates

Trommelen, Jorn, Holwerda, Andrew M., Senden, Joan M., Goessens, Joy P. B., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Gijsen, Annemie P., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Casein ingestion does not increase muscle connective tissue protein synthesis rates. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 52(9), pp. 1983-1991. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002337

The glycation level of milk protein strongly modulates post-prandial lysine availability in humans

Nyakayiru, Jean, van Lieshout, Glenn A. A., Trommelen, Jorn, van Kranenburg, Janneau, Verdijk, Lex B., Bragt, Marjolijn C. E. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). The glycation level of milk protein strongly modulates post-prandial lysine availability in humans. British Journal of Nutrition. 123(5), pp. 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519002927

The concept of skeletal muscle memory : Evidence from animal and human studies

Snijders, Tim, Aussieker, Thorben, Holwerda, Andy, Parise, Gianni, van Loon, Luc J. C. and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2020). The concept of skeletal muscle memory : Evidence from animal and human studies. Acta Physiologica. 229(3), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.13465

Temporal muscle-specific disuse atrophy during one week of leg immobilization

Kilroe, Sean P., Fulford, Jonathan, Jackman, Sarah R., van Loon, Luc J. C. and Wall, Benjamin T.. (2020). Temporal muscle-specific disuse atrophy during one week of leg immobilization. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 52(4), pp. 944-954. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002200

Short-term bed rest-induced insulin resistance cannot be explained by increased mitochondrial H2O2 emission

Dirks, Marlou L., Miotto, Paula M., Goossens, Gijs H., Senden, Joan M., Petrick, Heather L., van Kranenburg, Janneau, van Loon, Luc J. C. and Holloway, Graham P.. (2020). Short-term bed rest-induced insulin resistance cannot be explained by increased mitochondrial H2O2 emission. The Journal of Physiology. 598(1), pp. 123-137. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278920

Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and plasma phenylalanine availability in humans

Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Trommelen, Jorn, Kouw, Imre W. K., Holwerda, Andrew M., Pennings, Bart, Groen, Bart B. L., Wall, Benjamin T., Churchward-Venne, Tyler A., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Koopman, René, Burd, Nicholas A., Fuchs, Cas J., Dirks, Marlou L., Res, Peter T., Senden, Joan M. G., Steijns, Jan M. J. M., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and plasma phenylalanine availability in humans. The Journal of Nutrition. 150(8), pp. 2041-2050. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa024

Postexercise cooling impairs muscle protein synthesis rates in recreational athletes

Fuchs, Cas J., Kouw, Imre W. K., Churchward-Venne, Tyler A., Smeets, Joey S. J., Senden, Joan M., Lichtenbelt, Wouter D. van Marken, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Postexercise cooling impairs muscle protein synthesis rates in recreational athletes. The Journal of Physiology. 598(4), pp. 755-772. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278996

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise

Ian Rollo, Javier T. Gonzalez, Cas J. Fuchs, Lucas Van Loon and Clyde Williams. (2020). Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise. Sports Medicine. 50(11), pp. 1863-1871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01343-3

PRESENT 2020: Text Expanding on the Checklist for Proper Reporting of Evidence in Sport and Exercise Nutrition Trials

James A. Betts, Javier T. Gonzalez, Louise Burke, Graeme L. Close, Ina Garthe, Lewis J James, Asker E Jeukendrup, James P. Morton, David C Nieman, Peter Peeling, Stuart M Phillips, Trent Stellingwerff, Lucas Van Loon, Clyde Williams, Kathleen Woolf, Ronald J. Maughan and Greg Atkinson. (2020). PRESENT 2020: Text Expanding on the Checklist for Proper Reporting of Evidence in Sport and Exercise Nutrition Trials. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 30(1), pp. 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0326

Mitochondrial ROS and Aging: Understanding Exercise as a Preventive Tool

Henver S Brunetta, Andrew M Holwerda, Luc Van Loon and Graham P Holloway. (2020). Mitochondrial ROS and Aging: Understanding Exercise as a Preventive Tool. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. 2, pp. 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-019-00037-1

Impact of whole dairy matrix on musculoskeletal health and aging–current knowledge and research gaps

N.R.W. Geiker, C. Mølgaard, S. Iuliano, R. Rizzoli, Y. Manios, L.J.C. van Loon, J.-M. Lecerf, G. Moschonis, J.-Y. Reginster, I. Givens and A. Astrup. (2020). Impact of whole dairy matrix on musculoskeletal health and aging–current knowledge and research gaps. Osteoporosis International. 31(4), pp. 601-615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05229-7

Intermittent versus continuous enteral nutrition attenuates increases in insulin and leptin during short-term bed rest

Gonzalez, Javier T., Dirks, Marlou L., Holwerda, Andrew M., Kouw, Imre W. K. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Intermittent versus continuous enteral nutrition attenuates increases in insulin and leptin during short-term bed rest. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 120, pp. 2083-2094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04431-4

Impact of exercise-nutritional state interactions in patients with type 2 diabetes

Verboven, Kenneth, Wens, Inez, Vandenabeele, Frank, Stevens, An, Celie, Bert, Lapauw, Bruno, Dendale, Paul, van Loon, Luc J. C., Calders, Patrick and Hansen, Dominique. (2020). Impact of exercise-nutritional state interactions in patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 52(3), pp. 720-728. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002165

Could intramuscular storage of dietary nitrate contribute to its ergogenic effect? A mini-review

Jean Nyakayiru, Luc Van Loon and Lex B. Verdijk. (2020). Could intramuscular storage of dietary nitrate contribute to its ergogenic effect? A mini-review. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 152, pp. 295-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.025

Hot-water immersion does not increase postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance-type exercise in healthy, young males

Fuchs, Cas J., Smeets, Joey S. J., Senden, Joan M., Zorenc, Antoine H., Goessens, Joy P. B., van Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter D., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Hot-water immersion does not increase postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance-type exercise in healthy, young males. Journal of Applied Physiology. 128(4), pp. 1012-1022. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00836.2019

Endurance-type exercise increases bulk and individual mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in rats

Holwerda, Andrew M., Bouwman, Freek G., Nabben, Miranda, Wang, Ping, van Kranenburg, Janneau, Gijsen, Annemie P., Burniston, Jatin G., Mariman, Edwin C. M. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Endurance-type exercise increases bulk and individual mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in rats. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 30(2), pp. 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0281

