A primer on incorporating sex as a biological variable into the conduct and reporting of basic and clinical research studies

Journal article

Denfeld, Quin E., Lee, Christopher S. and Habecker, Beth A.. (2022). A primer on incorporating sex as a biological variable into the conduct and reporting of basic and clinical research studies. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 322(3), pp. H350-H354. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00605.2021
AuthorsDenfeld, Quin E., Lee, Christopher S. and Habecker, Beth A.
Abstract

The recent move to require sex as a biological variable (SABV), which includes gender, into the reporting of research published by the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology follows a growing, and much-needed, trend by journals. Understandably, there is concern over how to do this without adding considerable work, especially if one’s primary research focus is not on elucidating sex/gender differences. The purpose of this article is to provide additional guidance and examples on how to incorporate SABV into the conduct and reporting of basic and clinical research. Using examples from our research, which includes both studies focused and not focused on sex/gender differences, we offer suggestions for how to incorporate SABV into basic and clinical research studies.

Listen to this article’s corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/incorporating-sex-as-a-biological-var...

Keywordscardiovascular; gender; heart failure; sex; study design
Year2022
JournalAmerican Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology
Journal citation322 (3), pp. H350-H354
PublisherAmerican Physiological Society
ISSN0363-6135
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00605.2021
PubMed ID35030071
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85124437130
PubMed Central IDPMC8836716
Page rangeH350-H354
FunderNational Institutes of Health (NIH), United States of America
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online08 Feb 2022
Print01 Mar 2022
Publication process dates
Accepted12 Jan 2022
Deposited21 Sep 2023
Grant IDHD043488
NR019054
HL093056
HL146833
NR013492
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Physiologic childbirth and active management of the third stage of labor : A latent class model of risk for postpartum hemorrhage
Erickson, Elise N., Lee, Christopher S., Grose, Emily and Emeis, Cathy. (2019). Physiologic childbirth and active management of the third stage of labor : A latent class model of risk for postpartum hemorrhage. Birth : Issues in perinatal care. 46(1), pp. 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12384
Patterns, relevance, and predictors of dyadic mental health over time in lung cancer
Lee, Christopher S. and Lyons, Karen S.. (2019). Patterns, relevance, and predictors of dyadic mental health over time in lung cancer. Psycho-Oncology: journal of the psychological, social and behavioral dimensions of cancer. 28(8), pp. 1721-1727. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5153
Quality of life trajectories among stroke survivors and the related changes in caregiver outcomes : A growth mixture study
Pucciarelli, Gianluca, Lee, Christopher S., Lyons, Karen S., Simeone, Silvio, Alvaro, Rosaria and Vellone, Ercole. (2019). Quality of life trajectories among stroke survivors and the related changes in caregiver outcomes : A growth mixture study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 100(3), pp. 433-440.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2018.07.428
Hispanic hospice utilization : Integrative review and meta-analysis
Rising, Margaret L., Hassouneh, Dena S., Lutz, Kristin F., Berry, Pat and Lee, C.. (2019). Hispanic hospice utilization : Integrative review and meta-analysis. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 30(2), pp. 468-494. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2019.0042
Heart failure symptom biology in response to ventricular assist device implantation
Lee, Christopher S., Mudd, James O., Lyons, Karen S., Denfeld, Quin E., Jurgens, Corrine Y., Aouizerat, Bradley E., Gelow, Jill M., Chien, Christopher V., Aarons, Emily and Grady, Kathleen L.. (2019). Heart failure symptom biology in response to ventricular assist device implantation. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 34(2), pp. 174-182. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000552
Benefits and Harms of Omalizumab Treatment in Adolescent and Adult Patients with Chronic Idiopathic (Spontaneous) Urticaria: A Meta-analysis of "real-world" Evidence
Michael D. Tharp, Jonathan A. Bernstein, Abhishek Kavati, Benjamin Ortiz, Karen MacDonald, Kris Denhaerynck, Ivo Abraham and Christopher S. Lee. (2019). Benefits and Harms of Omalizumab Treatment in Adolescent and Adult Patients with Chronic Idiopathic (Spontaneous) Urticaria: A Meta-analysis of "real-world" Evidence. JAMA Dermatology. 155(1), pp. 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3447
