Performance of variance estimators in the analysis of longitudinal data with a large cluster size

Journal article

Hu, Shuwen, Wang, You-Gan and Fu, Liya. (2022). Performance of variance estimators in the analysis of longitudinal data with a large cluster size. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation. 92(1), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2021.1929983
AuthorsHu, Shuwen, Wang, You-Gan and Fu, Liya
Abstract

Generalized estimating equations (GEE) is a widely used method for analysing longitudinal data, and the sandwich method is often used to estimate the variance–covariance matrix of the regression coefficient estimators. However, the sandwich method relies on the residual products as an estimator for the true covariance of the responses, and the estimator becomes singular and sparse when the cluster size (n) becomes larger. We carry out a large set of simulation studies to address the question, when the cluster size becomes large, whether the sandwich estimator and their modified versions are still valid when a sparse or singular matrix is used as an estimate of the true covariance of the responses. The performance of smooth bootstrap which involves perturbing the estimating functions is also worth to be investigated when the cluster size is large. Two datasets are analysed to illustrate these findings.

Keywordscovariance estimate; large cluster size; generalized estimating equations; smooth bootstrap; regularized sandwich estimate
Year2022
JournalJournal of Statistical Computation and Simulation
Journal citation92 (1), pp. 1-18
PublisherTaylor & Francis
ISSN0094-9655
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2021.1929983
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85106214615
Page range1-18
FunderAustralian Research Council (ARC)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online19 May 2021
Publication process dates
Accepted11 May 2021
Deposited04 Jul 2023
ARC Funded ResearchThis output has been funded, wholly or partially, under the Australian Research Council Act 2001
Grant IDDP160104292
11871390
2018JQ1006
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Paul, Sudhir, Wang, You-Gan and Ullah, Insha. (2019). A review of the Behrens–Fisher problem and some of its analogs : Does the same size fit all? Revstat Statistical Journal. 17(4), p. 563–597.
Incorporating social objectives in evaluating sustainable fisheries harvest strategy
Wu, Jiafeng, Wang, Na, Hu, Zhi-Hua, Hong, Zhenjie and Wang, You-Gan. (2019). Incorporating social objectives in evaluating sustainable fisheries harvest strategy. Environmental Modeling and Assessment. 24(4), pp. 381-386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-019-9651-9
Significance tests for analyzing gene expression data with small sample sizes
Ullah, Insha, Paul, Sudhir, Hong, Zhenjie and Wang, You-Gan. (2019). Significance tests for analyzing gene expression data with small sample sizes. Bioinformatics. 35(20), pp. 3996-4003. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz189
Robust Estimation Using Modified Huber’s Functions With New Tails
Jiang, Yunlu, Wang, You-Gan, Fu, Liya and Wang, Xueqin. (2019). Robust Estimation Using Modified Huber’s Functions With New Tails. Technometrics. 61(1), pp. 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.2018.1470037
Variable selection in rank regression for analyzing longitudinal data
Fu, Liya and Wang, You-Gan. (2018). Variable selection in rank regression for analyzing longitudinal data. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 27(8), pp. 2447-2458. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280216681347
Assessing temporal variations of Ammonia Nitrogen concentrations and loads in the Huaihe River Basin in relation to policies on pollution source control
Xu, Jing, Jin, Guangqiu, Tang, Hongwu, Zhang, Pei, Wang, Shen, Wang, You-Gan and Li, Ling. (2018). Assessing temporal variations of Ammonia Nitrogen concentrations and loads in the Huaihe River Basin in relation to policies on pollution source control. Science of the Total Environment. 642, pp. 1386-1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.395
Genomic prediction of breeding values using a subset of SNPs identified by three machine learning methods
Li, Bo, Zhang, Nanxi, Wang, You-Gan, George, Andrew W., Reverter, Antonio and Li, Yutao. (2018). Genomic prediction of breeding values using a subset of SNPs identified by three machine learning methods. Frontiers in Genetics. 9, p. Article 237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00237
Dividend growth and equity premium predictability
Zhu, Min, Chen, Rui, Du, Ke and Wang, You-Gan. (2018). Dividend growth and equity premium predictability. International Review of Economics and Finance. 56, pp. 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2017.10.020
Robust Regression with Data-Dependent Regularization Parameters and Autoregressive Temporal Correlations
