Traffic exposure, air pollution and children's physical activity at early childhood education and care

Journal article

Christian, Hayley, Lester, Leanne, Trost, Stewart G., Schipperijn, Jasper, Pereira, Gavin, Franklin, Peter and Wheeler, Amanda J.. (2022). Traffic exposure, air pollution and children's physical activity at early childhood education and care. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 240, p. Article 113885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113885
AuthorsChristian, Hayley, Lester, Leanne, Trost, Stewart G., Schipperijn, Jasper, Pereira, Gavin, Franklin, Peter and Wheeler, Amanda J.
Abstract

Background
A significant number of children attend Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC). ECEC is an important environment and behaviour setting for young children. Time spent outdoors is positively associated with children's physical activity levels, yet increased time spent physically active outdoors may expose young children to traffic-related air pollution, particularly in ECEC centres located in high traffic areas.

Methods
This study was part of the Play Spaces and Environments for Children's Physical Activity (PLAYCE) study, Perth, Western Australia. Data from 22 ECEC centres and 478 children were collected. Continuous measures of indoor and outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were conducted for 48–72 h in each ECEC. Children wore ActiGraph GT3X + accelerometers to measure their physical activity at ECEC. The total length of high traffic roads within a 300m road network service area buffer around each ECEC was used to identify high and low traffic centres.

Results
Outdoor PM2.5 concentrations peaked in the afternoon (1pm, 2pm and 6pm) at ECEC centres. Outdoor and indoor PM2.5 concentrations were significantly higher for centres located in high compared with low traffic areas (both p < 0.05). There was no significant association between a centre being located in a high or low traffic area and the time preschoolers spent outdoors or their physical activity levels.

Discussion
Time periods when air pollution concentrations in ECECs are highest correspond with times when preschoolers are likely to be physically active outdoors. Children's potential exposure to traffic-related air pollutants is occurring during a period of rapid lung development. Given there is no evidence of a safe level of exposure to PM2.5 or a threshold below which no adverse health effects occur, careful planning should be a consideration to avoid locating ECEC centres in high traffic areas.

Keywordsair quality; traffic emissions; childcare; children; physical activity
Year2022
JournalInternational Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
Journal citation240, p. Article 113885
PublisherElsevier GmbH
ISSN1438-4639
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113885
PubMed ID34847452
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85120036400
Page range1-7
FunderWestern Australian Health Promotion Foundation
National Heart Foundation of Australia
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
Research Council of Norway
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online27 Nov 2021
Publication process dates
Accepted23 Nov 2021
Deposited18 Oct 2023
Grant ID24219
100794
102549
1099655
1173991
262700
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Nethery, Elizabeth, Mallach, Gary, Rainham, Daniel, Goldberg, Mark S. and Wheeler, Amanda. (2014). Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and temperature data to generate time-activity classifications for estimating personal exposure in air monitoring studies: An automated method. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source. 13(1), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-33
Quantifying the contribution of ambient and indoor-generated fine particles to indoor air in residential environments
MacNeill, Morgan, Kearney, J., Wallace, Lance, Gibson, M., Heroux, M. E., Kuchta, J., Guernsey, J. R. and Wheeler, Amanda. (2014). Quantifying the contribution of ambient and indoor-generated fine particles to indoor air in residential environments. Indoor Air: international journal of indoor air quality and climate. 24(4), pp. 362 - 375. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12084
Comparison of questionnaire responses with biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure in a Canadian birth cohort at three months of age
McLean, Kathleen, Lanphear, Bruce P., Wheeler, Amanda, Brook, Jeff, Scott, James, Allen, Ryan, Brauer, Michael, Sears, Malcolm, Subbarao, Padmaja, Turvey, Stuart, Becker, Allan, Mandhane, Piush and Takaro, Tim. (2014). Comparison of questionnaire responses with biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure in a Canadian birth cohort at three months of age. In R. Warrington (Ed.). Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Annual Scientific Meeting 2013. United Kingdom: BioMed Central. pp. 1 - 2 https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-10-S1-A60
Consumer health organisations for chronic conditions : Why do some people access them and others don't?