Well-being in dementia: a cross-sectional dyadic study of the impact of multiple dimensions of strain on persons living with dementia and their family care partners
Lyndsey M. Miller, Jeffrey A. Kaye, Karen S. Lyons, Christopher S. Lee, Carol J. Whitlatch and Michael S. Caserta. (2019). Well-being in dementia: a cross-sectional dyadic study of the impact of multiple dimensions of strain on persons living with dementia and their family care partners. International Psychogeriatrics. 31(5), pp. 617-626. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161021800203X
Care values in dementia: Patterns of perception and incongruence among family care dyads
Lyndsey M Miller, Carol J Whitlatch, Christopher S Lee and Michael S Caserta. (2019). Care values in dementia: Patterns of perception and incongruence among family care dyads. Gerontologist. 59(3), pp. 509-518. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny008
Device-detected congestion is associated with worse patient-reported outcomes in heart failure
Jonathan P Auld, James O Mudd, Jill M Gelow, Karen S Lyons, Shirin O Hiatt and Chris Lee. (2019). Device-detected congestion is associated with worse patient-reported outcomes in heart failure. Heart & Lung: the journal of acute and critical care. 48(3), pp. 208-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.12.003
Factors influencing nurses’ willingness to lead
Sulaiman D. Al Sabei, Amy Miner Ross and Chris Lee. (2019). Factors influencing nurses’ willingness to lead. Journal of Nursing Management. 27(2), pp. 278-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12698
Development of an instrument for measuring self-care behaviors after left ventricular assist device implantation
Kato, Naoko P., Jaarsma, Tiny, Casida, Jesus M., Lee, Christopher S., Strömberg, Anna and Ben Gal, Tuvia. (2019). Development of an instrument for measuring self-care behaviors after left ventricular assist device implantation. Progress in Transplantation. 29(4), pp. 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924819874358
Describing latent phase duration and associated characteristics among 1281 low-risk women in spontaneous labor
Tilden, Ellen L., Phillippi, Julia C., Ahlberg, Mia, King, Tekoa L., Dissanayake, Mekhala, Lee, Christopher S., Snowden, Jonathan M. and Caughey, Aaron B.. (2019). Describing latent phase duration and associated characteristics among 1281 low-risk women in spontaneous labor. Birth. 46(4), pp. 592-601. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12428
Comparative symptom biochemistry between moderate and advanced heart failure
Lee, Christopher S., Denfeld, Quin E., Aouizerat, Bradley E., Jurgens, Corrine Y., Chien, Christopher V., Aarons, Emily, Gelow, Jill M., Hiatt, Shirin O. and Mudd, James O.. (2019). Comparative symptom biochemistry between moderate and advanced heart failure. Heart and Lung. 47(6), pp. 565-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.09.002
Integrative review of the literature on hispanics and hospice
Rising, Margaret L., Hassouneh, Dena S., Lutz, Kristin F., Lee, Chris S. and Berry, Pat. (2018). Integrative review of the literature on hispanics and hospice. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care. 35(3), pp. 542-554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909117730555
The theory of dyadic illness management
Lyons, Karen S. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2018). The theory of dyadic illness management. Journal of Family Nursing. 24(1), pp. 8-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840717745669
The influence of β-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 on stroke-induced immunodeficiency syndrome
Ross, Amy Miner, Lee, Christopher S., Lutsep, Helmi and Clark, Wayne M.. (2018). The influence of β-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 on stroke-induced immunodeficiency syndrome. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 33(4), pp. E3-1E10. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000481
Self-care moderates the relationship between symptoms and health-related quality of life in heart failure
Auld, Jonathan P., Mudd, James O., Gelow, Jill M., Hiatt, Shirin O. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2018). Self-care moderates the relationship between symptoms and health-related quality of life in heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 33(3), pp. 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000447
Psychometric analysis of the leadership environment scale (LENS) : Outcome from the Oregon research initiative on the organisation of nursing (ORION)