End-stage renal disease patients lose a substantial amount of amino acids during hemodialysis

Hendriks, Floris K., Smeets, Joey S. J., Broers, Natascha J. H., van Kranenburg, Janneau M. X., van der Sande, Frank M., Kooman, Jeroen P. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). End-stage renal disease patients lose a substantial amount of amino acids during hemodialysis. The Journal of Nutrition. 150(5), pp. 1160-1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa010

During hospitalization, older patients at risk for malnutrition consume <0.65 grams of protein per kilogram body weight per day

Weijzen, Michelle E. G., Kouw, Imre W. K., Geerlings, Phil, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). During hospitalization, older patients at risk for malnutrition consume <0.65 grams of protein per kilogram body weight per day. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 35(4), pp. 655-663. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10542

Dose-response effects of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise in young men : A double-blind randomized trial

Churchward-Venne, Tyler A., Pinckaers, Philippe J. M., Smeets, Joey S. J., Betz, Milan W., Senden, Joan M., Goessens, Joy P. B., Gijsen, Annemie P., Rollo, Ian, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Dose-response effects of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis during recovery from endurance exercise in young men : A double-blind randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 112(2), pp. 303-317. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa073

Casein protein processing strongly modulates post-prandial plasma amino acid responses in vivo in humans

Trommelen, Jorn, Weijzen, Michelle E. G., van Kranenburg, Janneau, Ganzevles, Renate A., Beelen, Milou, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2020). Casein protein processing strongly modulates post-prandial plasma amino acid responses in vivo in humans. Nutrients. 12(8), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082299

A nitrate-rich vegetable intervention elevates plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy young adults

van der Avoort, Cindy M. T., Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, van Loon, Luc J. C., Hopman, Maria T. E. and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2020). A nitrate-rich vegetable intervention elevates plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy young adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 120(8), pp. 1305-1317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.02.014

Voeding bij intensieve sportbeoefening

van Loon, L. J. C., Trommelen, J., van Erp-Baart, A. M. J. and Saris, W. H. M.. (2019). Voeding bij intensieve sportbeoefening. In In Former, Majorie, van Asseldonk, Gerdie, Drenth, Jacqueline and Schuurman, Caroelien (Ed.). Informatorium voor Voeding en Dietetiek - Supplement 100 - December 2018 pp. 65-88 Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2223-7_5

Short-term muscle disuse induces a rapid and sustained decline in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates

Kilroe, Sean P., Fulford, Jonathan, Holwerda, Andrew M., Jackman, Sarah R., Lee, Benjamin P., Gijsen, Annemie P., van Loon, Luc J. C. and Wall, Benjamin T.. (2019). Short-term muscle disuse induces a rapid and sustained decline in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 318(2), pp. E117-E130. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00360.2019

The intrinsically labeled protein approach is the preferred method to quantify the release of dietary protein-derived amino acids into the circulation

Jorn Trommelen, Andrew M. Holwerda, Jean Nyakayiru, Stefan H M Gorissen, Olav Rooyackers, Nicholas A Burd, Yves Boirie and Luc J. C. Van Loon. (2019). The intrinsically labeled protein approach is the preferred method to quantify the release of dietary protein-derived amino acids into the circulation. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 317(3), pp. 433-434. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00155.2019

Fructose co-ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes

Cas J. Fuchs, Javier T. Gonzalez and Luc J. C. Van Loon. (2019). Fructose co-ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes. The Journal of Physiology. 597(14), pp. 3549-3560. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP277116

Dietary Protein and Physical Activity Interventions to Support Muscle Maintenance in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis

Floris K. Hendriks, Joey S J Smeets, Frank M van der Sande, Jeroen P Kooman and Lucas Van Loon. (2019). Dietary Protein and Physical Activity Interventions to Support Muscle Maintenance in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis. Nutrients. 11(12), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122972

The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Meal Ingestion Following Resistance-Type Exercise

Jorn Trommelen, Milan W Betz and Luc Van Loon. (2019). The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Meal Ingestion Following Resistance-Type Exercise. Sports Medicine. 49(2), pp. 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01053-5

Exercising to offset muscle mass loss in hemodialysis patients: The disconnect between intention and intervention

Colleen F. McKenna, Amadeo F. Salvador, Floris K. Hendriks, Alana P. Y. Harris, Luc J. C. Van Loon and Nicholas A. Burd. (2019). Exercising to offset muscle mass loss in hemodialysis patients: The disconnect between intention and intervention. Seminars in Dialysis. 32(4), pp. 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12805

Perioperative nutritional supplementation and skeletal muscle mass in older hip-fracture patients

Irene Fleur Kramer, Taco J. Blokhuis, Lex B. Verdijk, Luc Van Loon and Martijn Poeze. (2019). Perioperative nutritional supplementation and skeletal muscle mass in older hip-fracture patients. Nutrition Reviews. 77(4), pp. 254-266. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy055

One week of step reduction lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in young men

Shad, Brandon J., Thompson, Janice L., Holwerda, Andrew M., Stocks, Ben, Elhassan, Yasir S., Philp, Andrew, Van Loon, Luc J. C. and Wallis, Gareth A.. (2019). One week of step reduction lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in young men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 51(10), pp. 2125 - 2134. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002034

Leucine co-ingestion augments the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 15 g protein following resistance exercise in older men

Holwerda, Andrew M., Paulussen, Kevin J. M., Overkamp, Maarten, Goessens, Joy P. B., Kramer, Irene-Fleur, Wodzig, Will K. W. H., Verdijk, Lex B., de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2019). Leucine co-ingestion augments the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 15 g protein following resistance exercise in older men. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 317(3), pp. 473 - 482. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00073.2019

Dietary feeding pattern does not modulate the loss of muscle mass or the decline in metabolic health during short-term bed rest

Dirks, Marlou L., Smeets, Joey S. J., Holwerda, Andrew M., Kouw, Imre W. K., Marzuca-Nassr, Gabriel N., Gijsen, Annemie P., Holloway, Graham P., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2019). Dietary feeding pattern does not modulate the loss of muscle mass or the decline in metabolic health during short-term bed rest. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 316(3), pp. 536 - 545. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00378.2018

Coordinated regulation of skeletal muscle mass and metabolic plasticity during recovery from disuse