Sav, Adem, McMillan, Sara, Kelly, Fiona, Whitty, Jennifer, Kendall, Elizabeth, King, Michelle and Wheeler, Amanda. (2014). Consumer health organisations for chronic conditions : Why do some people access them and others don't? Primary Health Care Research and Development. 15(4), pp. 418 - 429. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423614000036
Chronic Conditions, financial burden and pharmaceutical pricing : Insights from Australian Consumers
Whitty, Jennifer, Sav, Adem, Kelly, Fiona, King, Michelle, McMillan, Sara, Kendall, Elizabeth and Wheeler, Amanda. (2014). Chronic Conditions, financial burden and pharmaceutical pricing : Insights from Australian Consumers. Australian Health Review. 38(5), pp. 589 - 595. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH13190
Predictors of indoor BTEX concentrations in Canadian residences
Wheeler, Amanda J., Wong, Suzy L., Khoury, Cheryl and Zhu, Jiping. (2013). Predictors of indoor BTEX concentrations in Canadian residences. Health Reports. 24(5), pp. 11-17.
Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cardiovascular mortality
Chen, Hong, Goldberg, Mark S., Burnett, Richard T., Jerrett, Michael, Wheeler, Amanda J. and Villeneuve, Paul J.. (2013). Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cardiovascular mortality. Epidemiology. 24(1), pp. 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e318276c005
Identifying the sources driving observed PM2.5 temporal variability over Halifax, Nova Scotia, during BORTAS-B
Gibson, M. D., Pierce, J. R., Waugh, D., Kuchta, J. S., Chisholm, L., Duck, T. J., Hopper, J. T., Beauchamp, S., King, G. H., Franklin, J. E., Leaitch, W. R., Wheeler, A. J., Li, Z., Gagnon, G. A. and Palmer, P. I.. (2013). Identifying the sources driving observed PM2.5 temporal variability over Halifax, Nova Scotia, during BORTAS-B. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 13(14), pp. 7199-7213. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7199-2013
Fine and ultrafine particle decay rates in multiple homes
Wallace, Lance, Kindzierski, Warren, Kearney, Jill, MacNeill, Morgan, Héroux, Marie-Ève and Wheeler, Amanda J.. (2013). Fine and ultrafine particle decay rates in multiple homes. Environmental Science and Technology. 47(22), pp. 12929-12937. https://doi.org/10.1021/es402580t
Development of temporally refined land-use regression models predicting daily household-level air pollution in a panel study of lung function among asthmatic children
Johnson, Markey, MacNeill, Morgan, Grgicak-Mannion, Alice, Nethery, Elizabeth, Xu, Xiaohong, Dales, Robert, Rasmussen, Pat and Wheeler, Amanda. (2013). Development of temporally refined land-use regression models predicting daily household-level air pollution in a panel study of lung function among asthmatic children. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 23, pp. 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2013.1
Reductions in Residential Wood Smoke Concentrations and Infiltration Efficiency using Electrostatic Air Cleaner Interventions
Amanda J. Wheeler, Mark Gibson, Tony J. Ward, Ryan W. Allen, Judy Read Guernsey, Matt Seaboyer, James Kuchta, Richard Gould and Dave Stieb. (2013). Reductions in Residential Wood Smoke Concentrations and Infiltration Efficiency using Electrostatic Air Cleaner Interventions. 12th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 2011. Curran Associates, Inc..
Optimization of a Passive Sampling Method for Determination of Airborne Naphthalene for Residential Indoor Air Monitoring
Amanda J. Wheeler, Phil Fellin, Henrik Li, Mark D. Gibson, Judy Read Guernsey, Keith Van Ryswsk, Leonora Marro, Huda Masoud, Roger Sutcliffe and Marie-Eve Héroux. (2013). Optimization of a Passive Sampling Method for Determination of Airborne Naphthalene for Residential Indoor Air Monitoring. 12th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 2011. Curran Associates, Inc..
