The Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS), a national survey of the prevalence of child maltreatment and its correlates : Methodology

Journal article

Haslam, Divna M., Lawrence, David M., Mathews, Ben, Higgins, Daryl J., Hunt, Anna, Scott, James G., Dunne, Michael P., Erskine, Holly E., Thomas, Hannah J., Finkelhor, David, Pacella, Rosana, Meinck, Franziska and Malacova, Eva. (2023). The Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS), a national survey of the prevalence of child maltreatment and its correlates : Methodology. Medical Journal of Australia. 218(S6), pp. S5-S12. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51869

Publication dates
Authors	Haslam, Divna M., Lawrence, David M., Mathews, Ben, Higgins, Daryl J., Hunt, Anna, Scott, James G., Dunne, Michael P., Erskine, Holly E., Thomas, Hannah J., Finkelhor, David, Pacella, Rosana, Meinck, Franziska and Malacova, Eva
Abstract	Objectives To describe the aims, design, methodology, and respondent sample representativeness of the Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS). Design, setting Cross-sectional, retrospective survey; computer-assisted mobile telephone interviewing using random digit dialling (computer-generated), Australia, 9 April – 11 October 2021. Participants People aged 16 years or more. The target sample size was 8500 respondents: 3500 people aged 16–24 years and 1000 respondents each from five further age groups (25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65 years or more). Main outcome measures Primary outcomes: Emotional abuse, neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, exposure to domestic violence during childhood, assessed with the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire-R2 Adapted Version (Australian Child Maltreatment Study). Secondary outcomes: selected mental disorder diagnoses (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MINI), selected physical health conditions, health risk behaviours, health service use. Results The demographic characteristics of the ACMS sample were similar to those of the Australian population in 2016 with respect to gender, Indigenous status, region and remoteness category of residence, and marital status, but larger proportions of participants were born in Australia, lived in areas of higher socio-economic status, had tertiary qualifications, and had income greater than $1250 per week. Population weights were derived to adjust for these differences. Associations between the number of calls required to recruit participants and maltreatment rates and health outcomes were not statistically significant. Conclusions The ACMS provides the first reliable estimates of the prevalence of each type of child maltreatment in Australia. These estimates, and those of associated mental health and health risk behaviours reported in this supplement can inform policy and practice initiatives for reducing the prevalence of child maltreatment and its consequences. Our benchmark study also provides baseline data for repeated waves of the ACMS that will assess the effectiveness of these initiatives.
Keywords	child welfare; child abuse; epidemiology; mental disorders; healthcare disparities
Year	2023
Journal	Medical Journal of Australia
Journal citation	218 (S6), pp. S5-S12
Publisher	John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
ISSN	0025-729X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51869
PubMed ID	37004182
Scopus EID	2-s2.0-85148057275
Open access	Published as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Page range	S5-S12
Funder	National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
	Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Australian Government
	Department of Social Services, Australian Government
	Australian Institute of Criminology
	European Research Council (ERC)
	UK Research and Innovation Global Challenges Research Fund
	Department of Health, Queensland Government
Publisher's version	OA_Haslam_2023_The_Australian_Child_Maltreatment_Study_ACMS.pdf License CC BY 4.0 File Access Level Open
Output status	Published
Online	02 Apr 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted	23 Jan 2023
Deposited	17 Jul 2023
Grant ID	1158750
	852787
	ES/S008101/1
	1137969

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Higgins, Daryl J.. (2017). Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change The Conversation Media Group. https://doi.org/10.24268/fhs.8341

Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data

Doidge, James C., Edwards, Ben, Higgins, Daryl and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. 8(4), pp. 382 - 400. https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v8i4.414

Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort

Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul, Edwards, Ben, Vassallo, Suzanne, Toumbourou, John W. and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Children and Youth Services Review. 72, pp. 14 - 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.012

Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort

Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Child Abuse and Neglect. 64, pp. 47 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.002

Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention

Scott, Debbie, Lonne, Bob and Higgins, Daryl. (2016). Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 17(4), pp. 408 - 419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016658877

How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe?

Higgins, Daryl J., Kaufman, Keith and Erooga, Marcus. (2016). How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe? Developing Practice.

Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse

Quadara, Antonia, Nagy, Vicky, Higgins, Daryl and Siegel, Natalie. (2015). Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2015). A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children. Family Matters. 96, pp. 39 - 52.

The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2

Edwards, Ben, Mullan, Killian, Katz, Lian and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2 Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience

Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 299 - 303 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia

Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia. In Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 1 - 4 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions

Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions. 36(4), pp. 8 - 11.

Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support

Bromfield, Leah, Arney, Fiona and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 121 - 129 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2014). Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia. In In M. Robila (Ed.). Handbook of family policies across the globe pp. 335 - 353 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6771-7_22

Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies

Kenny, Pauline and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 29 - 38 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks

Price-Robertson, Rhys, Higgins, Daryl J. and Vassallo, Suzanne. (2013). Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks. Family Matters. 93, pp. 84 - 98.

Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice

Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Children and Families Australia. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.

Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice

Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Communities, Children and Families. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.

Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn

Baxter, Jennifer, Higgins, Daryl J. and Hayes, Alan. (2012). Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn. Family Matters. 90, pp. 98 - 105.

Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response

Higgins, Daryl and Scott, Debbie. (2012). Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response. In In H. Dubowitz (Ed.). World perspectives on child abuse pp. 69 - 75 International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.

Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development

Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, Gerard and Knezevic, Goran. (2012). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. In In G. J. Boyle, Donald H. Saklofske and G. Matthews (Ed.). Psychological Assessment pp. 41 - 67 SAGE Publications Inc..