Kneppers, Anita, Leermakers, Pieter, Pansters, Nicholas, Backx, Evelien, Gosker, Harry, van Loon, Luc, Schols, Annemie, Langen, Ramon and Verdijk, Lex. (2019). Coordinated regulation of skeletal muscle mass and metabolic plasticity during recovery from disuse. The FASEB Journal. 33(1), pp. 1288 - 1298. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201701403RRR

Time-dependent regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates after milk protein ingestion in young men

Vliet, Stephan Van, Beals, Joseph W., Holwerda, Andrew M., Emmons, Russell S., Goessens, Joy P., Paluska, Scott A., Lisio, Michael De, van Loon, Luc J. C. and Burd, Nicholas A.. (2019). Time-dependent regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates after milk protein ingestion in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 127(6), pp. 1792 - 1801. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00608.2019

Ascorbic acid supplementation improves postprandial glycaemic control and blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized cross-over trial

Mason, Shaun A., Rasmussen, Bodil, van Loon, Luc J. C., Salmon, Jo and Wadley, Glenn D.. (2019). Ascorbic acid supplementation improves postprandial glycaemic control and blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Findings of a randomized cross-over trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism: a journal of pharmacology and therapeutics. 21(3), pp. 674 - 682. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13571

Blood flow restricted resistance exercise and reductions in oxygen tension attenuate mitochondrial H2O2 emission rates in human skeletal muscle

Petrick, Heather L., Pignanelli, Christopher, Barbeau, Pierre-Andre, Churchward-Venne, Tyler A., Dennis, Kaitlyn M. J. H., van Loon, Luc J. C., Burr, Jamie F., Goossens, Gijs H. and Holloway, Graham P.. (2019). Blood flow restricted resistance exercise and reductions in oxygen tension attenuate mitochondrial H2O2 emission rates in human skeletal muscle. The Journal of Physiology. 597(15), pp. 3985 - 3997. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP277765

The effect of minimally invasive surgical aortic valve replacement on postoperative pulmonary and skeletal muscle function

Boujemaa, Hajar, Yilmaz, Alaaddin, Robic, Boris, Koppo, Katrien, Claessen, Guido, Frederix, Ines, Dendale, Paul, Völler, Heinz, van Loon, Luc J. C. and Hansen, Dominique. (2019). The effect of minimally invasive surgical aortic valve replacement on postoperative pulmonary and skeletal muscle function. Experimental Physiology. 104(6), pp. 855 - 865. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087407

Leucine co-ingestion augments the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 15 g protein following resistance exercise in older men

Holwerda, Andrew M., Paulussen, Kevin J. M., Overkamp, Maarten, Goessens, Joy P. B., Kramer, Irene-Fleur, Wodzig, Will K. W. H., Verdijk, Lex B., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M. and Van Loon, Luc. (2019). Leucine co-ingestion augments the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 15 g protein following resistance exercise in older men. In In A. M. Holwerda (Ed.). Dietary protein to support active aging pp. 53 - 73 Maastricht University. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20190321ah

The effect of beetroot juice supplementation on dynamic apnea and intermittent sprint performance in elite female water polo playres

Jonvik, Kristin L., van Dijk, Jan Willem, Senden, Joan M. G., van Loon, Luc J. C. and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2018). The effect of beetroot juice supplementation on dynamic apnea and intermittent sprint performance in elite female water polo playres. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 28(5), pp. 468-473. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0293

Age-Associated Impairments in Mitochondrial ADP Sensitivity Contribute to Redox Stress in Senescent Human Skeletal Muscle

Holloway, Graham P., Holwerda, Andrew M., Miotto, Paula M., Dirks, Marlou L., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Age-Associated Impairments in Mitochondrial ADP Sensitivity Contribute to Redox Stress in Senescent Human Skeletal Muscle. Cell Reports. 22(11), pp. 2837 - 2848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.069

Daily resistance-type exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis in vivo in young men

Holwerda, Andrew M., Paulussen, Kevin J. M., Overkamp, Maarten, Smeets, Joey S. J., Gijsen, Annemie P., Goessens, Joy P. B., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Daily resistance-type exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis in vivo in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 124(1), pp. 66 - 75. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00610.2017

Temporal response of angiogenesis and hypertrophy to resistance training in young men

Holloway, Tanya M., Snijders, Tim, van Kranenburg, Janneau, Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2018). Temporal response of angiogenesis and hypertrophy to resistance training in young men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 50(1), pp. 36 - 45. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001409

Muscle atrophy due to nerve damage is accompanied by elevated myofibrillar protein synthesis rates

Langer, Henning, Senden, Joan M., Gijsen, Annemie P., Kempa, Stefan, van Loon, Luc and Spuler, Simone. (2018). Muscle atrophy due to nerve damage is accompanied by elevated myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Frontiers in Physiology. 9(1220), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01220

Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET

Smeets, Joey S.J and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET. Brain: a journal of neurology. 141(7), pp. 52 - 52. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy119

Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics in patients with chronic heart failure: Impact of disease severity and relation with muscle oxygenation during exercise

Niemeijer, Victor M., Snijders, Tim, Verdijk, Lex B., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Groen, Bart B.L., Holwerda, Andrew M., Spee, Ruud F., Wijn, Pieter F. F., van Loon, Luc and Kemps, Hareld M.C.. (2018). Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics in patients with chronic heart failure: Impact of disease severity and relation with muscle oxygenation during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 125(4), pp. 1266 - 1276. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00057.2018

Dose-response effects of supplementation with calcifediol on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and its metabolites: a randomized controlled trial in older adults

Vaes, Anouk M.M., Tieland, Michael, de Regt, Margot F., Wittwer, Jonas, van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M.. (2018). Dose-response effects of supplementation with calcifediol on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and its metabolites: a randomized controlled trial in older adults. Clinical Nutrition. 37(3), pp. 808 - 814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.03.029

Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET

Increasing vegetable intake to obtain the health promoting and ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate

Van der Avoort, Cindy M. T., van Loon, Luc, Hopman, Maria T. and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2018). Increasing vegetable intake to obtain the health promoting and ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72, pp. 1485 - 1489. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0140-z

Effects of creatine and carbohydrate loading on cycling time trial performance

Tomcik, Kristyen A., Camera, Donny, Bone, Julia L. L., Ross, Meg, Jeacocke, N. A., Tachtsis, Bill, Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc, Hawley, John and Burke, Louise. (2018). Effects of creatine and carbohydrate loading on cycling time trial performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 50(1), pp. 141 - 150. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001401

IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete0306

Maughan, Ronald J., Burke, Louise, Dvorak, Jiri, Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, Peter, Phillips, Stuart M., Rawson, Eric S., Walsh, Neil P., Garthe, Ina, Geyer, Hans, Meeusen, Romain, Van Loon, Luc, Shirreffs, Susan M., Spriet, Lawrence L., Stuart, Mark, Vernec, Alan, Currell, Kevin, Ali, Vidya M., Budgett, Richard, ... Engebretsen, Lars. (2018). IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete0306. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52(7), pp. 439 - 455. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027

The 2017 dutch physical activity guidelines

Weggemans, Rianne M., Backx, Frank J.G., Borghouts, Lars, Chinapaw, Mai J.M., Hopman, Maria T., Koster, Annemarie, Kremers, Stef, Van Loon, Luc, May, Anne M., Mosterd, Arend, van der Ploeg, Hidde, Takken, Tim, Visser, Marjolein, Wendel-Vos, Wanda and de Geus, Eco J.C.. (2018). The 2017 dutch physical activity guidelines. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 15(58), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0661-9

Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: Focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein

Dirks, Marlou L., Wall, Benjamin T. and van Loon, Luc. (2018). Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: Focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein. Journal of Applied Physiology. 125(3), pp. 850 - 861. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016

IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete

Maughan, Ronald J., Burke, Louise, Dvorak, Jiri, Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, Peter, Phillips, Stuart M., Rawson, Eric S., Walsh, Neil P., Garthe, Ina, Geyer, Hans, Meeusen, Romain, Van Loon, Luc, Shirreffs, Susan M., Spriet, Lawrence L., Stuart, Mark, Vernec, Alan, Currell, Kevin, Ali, Vidya M., Budgett, Richard, ... Engebretsen, Lars. (2018). IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 28(2), pp. 104 - 125. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020

A novel in vitro model for the assessment of postnatal myonuclear accretion

Kneppers, Anita, Verdijk, Lex B., de Theije, Chiel, Corten, Mark, Gielen, Ellis, van Loon, Luc, Schols, Annemie and Langen, Ramon. (2018). A novel in vitro model for the assessment of postnatal myonuclear accretion. Skeletal Muscle. 8(4), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-018-0151-4

Protein supplementation after exercise and before sleep does not further augment muscle mass and strength gains during resistance exercise training in active older men

Holwerda, Andrew M., Overkamp, Maarten, Paulussen, Kevin J. M., Smeets, Joey S. J., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Backx, E. M. P., Gijsen, Annemie P., Goessens, Joy P. B., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc. (2018). Protein supplementation after exercise and before sleep does not further augment muscle mass and strength gains during resistance exercise training in active older men. The Journal of Nutrition. 148(11), pp. 1723 - 1732. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy169

Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates

Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Crombag, Julie J. R., Senden, Joan M., Huub Waterval, W. A., Bierau, Jörgen, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc. (2018). Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids. 50(12), pp. 1685 - 1695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2640-5

Leucine supplementation does not attenuate skeletal muscle loss during leg immobilization in healthy, young men

Backx, E. M. P., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Marzuca-Nassr, Gabriel N., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Smeets, Joey S. J., Fuchs, Cas J., Janssen, Anniek A. W., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Snijders, Tim, Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc. (2018). Leucine supplementation does not attenuate skeletal muscle loss during leg immobilization in healthy, young men. Nutrients. 10(635), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050635

Brain tissue plasticity: protein synthesis rates of the human brain0006

Smeets, Joey S. J., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Schijns, Olaf E. M. G., Dings, Jim T. A., Hoogland, Govert, Gijsen, Annemie P., Goessens, Joy P. K., Bouwman, Freek G., Wodzig, Will K. W. H., Mariman, Edwin C. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Brain tissue plasticity: protein synthesis rates of the human brain0006. Brain: a journal of neurology. 141(4), pp. 1122 - 1129. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy015

Adipose tissue lipolytic inhibition enhances the glucoregulatory properties of exercise in type 2 diabetes patients

Hansen, Dominique, Verboven, Kenneth, van Dijk, Jan Willem, Zorenc, Antoine H., Minten, Lennert, Smeets, Kevin, Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Adipose tissue lipolytic inhibition enhances the glucoregulatory properties of exercise in type 2 diabetes patients. European Journal of Sport Science. 18(9), pp. 1245 - 1254. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1483428

Sodium nitrate supplementation alters mitochondrial H2O2 emission but does not improve mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the heart of healthy rats

Monaco, Cynthia, Miotto, Paula M., Huber, Jason S., Van Loon, Luc, Simpson, Jeremy A. and Holloway, Graham P.. (2018). Sodium nitrate supplementation alters mitochondrial H2O2 emission but does not improve mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the heart of healthy rats. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 315(2), pp. 191 - 204. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00275.2017

The effect of acute and 7-days dietary nitrate on mechanical efficiency, exercise performance and cardiac biomarkers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Beijers, Rosanne J. H. C. G., Huysmans, Stephanie M. D., van de Bool, Coby, Kingma, Boris R. M., Verdijk, Lex B., Van Loon, Luc, Meex, Steven J. R., Gosker, Harry R. and Schols, Annemie M. W. J.. (2018). The effect of acute and 7-days dietary nitrate on mechanical efficiency, exercise performance and cardiac biomarkers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical Nutrition. 37(6), pp. 1852 - 1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.10.011

Repeated-sprint performance and plasma responses following beetroot juice supplementation do not differ between recreational, competitive and elite sprint athletes

Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, van Dijk, Jan Willem, Maase, K., Ballak, S. B., Senden, Joan M., van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2018). Repeated-sprint performance and plasma responses following beetroot juice supplementation do not differ between recreational, competitive and elite sprint athletes. European Journal of Sport Science. 18(4), pp. 524 - 533. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1433722

Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET

Smeets, Joey S.J. and Van Loon, Luc. (2018). Reply: measurement of regional rates of protein synthesis in human brain in vivo with l-[1-11c]-leucine PET. Brain: a journal of neurology. 141(7), pp. 52 - 52. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy119

Dietary nitrate does not reduce oxygen cost of exercise or improve muscle mitochondrial function in patients with mitochondrial myopathy