Wang, Na, Wang, You-Gan, Hu, Shuwen, Hu, Zhi-Hua, Xu, Jing, Tang, Hongwu and Jin, Guangqiu. (2018). Robust Regression with Data-Dependent Regularization Parameters and Autoregressive Temporal Correlations. Environmental Modeling and Assessment. 23(6), pp. 779-786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-018-9605-7
Analysis of spatial data with a nested correlation structure
Adegboye, Oyelola, Leung, Denis and Wang, You-Gan. (2018). Analysis of spatial data with a nested correlation structure. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics. 67(2), pp. 329-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssc.12230
Working correlation structure selection in generalized estimating equations
Fu, Liya, Hao, Yangyang and Wang, You-Gan. (2018). Working correlation structure selection in generalized estimating equations. Computational Statistics. 33(2), pp. 983-996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00180-018-0800-4
Selection of working correlation structure in generalized estimating equations
Wang, You-Gan and Fu, Liya. (2017). Selection of working correlation structure in generalized estimating equations. Statistics in Medicine. 36(14), pp. 2206-2219. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.7262
Blockwise AICc for model selection in generalized linear models
Song, Guofeng, Dong, Xiaogang, Wu, Jiafeng and Wang, You-Gan. (2017). Blockwise AICc for model selection in generalized linear models. Environmental Modeling and Assessment. 22(6), pp. 523-533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-017-9552-8
A comment on Koh’s “The optimal design of fallible organizations : Invariance of optimal decision threshold and uniqueness of hierarchy and polyarchy structures”
Zhu, Min, Liu, Chang and Wang, You-Gan. (2017). A comment on Koh’s “The optimal design of fallible organizations : Invariance of optimal decision threshold and uniqueness of hierarchy and polyarchy structures”. Social Choice and Welfare. 48(2), pp. 385-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-016-1009-5
The Buckley–James estimator and induced smoothing
Wang, You-Gan, Zhao, Yudong and Fu, Liya. (2016). The Buckley–James estimator and induced smoothing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics. 58(2), pp. 211-225. https://doi.org/10.1111/anzs.12155
Maximum likelihood estimation of natural mortality and quantification of temperature effects on catchability of brown tiger prawn (penaeus esculentus) in Moreton Bay (Australia) using logbook data
Kienzle, Marco, Sterling, David, Zhou, Shijie and Wang, You-Gan. (2016). Maximum likelihood estimation of natural mortality and quantification of temperature effects on catchability of brown tiger prawn (penaeus esculentus) in Moreton Bay (Australia) using logbook data. Ecological Modelling. 322, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.11.008
Otolith morphology of four mackerel species (Scomberomorus spp.) in Australia : Species differentiation and prediction for fisheries monitoring and assessment
Zischke, Mitchell T., Litherland, Lenore, Tilyard, Benjamin R., Stratford, Nicholas J., Jones, Ebony L. and Wang, You-Gan. (2016). Otolith morphology of four mackerel species (Scomberomorus spp.) in Australia : Species differentiation and prediction for fisheries monitoring and assessment. Fisheries Research. 176, pp. 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.12.003
Efficient parameter estimation via Gaussian copulas for quantile regression with longitudinal data
Fu, Liya and Wang, You-Gan. (2016). Efficient parameter estimation via Gaussian copulas for quantile regression with longitudinal data. Journal of Multivariate Analysis. 143, pp. 492-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2015.07.004
Mixture of time-dependent growth models with an application to blue swimmer crab length-frequency data
Lloyd-Jones, Luke R., Nguyen, Hien D., McLachlan, Geoffrey J., Sumpton, Wayne and Wang, You-Gan. (2016). Mixture of time-dependent growth models with an application to blue swimmer crab length-frequency data. Biometrics. 72(4), pp. 1255-1265. https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.12531
Movement and growth of the coral reef holothuroids Bohadschia argus and Thelenota ananas
Purcell, Steven W., Piddocke, Toby P., Dalton, Steven J. and Wang, You-Gan. (2016). Movement and growth of the coral reef holothuroids Bohadschia argus and Thelenota ananas. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 551, pp. 201-214. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11720
Improved confidence intervals for the linkage disequilibrium method for estimating effective population size
Jones, A. T., Ovenden, J. R. and Wang, Y.-G.. (2016). Improved confidence intervals for the linkage disequilibrium method for estimating effective population size. Heredity. 117(4), pp. 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2016.19