Development and validation of the TefTex electrostatic wipe for indoor dust sampling
Theodore Konya, Juliet Ewaze, Bruce Urch, Huan Shu, Jason Curran, Mary Speck, Ryan Allen, Jeff Brook, Miriam Diamond, Greg Evans, Tim Takaro, Amanda Wheeler and James Scott. (2013). Development and validation of the TefTex electrostatic wipe for indoor dust sampling. 10th International Conference on Healthy Buildings 2012. Brisbane, Australia Curran Associates, Inc..
Characteristics of naphthalene and its sources in Edmonton, Alberta residences during winter and summer 2010
Warren Kindzierski, Phyllis Chui, Xiangfei Li, Keith Van Ryswyk, Amanda Wheeler, Marie-Eve Heroux, Leonora Marro and Phil Fellin. (2013). Characteristics of naphthalene and its sources in Edmonton, Alberta residences during winter and summer 2010. 12th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 2011. Curran Associates, Inc.. pp. 2529-2534
Assessment of Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution in a Residential High-Rise
Gary Mallach, Ryan H Kulka, Russell Dietz, Lance Wallace, Halûk Özkaynak, Ron Williams, Amanda Wheeler, Marie-Ève Heroux and Markey Johnson. (2013). Assessment of Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution in a Residential High-Rise. 12th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 2011. Curran Associates, Inc.. pp. 141-142
Ambient ozone concentrations and the risk of perforated and nonperforated appendicitis : A multicity case-crossover study
Kaplan, Gilaad G., Tanyingoh, Divine, Dixon, Elijah, Johnson, Markey, Wheeler, Amanda J., Myers, Robert P., Bertazzon, Stefania, Saini, Vineet, Madsen, Karen, Ghosh, Subrata and Villeneuve, Paul J.. (2013). Ambient ozone concentrations and the risk of perforated and nonperforated appendicitis : A multicity case-crossover study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 121(8), pp. 939-943. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206085
A randomized double-blind crossover study of indoor air filtration and acute changes in cardiorespiratory health in a First Nations community
Weichental, S., Mallach, G., Kulka, R., Black, A., Wheeler, A., You, H., St-Jean, M., Kwiatkowski, R. and Sharp, D.. (2013). A randomized double-blind crossover study of indoor air filtration and acute changes in cardiorespiratory health in a First Nations community. Indoor Air. 23(3), pp. 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12019
A new exposure metric for traffic-related air pollution? An analysis of determinants of hopanes in settled indoor house dust
Sbihi, Hind, Brook, Jeffrey R., Allen, Ryan W., Curan, Jason H., Dell, Sharon, Mandhane, Piush, Scott, James A., Sears, Malcolm R., Subbarao, Padmaja, Takaro, Timothy K., Turvey, Stuart E., Wheeler, Amanda J. and Brauer, Michael. (2013). A new exposure metric for traffic-related air pollution? An analysis of determinants of hopanes in settled indoor house dust. Environmental Health. 12, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-48
A cohort study of intra-urban variations in volatile organic compounds and mortality, Toronto, Canada
Villeneuve, Paul J., Jerrett, Michael, Su, Jason, Burnett, Richard T., Chen, Hong, Brook, Jeffrey, Wheeler, Amanda J., Cakmak, Sabit and Goldberg, Mark S.. (2013). A cohort study of intra-urban variations in volatile organic compounds and mortality, Toronto, Canada. Environmental Pollution. 183, pp. 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.022
Self management of chronic conditions in a rural and remote context
Sav, Adem, King, Michelle, Kelly, Fiona, McMillan, Sara, Kendall, Elizabeth, Whitty, Jennifer and Wheeler, Amanda. (2013). Self management of chronic conditions in a rural and remote context. Australian Journal of Primary Health. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY13084