Nabben, Miranda, Schmitz, Joep P. J., Ciapaite, Jolita, le Clercq, Carlijn M. P., van Riel, Natal A., Haak, Harm R., Nicolay, Klaas, de Coo, Irenaeus F. M., Smeets, Hubert, Praet, Stephan F., van Loon, Lucas J. and Prompers, Jeanine J.. (2017). Dietary nitrate does not reduce oxygen cost of exercise or improve muscle mitochondrial function in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 312(5), pp. R689-R701. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00264.2016

Detection of localized hepatocellular amino acid kinetics by using mass spectrometry imaging of stable isotopes

Arts, Martijn, Soons, Zita, Ellis, Shane R., Pierzchalski, Keely A., Balluff, Benjamin, Eijkel, Gert B., Dubois, Ludwig J., Lieuwes, Natasja G., Agten, Stijn M., Hackeng, Tilman M., Van Loon, Luc, Heeren, Ron M.A. and Damink, Steven W.O.. (2017). Detection of localized hepatocellular amino acid kinetics by using mass spectrometry imaging of stable isotopes. Angewandte Chemie. 56(25), pp. 7146 - 7150. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201702669

Post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans

Burke, Louise M., van Loon, Luc J. C. and Hawley, John A.. (2017). Post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(5), pp. 1055-1067. https://doi.org/0.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2016

The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people: individual participant data and meta-analysis of rct's

Tieland, Michael, Franssen, Rinske, Dullemeijer, C., van Dronkelaar, C., Kim, H. K., Ispoglou, T., Zhu, Kun, Prince, R. L., Van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M.. (2017). The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people: individual participant data and meta-analysis of rct's. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 21(9), pp. 994 - 1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-017-0896-1

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis

Dirks, Marlou L., Groen, Bart B.L., Franssen, Rinske, van Kranenburg, Janneau and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(1), pp. 20 - 27. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00331.2016

Muscle fiber capillarization as determining factor on indices of insulin sensitivity in humans

Snijders, Tim, Nederveen, Joshua P., Verdijk, Lex B., Houben, Alfons J.H.M., Goossens, Gijs H., Parise, Gianna and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Muscle fiber capillarization as determining factor on indices of insulin sensitivity in humans. Physiological Reports. 5(10), pp. 1 - 5. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13278

Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans

Burke, Louise, Van Loon, Luc and Hawley, John. (2017). Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(5), pp. 1055 - 1067. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2016

Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption

Churchward-Venne, T. A., Pinckaers, Philippe J. M., van Loon, Joop J. A. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Consideration of insects as a source of dietary protein for human consumption. Nutrition Reviews. 75(12), pp. 1035 - 1045. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux057

Protein supplementation augments muscle fiber hypertrophy but does not modulate satellite cell content during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly

Dirks, Marlou L., Tieland, Michael, Verdijk, Lex B., Losen, Mario, Nilwik, Rachel, Mensink, Marco, de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Protein supplementation augments muscle fiber hypertrophy but does not modulate satellite cell content during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (JAMDA): long-term care: management, applied research and clinical issues. 18(7), pp. 608 - 615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.02.006

Glucose plus fructose ingestion for post exercise recovery greater than the sum of its parts?

Gonzalez, Javier T., Fuchs, Cas J., Betts, James A. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Glucose plus fructose ingestion for post exercise recovery greater than the sum of its parts? Nutrients. 9(4), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040344

Twenty-four-hour biological variation profiles of cardiac troponin I in individuals with or without chronic kidney disease

Van Der Linden, Noreen, Hilderink, Judith M., Cornelis, Tom, Kimenai, Dorien M., Klinkenberg, Lieke J.J., Van Doorn, William P., Litjens, Elisabeth J.R., Van Suijlen, Jeroen D.E., Van Loon, Luc, Bekers, Otto, Kooman, Jeroen P. and Meex, Steven J.R.. (2017). Twenty-four-hour biological variation profiles of cardiac troponin I in individuals with or without chronic kidney disease. Clinical Chemistry (Washington, DC): international journal of molecular diagnostics and laboratory medicine. 63(10), pp. 1655 - 1656. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2017.275107

Dietary protein intake and distribution patterns of well-trained Dutch athletes

Gillen, Jenna B., Trommelen, Jorn, Wardenaar, Floris C., Brinkmans, Naomi Y.J., Versteegen, Joline J., Jonvik, Kristin L., Kapp, Christoph, de Vries, Jeanne, van den Borne, Joost J.G.C., Gibala, M. J. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Dietary protein intake and distribution patterns of well-trained Dutch athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 27(2), pp. 105 - 114. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0154

Differential effects of leucine and leucine-enriched whey protein on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in aged mice

Dijk, Francina J., van Dijk, Miriam, Walrand, Stéphane, Van Loon, Luc, van Norren, Klaske and Luiking, Yvette C.. (2017). Differential effects of leucine and leucine-enriched whey protein on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in aged mice. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 24, pp. 127 - 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.12.013

Extensive type ii muscle fiber atrophy in elderly female hip fracture patients

Kramer, Irene F., Snijders, Tim, Smeets, Joey S.J., Leenders, Marika, van Kranenburg, Janneau, den Hoed, Marcel, Verdijk, Lex B., Poeze, Martijn and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Extensive type ii muscle fiber atrophy in elderly female hip fracture patients. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 72(10), pp. 1369 - 1375. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw253

Fructose and sucrose intake increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise

Trommelen, Jorn, Fuchs, Cas J., Beelen, M, Lenaerts, Kaatje, Jeukendrup, A. E., Cermak, N. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Fructose and sucrose intake increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Nutrients. 9(2), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020167

Protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial

Kouw, Imre W.K., Holwerda, Andrew M., Trommelen, Jorn, Kramer, Irene Fleur, Bastiaanse, Jacqueline, Halson, Shona, Wodzig, Will K.W.H., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Protein ingestion before sleep increases overnight muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition. 147(12), pp. 2252 - 2261. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.254532

Sodium nitrate ingestion increases skeletal muscle nitrate content in humans

Nyakayiru, Jean, Kouw, Imre W.K., Cermak, N, Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2017). Sodium nitrate ingestion increases skeletal muscle nitrate content in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 123(3), pp. 637 - 644. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01036.2016

Intramyocellular lipid content and lipogenic gene expression responses following a single bout of resistance type exercise differ between young and older men

