The prevalence of child maltreatment in Australia : Findings from a national survey

Journal article

Mathews, Ben, Pacella, Rosana, Scott, James G., Finkelhor, David, Meinck, Franziska, Higgins, Daryl J., Erskine, Holly E., Thomas, Hannah J., Lawrence, David M., Haslam, Divna M., Malacova, Eva and Dunne, Michael P.. (2023). The prevalence of child maltreatment in Australia : Findings from a national survey. Medical Journal of Australia. 218(S6), pp. S13-S18. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51873

Publication dates
Authors	Mathews, Ben, Pacella, Rosana, Scott, James G., Finkelhor, David, Meinck, Franziska, Higgins, Daryl J., Erskine, Holly E., Thomas, Hannah J., Lawrence, David M., Haslam, Divna M., Malacova, Eva and Dunne, Michael P.
Abstract	Objectives To estimate the prevalence in Australia of each type of child maltreatment; to identify gender- and age group-related differences in prevalence. Design, setting Cross-sectional national survey; mobile telephone interviews using random digit dialling (computer-generated), Australia, 9 April – 11 October 2021. Retrospective self-report data using validated questionnaire (Juvenile Victimisation Questionnaire-R2 Adapted Version (Australian Child Maltreatment Study). Participants People aged 16 years or more. The target sample size was 8500 respondents: 3500 people aged 16–24 years and 1000 respondents each from five further age groups (25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65 years or more). Main outcome measures Proportions of respondents reporting physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence to age 18 years, assessed with the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire-R2 Adapted Version (Australian Child Maltreatment Study), overall and by gender and age group, and weighted to reflect characteristics of the Australian population aged 16 years or more in 2016. Results Complete survey data were available for 8503 eligible participants (14% response rate). Physical abuse was reported by 32.0% of respondents (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.7–33.3%), sexual abuse by 28.5% (95% CI, 27.3–29.8%), emotional abuse by 30.9% (95% CI, 29.7–32.2%), neglect by 8.9% (95% CI, 8.1–9.7%), and exposure to domestic violence by 39.6% (95% CI, 38.3–40.9%). The proportions of respondents who reported sexual abuse, emotional abuse, or neglect were each statistically significantly larger for women than men. The reported prevalence of physical abuse by respondents aged 16–24 years was lower than for those aged 25–34 years, and that of sexual abuse was lower than for those aged 35–44 years, suggesting recent declines in the prevalence of these maltreatment types. Conclusions Child maltreatment is common in Australia, and larger proportions of women than men report having experienced sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect during childhood. As physical and sexual abuse may have declined recently, public health policy and practice may have positive effects, justifying continued monitoring and prevention activities.
Keywords	child welfare; child health; adolescence; child abuse; epidemiology
Year	2023
Journal	Medical Journal of Australia
Journal citation	218 (S6), pp. S13-S18
Publisher	John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
ISSN	0025-729X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51873
PubMed ID	37004184
Scopus EID	2-s2.0-85151356533
Open access	Published as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Page range	S13-S18
Funder	Australian Government
	National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
	Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Australian Government
	Department of Social Services, Australian Government
	Australian Institute of Criminology
	European Research Council (ERC)
	UK Research and Innovation Global Challenges Research Fund
	Department of Health, Queensland Government
Publisher's version	OA_Mathews_2023_The_prevalence_of_child_maltreatment_in.pdf License CC BY 4.0 File Access Level Open
Output status	Published
Online	02 Apr 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted	23 Jan 2023
Deposited	18 Jul 2023
Grant ID	1158750
	852787
	ES/S008101/1
	APP1137969

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Smyth, Bruce M., Hunter, Cathryn, Macvean, Michelle, Walter, Maggie and Higgins, Daryl J.. (2018). Education for family life in Australia. In In Robila, Mihaela and Taylor, Alan C. (Ed.). Global perspectives on family life education pp. 93-113 Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77589-0_7

Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2017). Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change The Conversation Media Group. https://doi.org/10.24268/fhs.8341

Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data

Doidge, James C., Edwards, Ben, Higgins, Daryl and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. 8(4), pp. 382 - 400. https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v8i4.414

Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort

Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul, Edwards, Ben, Vassallo, Suzanne, Toumbourou, John W. and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Children and Youth Services Review. 72, pp. 14 - 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.012

Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort

Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Child Abuse and Neglect. 64, pp. 47 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.002

Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention

Scott, Debbie, Lonne, Bob and Higgins, Daryl. (2016). Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 17(4), pp. 408 - 419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016658877

How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe?

Higgins, Daryl J., Kaufman, Keith and Erooga, Marcus. (2016). How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe? Developing Practice.

Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse

Quadara, Antonia, Nagy, Vicky, Higgins, Daryl and Siegel, Natalie. (2015). Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2015). A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children. Family Matters. 96, pp. 39 - 52.

The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2

Edwards, Ben, Mullan, Killian, Katz, Lian and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2 Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience

Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 299 - 303 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia

Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia. In Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 1 - 4 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions

Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions. 36(4), pp. 8 - 11.

Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support

Bromfield, Leah, Arney, Fiona and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 121 - 129 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia

Higgins, Daryl J.. (2014). Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia. In In M. Robila (Ed.). Handbook of family policies across the globe pp. 335 - 353 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6771-7_22

Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies

Kenny, Pauline and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 29 - 38 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.

Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks

Price-Robertson, Rhys, Higgins, Daryl J. and Vassallo, Suzanne. (2013). Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks. Family Matters. 93, pp. 84 - 98.

Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice

Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Children and Families Australia. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.

Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice

Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Communities, Children and Families. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.

Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn

Baxter, Jennifer, Higgins, Daryl J. and Hayes, Alan. (2012). Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn. Family Matters. 90, pp. 98 - 105.

Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response

Higgins, Daryl and Scott, Debbie. (2012). Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response. In In H. Dubowitz (Ed.). World perspectives on child abuse pp. 69 - 75 International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.

Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development

Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, Gerard and Knezevic, Goran. (2012). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. In In G. J. Boyle, Donald H. Saklofske and G. Matthews (Ed.). Psychological Assessment pp. 41 - 67 SAGE Publications Inc..