Ross, Amy M., Ilic, Kelley, Kiyoshi-Teo, Hiroko and Lee, Christopher S.. (2018). Psychometric analysis of the leadership environment scale (LENS) : Outcome from the Oregon research initiative on the organisation of nursing (ORION). Journal of Nursing Management. 26(4), pp. 467-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12572
Patient and caregiver determinants of patient quality of life and caregiver strain in left ventricular assist device therapy
Bidwell, Julie T., Lyons, Karen S., Mudd, James O., Grady, Kathleen L., Gelow, Jill M., Hiatt, Shirin O., Chien, Christopher V. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2018). Patient and caregiver determinants of patient quality of life and caregiver strain in left ventricular assist device therapy. Journal of the American Heart Association. 7(6), p. e008080. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.008080
Involvement of hospitalized persons with dementia in everyday decisions : A dyadic study
Miller, Lyndsey M., Lee, Christopher S., Whitlatch, Carol J. and Lyons, Karen S.. (2018). Involvement of hospitalized persons with dementia in everyday decisions : A dyadic study. Gerontologist. 58(4), pp. 644-653. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw265
Implant strategy-specific changes in symptoms in response to left ventricular assist devices
Lee, Christopher S., Gelow, Jill M., Chien, Christopher V., Hiatt, Shirin O., Bidwell, Julie T., Denfeld, Quin E., Grady, Kathleen L. and Mudd, James O.. (2018). Implant strategy-specific changes in symptoms in response to left ventricular assist devices. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 33(22), pp. 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000430
Identifying a relationship between physical frailty and heart failure symptoms
Denfeld, Quin E., Winters-Stone, Kerri, Mudd, James O., Hiatt, Shirin O. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2018). Identifying a relationship between physical frailty and heart failure symptoms. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 33(1), pp. E1-E7. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000408
Depressive symptoms in couples living with heart failure : the role of congruent engagement in heart failure management
Lyons, Karen S., Hiatt, Shirin O., Gelow, Jill M., Auld, Jonathan, Mudd, James O., Chien, Christopher V. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2018). Depressive symptoms in couples living with heart failure : the role of congruent engagement in heart failure management. Aging and Mental Health. 22(12), pp. 1585-1591. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1381945
The role of dyadic confidence on engagement in heart failure care behaviors
Lyons, Karen S., Gelow, Jill M., Hiatt, Shirin O., Mudd, James O., Auld, Jonathan, Chien, Christopher V. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2018). The role of dyadic confidence on engagement in heart failure care behaviors. The Gerontologist. 58(4), pp. 635-643. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx030
Patterns of heart failure symptoms are associated with self-care behaviors over 6 months
Auld, Jonathan P., Mudd, James O., Gelow, Jill M., Lyons, Karen S., Hiatt, Shirin O. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2018). Patterns of heart failure symptoms are associated with self-care behaviors over 6 months. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 17(6), pp. 543-551. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515118759074
Exploring the relationship between β-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 and physical symptoms in heart failure
Denfeld, Quin E., Mudd, James O., Hasan, Wohaib, Gelow, Jill M., Hiatt, Shirin O., Winters-Stone, Kerri and Lee, Christopher S.. (2018). Exploring the relationship between β-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 and physical symptoms in heart failure. Heart and Lung. 47(4), pp. 281-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.05.003
Role of prophylactic oxytocin in the third stage of labor : Physiologic versus pharmacologically influenced labor and birth
Erickson, Elise N., Lee, Christopher L. and Emeis, Cathy L.. (2017). Role of prophylactic oxytocin in the third stage of labor : Physiologic versus pharmacologically influenced labor and birth. Journal of Midwifery & Womens Health. 62(4), pp. 418-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12620
The prevalence of frailty in heart failure : A systematic review and meta-analysis
Denfeld, Quin E., Winters-Stone, Kerri, Mudd, James O., Gelow, Jill M., Kurdi, Sawsan and Lee, Christopher S.. (2017). The prevalence of frailty in heart failure : A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology. 236, pp. 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.01.153
Roles of changing physical function and caregiver burden on quality of life in stroke : A longitudinal dyadic analysis