Tsintzas, Kostas, Stephens, F. B., Snijders, Tim, Wall, Benjamin T., Cooper, Scott, Mallinson, Joanne, Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Intramyocellular lipid content and lipogenic gene expression responses following a single bout of resistance type exercise differ between young and older men. Experimental Gerontology. 93, pp. 36 - 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.03.018

Commentaries on Viewpoint: A time for exercise: the exercise window

Boule, Normand G., Terada, Tasuku, Francois, Monique E., Hawley, John, Cotter, James D., Kruse, Nicholas T., McDonald, Matthew W., Olver, T D., Paoli, Antonio, Sacchetti, Massimo, Di Luigi, Luigi, van Dijk, Jan W., Van Loon, Luc, Yardley, Jane E., DiPietro, Loretta, Gribok, Andrei and Rumpler, William. (2017). Commentaries on Viewpoint: A time for exercise: the exercise window. Journal of Applied Physiology. 122(1), pp. 210 - 213. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00938.2016

No effect of acute and 6-day nitrate supplementation on VO2 and time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists

Nyakayiru, Jean, Jonvik, Kristin L., Pinckaers, Philippe J.M., Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2017). No effect of acute and 6-day nitrate supplementation on VO2 and time-trial performance in highly trained cyclists. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 27(1), pp. 11 - 17. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0034

Food ingestion in an upright sitting position increases postprandial amino acid availability when compared with food ingestion in a lying down position

Holwerda, Andrew M., Lenaerts, Kaatje, Bierau, Jörgen, Wodzig, Will K.W.H. and Van Loon, Luc. (2017). Food ingestion in an upright sitting position increases postprandial amino acid availability when compared with food ingestion in a lying down position. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 42(7), pp. 738 - 743. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0522

Beetroot juice supplementation improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players

Nyakayiru, Jean, Jonvik, Kristin L., Trommelen, Jorn, Pinckaers, Philippe J.M., Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2017). Beetroot juice supplementation improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players. Nutrients. 9(3), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030314

Seasonal variation in vitamin d status in elite athletes: a longitudinal study

Backx, E. M.P., van der Avoort, Cindy van, Tieland, Michael, Maase, K., Kies, A. K., Van Loon, Luc, de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M. and Mensink, M.. (2017). Seasonal variation in vitamin d status in elite athletes: a longitudinal study. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 27(1), pp. 6 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0177

Glycemic control during consecutive days with prolongedwalking exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus

van Dijk, Jan Willem, Eijsvogels, Thijs M., Nyakayiru, Jean, Schreuder, Tim H. A., Hopman, Maria T., Thijssen, Dick H. and Van Loon, Lucas. (2016). Glycemic control during consecutive days with prolongedwalking exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 117, pp. 74 - 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.053

May bed rest cause greater muscle loss than limb immobilization?

Dirks, M. L., Backx, E. M. P., Wall, B. T., Verdijk, L. B. and van Loon, L.. (2016). May bed rest cause greater muscle loss than limb immobilization? Acta Physiologica. 218(1), pp. 10-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12699

Hyperoxia increases arterial oxygen pressure during exercise in type 2 diabetes patients: A feasibility study

Rozenberg, Robert, Mankowski, Robert T., van Loon, Luc, Langendonk, Janneke G., Sijbrands, Eric J. G., van den Meiracker, Anton H., Stam, Henk J. and Praet, Stephan F. E.. (2016). Hyperoxia increases arterial oxygen pressure during exercise in type 2 diabetes patients: A feasibility study. European Journal of Medical Research. 21(1), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-015-0194-5

Cardiac Troponin T and i Release after a 30-km Run

Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Luyten, Peter, Van Der Linden, Noreen, Urgel, Kim, Snijders, Daniëlle P. C., Knackstedt, Christian, Dennert, Robert, Kietselaer, Bastiaan L. J. H., Mingels, Alma M. A., Cardinaels, Eline P. M., Peeters, Frederique E. C. M., Van Suijlen, Jeroen D. E., Kate, Joop Ten, Marsch, Elke, Theelen, Thomas L., Sluimer, Judith C., Wouters, Kristiaan, Bekers, Otto, Bekkers, Sebastiaan C. A. M., ... Meex, Steven J. R.. (2016). Cardiac Troponin T and i Release after a 30-km Run. American Journal of Cardiology. 118(2), pp. 281 - 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.04.030

Prognostic value of basal high-sensitive cardiac troponin levels on mortality in the general population

van der Linden, Noreen, Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Bekers, Otto, van Loon, Luc, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P., Zeegers, Maurice P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2016). Prognostic value of basal high-sensitive cardiac troponin levels on mortality in the general population. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005703

Short-term muscle disuse lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and induces anabolic resistance to protein ingestion

Wall, Benjamin T., Dirks, Marlou L., Snijders, Tim, Willem van Dijk, Jan, Fritsch, Mario, Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2016). Short-term muscle disuse lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and induces anabolic resistance to protein ingestion. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00227.2015

Impact of diet composition on blood glucose regulation

Russell, Wendy R., Baka, Athanasia, Bjorck, Inger, Delzenne, Nathalie, Gao, Dan, Griffiths, Helen R., Hadjilucas, Ellie, Juvonen, Kristiina, Lahtinen, Sampo, Lansink, Mirian, van Loon, Luc, Mykkanen, Hannu, Ostman, Elin, Riccardi, Gabrielle, Vinoy, Sophie and Weickert, Martin O.. (2016). Impact of diet composition on blood glucose regulation. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56(4), pp. 541 - 590. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.792772

The Martin Vigorimeter Represents a Reliable and More Practical Tool Than the Jamar Dynamometer to Assess Handgrip Strength in the Geriatric Patient

Sipers, Walther M. W. H., Verdijk, Lex B., Sipers, Simone J. E., Schols, Jos M. G. A. and Van Loon, Luc. (2016). The Martin Vigorimeter Represents a Reliable and More Practical Tool Than the Jamar Dynamometer to Assess Handgrip Strength in the Geriatric Patient. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 17(5), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.02.026

Resistance training increases skeletal muscle capillarization in healthy older men

Verdijk, Lex B., Snijders, Tim, Holloway, Tanya M., Van Kranenburg, Janneau and van Loon, Luc. (2016). Resistance training increases skeletal muscle capillarization in healthy older men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48(11), pp. 2157 - 2164. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001019

Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes

Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, Willem van Dijk, Jan, Wardenaar, Floris C., Van Loon, Lucas and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2016). Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake in Highly Trained Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0239

Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults

Backx, E. M. P., Tieland, Michael, Borgonjen-Van Den Berg, Karin J., Claessen, P. R., Van Loon, Lucas and de Groot, Lisette C.P.G.M.. (2016). Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults. International Journal of Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.182

Changes in myonuclear domain size do not precede muscle hypertrophy during prolonged resistance-type exercise training

Snijders, Tim, Smeets, Joey S. J., Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Kies, A. K., Van Loon, Lucas and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2016). Changes in myonuclear domain size do not precede muscle hypertrophy during prolonged resistance-type exercise training. Acta Physiologica. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12609

Resistance exercise augments postprandial overnight muscle protein synthesis rates

Trommelen, Jorn, Holwerda, Andrew M., Kouw, Imre W. K., Langer, Henning, Halson, Shona L., Verdijk, Lex B. and van Loon, Luc J. C.. (2016). Resistance exercise augments postprandial overnight muscle protein synthesis rates. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48(12), pp. 2517-2525. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001045

Presleep protein ingestion does not compromise the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingested the following morning

Wall, Benjamin T., Burd, Nicholas A., Franssen, Rinske, Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Snijders, Tim, Senden, Joan M., Gijsen, Annemie P. and van Loon, Luc. (2016). Presleep protein ingestion does not compromise the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingested the following morning. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 311(6), pp. E964-E973. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00325.2016

Diurnal rhythm of cardiac troponin: Consequences for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Wildi, Karin, Van Der Linden, Noreen, Kouw, Imre W. K., Niens, Marijke, Twerenbold, Raphael, Gimenez, Maria Rubini, Puelacher, Christian, Neuhaus, Jean Daniel, Hillinger, Petra, Nestelberger, Thomas, Boeddinghaus, Jasper, Grimm, Karin, Sabti, Zaid, Bons, Judith A. P., Van Suijlen, Jeroen D. E., Tan, Frans E. S., Kate, Joop Ten, Bekers, Otto, ... Meex, Steven J. R.. (2016). Diurnal rhythm of cardiac troponin: Consequences for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Chemistry. 62(12), pp. 1602 - 1611. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.257485

Expression of protocadherin gamma in skeletal muscle tissue is associated with age and muscle weakness

Hangelbroek, Roland W. J., Fazelzadeh, Parastoo, Tieland, Michael, Boekschoten, Mark V., Hooiveld, Guido J. E. J., van Duynhoven, John P. M., Timmons, James A., Verdijk, Lex B., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Van Loon, Luc and Müller, Michael. (2016). Expression of protocadherin gamma in skeletal muscle tissue is associated with age and muscle weakness. Journal Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 7(5), pp. 604 - 614. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12099

The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: A dose-response study

Backx, E. M. P., Tieland, Michael, Maase, K., Kies, A. K., Mensink, M., Van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M.. (2016). The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: A dose-response study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 70(9), pp. 1009 - 1014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.133

Recommendations for the conduct of clinical trials for drugs to treat or prevent sarcopenia

Reginster, Jean Yves, Cooper, Cyrus, Rizzoli, Rene, Kanis, John A., Appelboom, Geoff, Bautmans, Ivan, Bischoff-Ferrari, Heike A., Boers, Maarten, Brandi, Maria Luisa, Bruyère, Olivier, Cherubini, Antonio, Flamion, Bruno, Fielding, Roger A., Gasparik, Andrea Ildiko, Van Loon, Lucas, McCloskey, Eugene, Mitlak, Bruce, Pilotto, Alberto, Reiter-Niesert, Suzanne, ... Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J.. (2016). Recommendations for the conduct of clinical trials for drugs to treat or prevent sarcopenia. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-015-0517-y

Hypoxia induces a prothrombotic state independently of the physical activity

Ninivaggi, Marisa, De Laat, Marieke, Lancé, Marcus M. D., Kicken, Cécile H., Pelkmans, Leonie, Bloemen, Saartje, Dirks, Marlou L., Van Loon, Luc, Govers-Riemslag, José W. P., Lindhout, Theo, Konings, Joke and De Laat, Bas. (2015). Hypoxia induces a prothrombotic state independently of the physical activity. PLoS ONE. 10(10), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141797

Prolonged adaptation to a low or high protein diet does not modulate basal muscle protein synthesis rates: A substudy

Hursel, Rick, Martens, Eveline A. P., Gonnissen, Hanne K. J., Hamer, Henrike M., Senden, Joan M., Van Loon, Luc and Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.. (2015). Prolonged adaptation to a low or high protein diet does not modulate basal muscle protein synthesis rates: A substudy. PLoS ONE. 10(9), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137183

Can elite athletes benefit from dietary nitrate supplementation?

Jonvik, Kristin L., Nyakayiru, Jean, Van Loon, Luc and Verdijk, Lex B.. (2015). Can elite athletes benefit from dietary nitrate supplementation? Journal of Applied Physiology. 119(6), pp. 759 - 761. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00232.2015

Exercise strategies to optimize glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A continuing glucose monitoring perspective

van Dijk, Jan Willem and Van Loon, Luc. (2015). Exercise strategies to optimize glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A continuing glucose monitoring perspective. Diabetes Spectrum. 28(1), pp. 24 - 31. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.28.1.24

Aging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion

Wall, Benjamin T., Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Pennings, Bart, Koopman, René, Groen, Bart B. L., Verdijk, Lex B. and Van Loon, Luc. (2015). Aging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion. PLoS ONE. 10(11), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140903

Post-prandial protein handling: You are what you just ate

Groen, Bart B. L., Horstman, Astrid M. H., Hamer, Henrike M., De Haan, Michiel, Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Bierau, Jörgen, Poeze, Martijn, Wodzig, Will K. W. H., Rasmussen, Blake B. and van Loon, Luc. (2015). Post-prandial protein handling: You are what you just ate. PLoS ONE. 10(11), pp. 1 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141582

Dietary Protein as a Trigger for Metabolic Adaptation

Van Loon, Luc. (2014). Dietary Protein as a Trigger for Metabolic Adaptation. In In R. J. Maughan (Ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine: An IOC Medical Commission Publication pp. 147-155 Wiley-Blackwell.

