The prevalence and nature of multi-type child maltreatment in Australia

Journal article

Higgins, Daryl J., Mathews, Ben, Pacella, Rosana, Scott, James G., Finkelhor, David, Meinck, Franziska, Erskine, Holly E., Thomas, Hannah J., Lawrence, David M., Haslam, Divna M., Malacova, Eva and Dunne, Michael P.. (2023). The prevalence and nature of multi-type child maltreatment in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia. 218(S6), pp. S19-S25. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51868

Publication dates
Authors	Higgins, Daryl J., Mathews, Ben, Pacella, Rosana, Scott, James G., Finkelhor, David, Meinck, Franziska, Erskine, Holly E., Thomas, Hannah J., Lawrence, David M., Haslam, Divna M., Malacova, Eva and Dunne, Michael P.
Abstract	Objectives To determine the prevalence in Australia of multi-type child maltreatment, defined as two or more maltreatment types (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, or exposure to domestic violence) and to examine its nature, family risk factors, and gender and age cohort differences. Design Retrospective cross-sectional survey using a validated questionnaire. Setting and participants Mobile phone random digit-dial sample of the Australian population aged 16 years and older. Main outcome measures National estimates of multi-type child maltreatment up to age 18 years using the Juvenile Victimisation Questionnaire-R2: Adapted Version (Australian Child Maltreatment Study). Results Of 8503 participants, 62.2% (95% CI, 60.9–63.6%) experienced one or more types of child maltreatment. Prevalence of single-type maltreatment was 22.8% (95% CI, 21.7–24.0%), whereas 39.4% (95% CI, 38.1–40.7%) of participants reported multi-type maltreatment and 3.5% (95% CI, 3.0–4.0%) reported all five types. Multi-type maltreatment was more common for gender diverse participants (66.1% [95% CI, 53.7–78.7%]) and women (43.2% [95% CI, 41.3–45.1%]) than for men (34.9% [95% CI, 33.0–36.7%]). Multi-type maltreatment prevalence was highest for those aged 25–44 years. Family-related adverse childhood experiences — especially mental illness and alcohol or substance misuse — increased risk. Exposure to domestic violence was the maltreatment type most often present in multi-type maltreatment patterns. Conclusions Multi-type child maltreatment is prevalent in Australia and more common in women and gender diverse individuals. Child protection services, health practitioners, and prevention and intervention services must assess and manage multi-type maltreatment in children and address its health consequences across the lifespan. Public health policy should consider prevention services or strategies that target multi-type child maltreatment.
Keywords	child abuse; child health; mental disorders; epidemiology
Year	2023
Journal	Medical Journal of Australia
Journal citation	218 (S6), pp. S19-S25
Publisher	John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
ISSN	0025-729X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51868
PubMed ID	37004183
Scopus EID	2-s2.0-85151362501
Open access	Published as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Page range	S19-S25
Funder	Australian Government
	National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
Publisher's version	OA_Higgins_2023_The_prevalence_and_nature_of_multi.pdf License CC BY 4.0 File Access Level Open
Output status	Published
Online	02 Apr 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted	23 Jan 2023
Deposited	18 Jul 2023
Grant ID	1158750

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Higgins, Daryl J.. (2017). Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change The Conversation Media Group. https://doi.org/10.24268/fhs.8341

Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data

Doidge, James C., Edwards, Ben, Higgins, Daryl and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. 8(4), pp. 382 - 400. https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v8i4.414

Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort

Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul, Edwards, Ben, Vassallo, Suzanne, Toumbourou, John W. and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Children and Youth Services Review. 72, pp. 14 - 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.012

Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort

Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Child Abuse and Neglect. 64, pp. 47 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.002

Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention

Scott, Debbie, Lonne, Bob and Higgins, Daryl. (2016). Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 17(4), pp. 408 - 419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016658877

How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe?

Higgins, Daryl J., Kaufman, Keith and Erooga, Marcus. (2016). How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe? Developing Practice.

Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse

Quadara, Antonia, Nagy, Vicky, Higgins, Daryl and Siegel, Natalie. (2015). Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2015). A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children. Family Matters. 96, pp. 39 - 52.

The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2

Edwards, Ben, Mullan, Killian, Katz, Lian and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2 Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience

Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 299 - 303 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia

Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia. In Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 1 - 4 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions

Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions. 36(4), pp. 8 - 11.

Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support

Bromfield, Leah, Arney, Fiona and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 121 - 129 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2014). Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia. In In M. Robila (Ed.). Handbook of family policies across the globe pp. 335 - 353 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6771-7_22

Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies

Kenny, Pauline and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 29 - 38 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks

Price-Robertson, Rhys, Higgins, Daryl J. and Vassallo, Suzanne. (2013). Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks. Family Matters. 93, pp. 84 - 98.

Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice

Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Children and Families Australia. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.

Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice

Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Communities, Children and Families. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.

Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn

Baxter, Jennifer, Higgins, Daryl J. and Hayes, Alan. (2012). Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn. Family Matters. 90, pp. 98 - 105.

Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response

Higgins, Daryl and Scott, Debbie. (2012). Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response. In In H. Dubowitz (Ed.). World perspectives on child abuse pp. 69 - 75 International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.

Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development

Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, Gerard and Knezevic, Goran. (2012). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. In In G. J. Boyle, Donald H. Saklofske and G. Matthews (Ed.). Psychological Assessment pp. 41 - 67 SAGE Publications Inc..