Pucciarelli, Gianluca, Vellone, Ercole, Savini, Serenella, Simeone, Silvio, Ausili, Davide, Alvaro, Rosaria, Lee, Christopher S. and Lyons, Karen S.. (2017). Roles of changing physical function and caregiver burden on quality of life in stroke : A longitudinal dyadic analysis. Stroke. 48(3), pp. 733-739. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.014989
Quality of life, depression, and anxiety in ventricular assist device therapy : longitudinal outcomes for patients and family caregivers
Bidwell, Julie T., Lyons, Karen S., Mudd, James O., Gelow, Jill M., Chien, Christopher V., Hiatt, Shirin O., Grady, Kathleen L. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2017). Quality of life, depression, and anxiety in ventricular assist device therapy : longitudinal outcomes for patients and family caregivers. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 32(5), pp. 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000378
Patterns, relevance and predictors of heart failure dyadic symptom appraisal
Lee, Christopher S., Mudd, James O., Auld, Jonathan, Gelow, Jill M., Hiatt, Shirin O., Chien, Christopher V., Bidwell, Julie T. and Lyons, Karen S.. (2017). Patterns, relevance and predictors of heart failure dyadic symptom appraisal. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 16(7), pp. 595-604. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515117700760
Patient-reported barriers to the prekidney transplant evaluation in an at-risk population in the United States
Lockwood, Mark B., Saunders, Milda R., Nass, Rachel, McGivern, Claire L., Cunningham, Patrick N., Chon, W. James, Josephson, Michelle A., Becker, Yolanda T. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2017). Patient-reported barriers to the prekidney transplant evaluation in an at-risk population in the United States. Progress in Transplantation. 27(2), pp. 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924817699957
Frequency of and significance of physical frailty in patients with heart failure
Denfeld, Quin E., Winters-Stone, Kerri, Mudd, James O., Hiatt, Shirin O., Chien, Christopher V. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2017). Frequency of and significance of physical frailty in patients with heart failure. The American Journal of Cardiology. 119(8), pp. 1243-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.12.024
Caregiver well-being and patient outcomes in heart failure a meta-analysis
Bidwell, Julie T., Lyons, Karen S. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2017). Caregiver well-being and patient outcomes in heart failure a meta-analysis. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 32(4), pp. 372-382. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000350
Brief report : Patient activation among urban hospitalized patients with heart failure
Masterson Creber, Ruth, Chen, Ting, Wei, Chao and Lee, Christopher S.. (2017). Brief report : Patient activation among urban hospitalized patients with heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 23(11), pp. 817-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.08.452
“Real-life” effectiveness studies of omalizumab in adult patients with severe allergic asthma : Meta-analysis
Alhossan, Abdulaziz, Lee, Christopher S., MacDonald, Karen and Abraham, Ivo. (2017). “Real-life” effectiveness studies of omalizumab in adult patients with severe allergic asthma : Meta-analysis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 5(5), pp. 1362-1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.02.002
Background and design of the symptom burden in end-stage liver disease patient-caregiver dyad study
Lissi Hansen, Karen S Lyons, Nathan F. Dieckmann, Michael F. Chang, Shirin O Hiatt, Emma Solanki and Christopher S. Lee. (2017). Background and design of the symptom burden in end-stage liver disease patient-caregiver dyad study. Research in Nursing and Health. 40(5), pp. 398-413. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21807
Psychometric Testing of the Self-Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory (SC-CHDI)
Dickson, Victoria, Lee, Christopher, Yehle, Karen S., Mola, Ana, Faulkner, Kenneth M. and Riegel, Barbara. (2017). Psychometric Testing of the Self-Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory (SC-CHDI). Research in Nursing and Health. 40(1), pp. 15 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21755
Non-biological barriers to referral and the pre-kidney transplant evaluation among African Americans in the United States : A systematic review
Lockwood, Mark B., Bidwell, Julie T., Werner, Debra . and Lee, Christopher S.. (2016). Non-biological barriers to referral and the pre-kidney transplant evaluation among African Americans in the United States : A systematic review. Nephrology Nursing Journal. 43(3), pp. 225-239.