'You say treatment, I say hard work' : Treatment burden among people with chronic illness and their carers in Australia
Sav, Adem, Kendall, Elizabeth, McMillan, Sara, Kelly, Fiona, Whitty, Jennifer, King, Michelle and Wheeler, Amanda. (2013). 'You say treatment, I say hard work' : Treatment burden among people with chronic illness and their carers in Australia. Health and Social Care in the Community. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12052
Burden of treatment for chronic illness: A concept analysis and review of the literature
Sav, Adem, King, Michelle A., Whitty, Jennifer, Kendall, Elizabeth, McMillan, Sara S., Kelly, Fiona, Hunter, Beth and Wheeler, Amanda. (2013). Burden of treatment for chronic illness: A concept analysis and review of the literature. Health Expectations. 18(3), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12046
Community pharmacy in Australia : A health hub destination of the future
McMillan, Sara, Wheeler, Amanda, Sav, Adem, King, Michelle, Kendall, Elizabeth, Whitty, Jennifer and Kelly, Fiona. (2013). Community pharmacy in Australia : A health hub destination of the future. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.11.003
Patient-centred approaches to health care: A Systematic reivew of randomized controlled trials
McMillan, Sara, Kendall, Elizabeth, Sav, Adem, King, Michelle, Whitty, Jennifer, Kelly, Fiona and Wheeler, Amanda. (2013). Patient-centred approaches to health care: A Systematic reivew of randomized controlled trials. Medical Care Research and Review. 70(6), pp. 567 - 596. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558713496318
Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as biomarker of exposure to PAHs in air : A pilot study among pregnant women
Nethery, Elizabeth, Wheeler, Amanda J., Fisher, Mandy, Sjödin, Andreas, Li, Zheng, Romanoff, Lovisa C., Foster, Warren and Arbuckle, Tye E.. (2012). Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as biomarker of exposure to PAHs in air : A pilot study among pregnant women. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 2(1), pp. 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2011.32
Multi-season, multi-year concentrations and correlations amongst the BTEX group of VOCs in an urbanized industrial city
Miller, Lindsay, Xu, Xiaohong, Grgicak-Mannion, Alice, Brook, Jeffrey and Wheeler, Amanda. (2012). Multi-season, multi-year concentrations and correlations amongst the BTEX group of VOCs in an urbanized industrial city. Atmospheric Environment. 61, pp. 305-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.041
Intraurban concentrations, spatial variability and correlation of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and PM2.5
Anastasopoulos, Angelos T., Wheeler, Amanda, Karman, Deniz and Kulka, Ryan H.. (2012). Intraurban concentrations, spatial variability and correlation of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and PM2.5. Atmospheric Environment. 59, pp. 272-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.004
Factors influencing variability in the infiltration of PM2.5 mass and its components
MacNeill, M., Wallace, L., Kearney, J., Allen, R. W., Van Ryswyk, K., Judek, S., Xu, X. and Wheeler, A.. (2012). Factors influencing variability in the infiltration of PM2.5 mass and its components. Atmospheric Environment. 61, pp. 518-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.005
A cohort study relating urban green space with mortality in Ontario, Canada
Villeneuve, Paul J., Jerrett, Michael, Su, Jason G., Burnett, Richard T., Chen, Hong, Wheeler, Amanda J. and Goldberg, Mark S.. (2012). A cohort study relating urban green space with mortality in Ontario, Canada. Environmental Research. 115, pp. 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.003
Treatment burden among people with chronic illness : What are the consumer health organisations saying?