The use of doubly labeled milk protein to measure postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans

Burd, N., Cermak, N., Kouw, Imre W. K., Gorissen, Stefan H. M., Gijsen, Annemie P. and Van Loon, Luc. (2014). The use of doubly labeled milk protein to measure postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 117(11), pp. 1363 - 1370. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00411.2014

The effect of a six-month resistance-type exercise training program on the course of high sensitive cardiac troponin T levels in (pre)frail elderly

Van Der Linden, Noreen, Tieland, Michael, Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Verdijk, Lex B., de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M., Van Loon, Lucas, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2014). The effect of a six-month resistance-type exercise training program on the course of high sensitive cardiac troponin T levels in (pre)frail elderly. International Journal of Cardiology. 175(2), pp. 374 - 375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.05.017

Kracht- en duurinspanning verbeteren 24-uurs bloedglucosehomeostase bij personen met een verminderde glucosetolerantie bij patiënten met type 2 diabetes

Jan Willem van Dijk, Ralph J F Manders, Kyra Tummers, A G Bonomi, Coen D A Stehouwer, Fred Hartgens and Luc Van Loon. (2013). Kracht- en duurinspanning verbeteren 24-uurs bloedglucosehomeostase bij personen met een verminderde glucosetolerantie bij patiënten met type 2 diabetes. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Diabetologie. 11(2), pp. 52-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12467-013-0019-5

Voeding bij intensieve sportbeoefening

Van Loon, L., van Erp-Baart, A. M. J. and Saris, Wim H. M. (2013). Voeding bij intensieve sportbeoefening. In In Majorie Former (Ed.). Informatorium Voeding en Dietetiek - Voedingsleer pp. 547-568 Springer.

The role of amino acids in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise

Aguirre, Nick, Van Loon, Lucas and Baar, Keith. (2013). The role of amino acids in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. In In E. Isolauri, P.M. Sherman and W. A. Walker (Ed.). Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series pp. 85 - 102 S. Karger AG. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350261

Disturbed energy metabolism and muscular dystrophy caused by pure creatine deficiency are reversible by creatine intake

Nabuurs, C. I., Choe, C. U., Veltien, A., Kan, H. E., Van Loon, Luc, Rodenburg, R. J. T., Matschke, J., Wieringa, B., Kemp, G. J., Isbrandt, D. and Heerschap, A.. (2013). Disturbed energy metabolism and muscular dystrophy caused by pure creatine deficiency are reversible by creatine intake. Journal of Physiology. 591(2), pp. 571 - 592. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.241760

Elderly men and women benefit equally from prolonged resistance-type exercise training

Leenders, Marika, Verdijk, Lex B., van der Hoeven, Letty, Van Kranenburg, Janneau, Nilwik, Rachel and Van Loon, Luc. (2013). Elderly men and women benefit equally from prolonged resistance-type exercise training. Journals of Gerontology: Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 68(7), pp. 769 - 779. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls241

Validity and Reliability of Tools to Measure Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review

Mijnarends, Donja M., Meijers, Judith M. M., Halfens, Ruud J. G., Borg, Sovianne Ter, Luiking, Yvette C., Verlaan, Sjors, Schoberer, Daniela, Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J., Van Loon, Luc and Schols, Jos M. G. A.. (2013). Validity and Reliability of Tools to Measure Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 14(3), pp. 170 - 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2012.10.009

Substantial differences between organ and muscle specific tracer incorporation rates in a lactating dairy cow

Burd, N, Hamer, Henrike M., Pennings, Bart, Pellikaan, Wilbert F., Senden, Joan M., Gijsen, Annemie P. and Van Loon, Luc. (2013). Substantial differences between organ and muscle specific tracer incorporation rates in a lactating dairy cow. PLoS ONE. 8(6), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068109

Effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced cardiac troponin release in cyclists: A randomized trial

Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Res, Peter T., Haenen, Guido R., Bast, Aalt, Van Loon, Luc, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2013). Effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced cardiac troponin release in cyclists: A randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 8(11), pp. 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079280

Limits of Human Endurance

Van Loon, Luc and Meeusen, Romain. (2012). Limits of Human Endurance S. Karger AG.

Nutritional approaches to treating sarcopenia

Paddon-Jones, Douglas and van Loon, Luc. (2012). Nutritional approaches to treating sarcopenia. In In Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J. and Morley, John E. (Ed.). Sarcopenia pp. 275-295 Wiley-Blackwell.

Strong link between basal and exercise-induced cardiac troponin T levels: Do both reflect risk?

Klinkenberg, Lieke J. J., Res, Peter T., Van Loon, Lucas, Van Dieijen-Visser, Marja P. and Meex, Steven J. R.. (2012). Strong link between basal and exercise-induced cardiac troponin T levels: Do both reflect risk? International Journal of Cardiology. 158(1), pp. 129 - 131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.050

The single biopsy approach is reliable for the measurement of muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in older men

Burd, N., Pennings, Bart, Groen, Bart B. L., Gijsen, Annemie P., Senden, Joan M. and Van Loon, Luc. (2012). The single biopsy approach is reliable for the measurement of muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in older men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 113(6), pp. 896 - 902. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00513.2012

Inspanningstherapie bij type 2 diabetes: is dagelijkse inspanning noodzakelijk om glycemische controle te optimaliseren?

van Dijk, Jan W., Tummers, Kyra, Stehouwer, Coen D.A., Hartgens, Fred and van Loon, Luc. (2012). Inspanningstherapie bij type 2 diabetes: is dagelijkse inspanning noodzakelijk om glycemische controle te optimaliseren? Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Diabetologie. 10(2), pp. 60 - 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12467-012-0021-3

Protein Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Frail Elderly People: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Tieland, Michael, De Rest, Ondine Van, Dirks, Marlou L., Van Der Zwalu, Nikita L., Mensink, Marco, Van Loon, Luc and de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M.. (2012). Protein Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Frail Elderly People: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 13(8), pp. 720 - 726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.005

Exercise-Induced splanchnic hypoperfusion results in gut dysfunction in healthy men

Wijck, Kim V., Lenaerts, Kaatje, Van Loon, Luc, Peters, Wilbert H. M., Buurman, Wim A. and Dejong, Cornelis H. C.. (2011). Exercise-Induced splanchnic hypoperfusion results in gut dysfunction in healthy men. PLoS ONE. 6(7), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022366

Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery

Beelen, M, Burke, Louise, Gibala, M and van Loon, Luc. (2010). Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 20(6), pp. 515 - 532. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.515