The influence of group versus individual prenatal care on phase of labor at hospital admission
Tilden, Ellen L., Emeis, Cathy L., Caughey, Aaron B., Weinstein, Sarah R., Futernick, Sarah B. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2016). The influence of group versus individual prenatal care on phase of labor at hospital admission. Journal of Midwifery & Womens Health. 61(4), pp. 427-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12437
The effect of childbirth self-efficacy on perinatal outcomes
Tilden, Ellen L., Caughey, Aaron B., Lee, Christopher S. and Emeis, Cathy. (2016). The effect of childbirth self-efficacy on perinatal outcomes. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 45(4), pp. 465-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2016.06.003
'Real-life' effectiveness studies of omalizumab in adult patients with severe allergic asthma : Systematic review
Abraham, I., Alhossan, A., Lee, C. S., Kutbi, H. and MacDonald, K.. (2016). 'Real-life' effectiveness studies of omalizumab in adult patients with severe allergic asthma : Systematic review. Allergy. 71(5), pp. 593-610. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12815
Influence of gender and age on the peripheral immune response in stroke
Ross, Amy Miner, Lee, Christopher S. and Lutsep, Helmi. (2016). Influence of gender and age on the peripheral immune response in stroke. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 31(4), pp. 331-355. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000252
Incongruent perceptions of the care values of hospitalized persons with dementia : A pilot study of patient-family caregiver dyads
Miller, Lyndsey M., Whitlatch, Carol J., Lee, Christopher S. and Lyons, Karen S.. (2016). Incongruent perceptions of the care values of hospitalized persons with dementia : A pilot study of patient-family caregiver dyads. Aging and Mental Health. 22(4), pp. 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1280766
Usefulness of cognitive dysfunction in heart failure to predict cardiovascular risk at 180 days
Gelow, Jill M., Mudd, James O., Chien, Christopher V. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2015). Usefulness of cognitive dysfunction in heart failure to predict cardiovascular risk at 180 days. American Journal of Cardiology. 115(6), pp. 778-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.12.040
Symptom-hemodynamic mismatch and heart failure event risk
Lee, Christopher S., Hiatt, Shirin O., Denfeld, Quin E., Mudd, James O., Chien, Christopher and Gelow, Jill M.. (2015). Symptom-hemodynamic mismatch and heart failure event risk. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 30(5), pp. 394-402. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000175
Physical and psychological symptom biomechanics in moderate to advanced heart failure
Denfeld, Quin E., Mudd, James O., Gelow, Jill M., Chien, Christopher, Hiatt, Shirin O. and Lee, Christopher S.. (2015). Physical and psychological symptom biomechanics in moderate to advanced heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 30(4), pp. 346-350. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000171
Gender-specific physical symptom biology in heart failure
Lee, Christopher S., Hiatt, Shirin O., Denfeld, Quin E., Chien, Christopher V., Mudd, James O. and Gelow, Jill M.. (2015). Gender-specific physical symptom biology in heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 30(6), pp. 517-521. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000191
Determinants of frequent internet use in an urban kidney transplant population in the United States : Characterizing the digital divide
Lockwood, Mark, Saunders, Milda, Josephson, Michelle A., Becker, Yolanda T. and Lee, Christopher. (2015). Determinants of frequent internet use in an urban kidney transplant population in the United States : Characterizing the digital divide. Progress in Transplantation. 25(1), pp. 9-17. https://doi.org/10.7182/pit2015957
The problem with Cronbach's alpha: Comment on Sijtsma and van der Ark (2015)
Barbaranelli, Claudio, Lee, Christopher, Vellone, Ercole and Riegel, Barbara. (2015). The problem with Cronbach's alpha: Comment on Sijtsma and van der Ark (2015). Nursing Research. 64(2), pp. 140 - 145. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000079
Background and design of the profiling biobehavioral responses to mechanical support in advanced heart failure study