Sav, Adem, McMillan, Sara, Kelly, Fiona, Kendall, Elizabeth, Whitty, Jennifer, King, Michelle and Wheeler, Amanda. (2012). Treatment burden among people with chronic illness : What are the consumer health organisations saying? Chronic Illness. 9(3), pp. 220 - 232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395312463411
The daily and seasonal variability in residential concentrations of aldehydes in two Canadian cities
Heroux, Marie-Eve, Dobbin, Nina, Gibson, Mark, Guernsey, Judy, Kindzierski, Warren, Van Ryswyk, Keith and Wheeler, Amanda. (2011). The daily and seasonal variability in residential concentrations of aldehydes in two Canadian cities. 12th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 2011. United States: Curran Associates, Inc.. pp. 2254-2259
Windsor, Ontario Exposure Assessment Study : Design and methods validation of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution monitoring
Wheeler, Amanda J., Xu, Xiaohong, Kulka, Ryan, You, Hongyu, Wallace, Lance, Mallach, Gary, Van Ryswyk, Keith, MacNeill, Morgan, Kearney, Jill, Rasmussen, Pat E., Dabek-Zlotorzynska, Ewa, Wang, Daniel, Poon, Raymond, Williams, Ron, Stocco, Corinne, Anastassopoulos, Angelos, Miller, J. David, Dales, Robert and Brook, Jeffrey R.. (2011). Windsor, Ontario Exposure Assessment Study : Design and methods validation of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution monitoring. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 61(3), pp. 324-338. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.61.3.324
Windsor, Ontario Exposure Assessment Study : Design and methods validation of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution monitoring
Wheeler, Amanda J., Xu, Xiaohong, Kulka, Ryan, You, Hongyu, Wallace, Lance, Mallach, Gary, Ryswyk, Keith Van, MacNeill, Morgan, Kearney, Jill, Rasmussen, Pat E., Dabek-Zlotorzynska, Ewa, Wang, Daniel, Poon, Raymond, Williams, Ron, Stocco, Corinne, Anastassopoulos, Angelos, Miller, J. David, Dales, Robert and Brook, Jeffrey R.. (2011). Windsor, Ontario Exposure Assessment Study : Design and methods validation of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution monitoring. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 61(2), pp. 142-156. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.61.2.142
Validation of continuous particle monitors for personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures
Wallace, Lance A., Wheeler, Amanda J., Kearney, Jill, Van Ryswyk, Keith, You, Hongyu, Kulka, Ryan H., Rasmussen, Pat E., Brook, Jeff R. and Xu, Xiaohong. (2011). Validation of continuous particle monitors for personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 21(1), pp. 49-64. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.15
The transferability of NO and NO2 land use regression models between cities and pollutants
Allen, Ryan W., Amram, Ofer, Wheeler, Amanda J. and Brauer, Michael. (2011). The transferability of NO and NO2 land use regression models between cities and pollutants. Atmospheric Environment. 45(2), pp. 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.002
Spatial variability and application of ratios between BTEX in two Canadian cities
Miller, Lindsay, Xu, Xiaohong, Wheeler, Amanda, Atari, Dominic Odwa, Grgicak-Mannion, Alice and Luginaah, Isaac. (2011). Spatial variability and application of ratios between BTEX in two Canadian cities. The Scientific World Journal. 11, pp. 2536-2549. https://doi.org/10.1100/2011/167973
Residential indoor and outdoor ultrafine particles in Windsor, Ontario
Kearney, J., Wallace, L., MacNeill, M., Xu, X., VanRyswyk, K., You, H., Kulka, R. and Wheeler, A. J.. (2011). Residential indoor and outdoor ultrafine particles in Windsor, Ontario. Atmospheric Environment. 45(40), pp. 7583-7593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.002
Residential indoor and outdoor coarse particles and associated endotoxin exposures
Wheeler, Amanda J., Dobbin, Nina A., Lyrette, Ninon, Wallace, Lance, Foto, Mark, Mallick, Ranjeeta, Kearney, Jill, Van Ryswyk, Keith, Gilbert, Nicolas L., Harrison, Ian, Rispler, Kathleen and Héroux, Marie-Eve. (2011). Residential indoor and outdoor coarse particles and associated endotoxin exposures. Atmospheric Environment. 45(39), pp. 7064-7071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.048
Personal, indoor, and outdoor concentrations of fine and ultrafine particles using continuous monitors in multiple residences
Wheeler, Amanda J., Wallace, Lance A., Kearney, Jill, Van Ryswyk, Keith, You, Hongyu, Kulka, Ryan, Brook, Jeffrey R. and Xu, Xiaohong. (2011). Personal, indoor, and outdoor concentrations of fine and ultrafine particles using continuous monitors in multiple residences. Aerosol Science and Technology. 45(9), pp. 1078-1089. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2011.580798
IndoorOutdoor Ultrafine Particles in 50 Residences in Edmonton, Canada
Lance Wallace, Amanda Wheeler, Jill Kearney, Marie-Ève Héroux, Keith Van Ryswyk, Fay Li and Warren Kindzierski. (2011). IndoorOutdoor Ultrafine Particles in 50 Residences in Edmonton, Canada. 12th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 2011. Curran Associates, Inc..