Lee, Christopher S., Mudd, James O., Gelow, Jill M., Nguyen, Thuan, Hiatt, Shirin O., Green, Jennifer K., Denfeld, Quin E., Bidwell, Julie T. and Grady, Kathleen L.. (2014). Background and design of the profiling biobehavioral responses to mechanical support in advanced heart failure study. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 29(5), pp. 405-415. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0b013e318299fa09
Symptom incongruence trajectories in lung cancer dyads
Lyons, Karen S., Lee, Christopher S., Bennett, Jill A., Nail, Lillian M., Fromme, Erik, Hiatt, Shirin O. and Sayer, Aline G.. (2014). Symptom incongruence trajectories in lung cancer dyads. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 48(6), pp. 1031-1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.02.004
Psychometric testing on the NLN Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning, Simulation Design Scale, and Educational Practices Questionnaire using a sample of pre-licensure novice nurses
Franklin, Ashley E., Burns, Paulette and Lee, Christopher S.. (2014). Psychometric testing on the NLN Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning, Simulation Design Scale, and Educational Practices Questionnaire using a sample of pre-licensure novice nurses. Nurse Education Today. 34(10), pp. 1298-1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.06.011
Physical and psychological symptom profiling and event-free survival in adults with moderate to advanced heart failure
Lee, Christopher S., Gelow, Jill M., Denfeld, Quin E., Mudd, James O., Burgess, Donna, Green, Jennifer K., Hiatt, Shirin O. and Jurgens, Corrine Y.. (2014). Physical and psychological symptom profiling and event-free survival in adults with moderate to advanced heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 29(4), pp. 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0b013e318285968a
Peripheral immune response and infection in first-time and recurrent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack
Ross, Amy Miner, Lee, Christopher S. and Brewer, Margaret. (2014). Peripheral immune response and infection in first-time and recurrent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 46(4), pp. 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNN.0000000000000061
Effectiveness of simulation for improvement in self-efficacy among novice nurses : A meta-analysis
Franklin Ashley, E. and Lee Christopher, S.. (2014). Effectiveness of simulation for improvement in self-efficacy among novice nurses : A meta-analysis. Journal of Nursing Education. 53(11), pp. 607-614. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20141023-03
Comparison of expert modeling versus voice-over powerpoint lecture and presimulation readings on novice nurses' competence of providing care to multiple patients
Franklin Ashley, E., Sideras, Stephanie, Gubrud-Howe, Paula and Lee Christopher, S.. (2014). Comparison of expert modeling versus voice-over powerpoint lecture and presimulation readings on novice nurses' competence of providing care to multiple patients. Journal of Nursing Education. 53(11), pp. 615-622. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20141023-01
Comorbidity profiles and inpatient outcomes during hospitalization for heart failure : An analysis of the U.S. Nationwide inpatient sample
Lee, Christopher S., Chien, Christopher V., Bidwell, Julie T., Gelow, Jill M., Denfeld, Quin E., Creber, Ruth Masterson, Buck, Harleah G. and Mudd, James O.. (2014). Comorbidity profiles and inpatient outcomes during hospitalization for heart failure : An analysis of the U.S. Nationwide inpatient sample. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 14, p. 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-14-73
Validity and reliability of the European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior Scale among adults from the United States with symptomatic heart failure
Lee, Christopher, Lyons, Karen, Gelow, Jill, Mudd, James, Hiatt, Shirin, Nguyen, Thuan and Jaarsma, Tiny. (2013). Validity and reliability of the European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior Scale among adults from the United States with symptomatic heart failure. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 12(2), pp. 214 - 218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515112469316