Kids in the city study : research design and methodology

Journal article

Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen, Kearns, Robin, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Carroll, Penelope, Drumheller, Chelsea, Tavae, Nicola, Asiasiga, Lanuola, Jelley, Su, Kaiwai, Hector, Opit, Simon, Lin, En-Yi, Sweetsur, Paul, Barnes, Helen, Mason, Nic and Ergler, Christina. (2011). Kids in the city study : research design and methodology. BMC Public Health. 11, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-587
AuthorsOliver, Melody, Witten, Karen, Kearns, Robin, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Carroll, Penelope, Drumheller, Chelsea, Tavae, Nicola, Asiasiga, Lanuola, Jelley, Su, Kaiwai, Hector, Opit, Simon, Lin, En-Yi, Sweetsur, Paul, Barnes, Helen, Mason, Nic and Ergler, Christina
Abstract

Background: Physical activity is essential for optimal physical and psychological health but substantial declines in children’s activity levels have occurred in New Zealand and internationally. Children’s independent mobility (i.e., outdoor play and traveling to destinations unsupervised), an integral component of physical activity in childhood, has also declined radically in recent decades. Safety-conscious parenting practices, car reliance and auto-centric urban design have converged to produce children living increasingly sedentary lives. This research investigates how urban neighborhood environments can support or enable or restrict children’s independent mobility, thereby influencing physical activity accumulation and participation in daily life.

Methods/Design: The study is located in six Auckland, New Zealand neighborhoods, diverse in terms of urban design attributes, particularly residential density. Participants comprise 160 children aged 9-11 years and their parents/caregivers. Objective measures (global positioning systems, accelerometers, geographical information systems, observational audits) assessed children’s independent mobility and physical activity, neighborhood infrastructure, and streetscape attributes. Parent and child neighborhood perceptions and experiences were assessed using qualitative research methods.

Discussion: This study is one of the first internationally to examine the association of specific urban design attributes with child independent mobility. Using robust, appropriate, and best practice objective measures, this study provides robust epidemiological information regarding the relationships between the built environment and health outcomes for this population.

Keywordsphysical activity; global position system; global position system data; residential density; street connectivity
Year01 Jan 2011
JournalBMC Public Health
Journal citation11, pp. 1-12
PublisherBioMed Central
ISSN1471-2458
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-587
Web address (URL)https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-11-587#article-info
Open accessOpen access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range1-12
Publisher's version
License
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Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online24 Jul 2011
Publication process dates
Accepted24 Jul 2011
Deposited17 May 2024
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© 2011 Oliver et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Place of publicationUnited Kingdom
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Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Livingston, Michael, David, Stephanie and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2016). Testing spatial measures of alcohol outlet density with self-rated health in the Australian context : Implications for policy and practice. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35(3), pp. 298-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12341
Children's Out-of-School Independently Mobile Trips, Active Travel, and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Examination from the Kids in the City Study
Oliver, Melody, Parker, Karl, Witten, Karen, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah M., Donovan, Phil, Chaudhury, Moushumi and Kearns, Robin. (2016). Children's Out-of-School Independently Mobile Trips, Active Travel, and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Examination from the Kids in the City Study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13(3), pp. 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0043
Associations between the neighborhood environment and moderate-to-vigorous walking in New Zealand children : Findings from the URBAN Study
McGrath, Leslie J., Hinckson, Erica A., Hopkins, Will G., Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen and Schofield, Grant. (2016). Associations between the neighborhood environment and moderate-to-vigorous walking in New Zealand children : Findings from the URBAN Study. Sports Medicine. 46(7), pp. 1003-1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0533-x
Active transport, physical activity, and distance between home and school in children and adolescents
Duncan, Scott, White, Kate, Mavoa, Suzanne, Stewart, Tom, Hinckson, Erica and Schofield, Grant. (2016). Active transport, physical activity, and distance between home and school in children and adolescents. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13(4), pp. 447-453. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0054
Neighbourhood built environment associations with body size in adults : mediating effects of activity and sedentariness in a cross-sectional study of New Zealand adults
Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen, Blakely, Tony, Parker, Karl, Badland, Hannah, Schofield, Grant, Ivory, Vivienne, Pearce, Jamie, Mavoa, Suzanne, Hinckson, Erica, Sweetsur, Paul and Kearns, Robin. (2015). Neighbourhood built environment associations with body size in adults : mediating effects of activity and sedentariness in a cross-sectional study of New Zealand adults. BMC Public Health. 15, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2292-2
Assessing neighbourhood destination access for children : Development of the NDAI-C audit tool
Badland, Hannah, Donovan, Phil, Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Chaudhury, Moushumi and Witten, Karen. (2015). Assessing neighbourhood destination access for children : Development of the NDAI-C audit tool. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 42(6), pp. 1148-1160. https://doi.org/10.1068/b140009p
Age-friendly cities and communities : Access to services for older people
Lowen, Tamara, Davern, Melanie, Mavoa, Suzanne and Brasher, Kathleen. (2015). Age-friendly cities and communities : Access to services for older people. Australian Planner. 52(4), pp. 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2015.1047874
The development of policy-relevant transport indicators to monitor health behaviours and outcomes
Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Villanueva, Karen, Roberts, Rebecca, Davern, Melanie and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2015). The development of policy-relevant transport indicators to monitor health behaviours and outcomes. Journal of Transport and Health. 2(2), pp. 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2014.07.005
Developing indicators of public open space to promote health and wellbeing in communities
Villanueva, Karen, Badland, Hannah, Hooper, Paula, Koohsari, Mohammad, Mavoa, Suzanne, Davern, Melanie, Roberts, Rebecca, Goldfeld, Sharon and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2015). Developing indicators of public open space to promote health and wellbeing in communities. Applied Geography. 57, pp. 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.12.003
Associations between the neighbourhood built environment and out of school physical activity and active travel : An examination from the Kids in the City study
Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Parker, Karl, Donovan, Phil, Kearns, Robin, Lin, En-Yi and Witten, Karen. (2015). Associations between the neighbourhood built environment and out of school physical activity and active travel : An examination from the Kids in the City study. Health & Place. 36, pp. 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.09.005
Environmental and socio-demographic associates of children's active transport to school : a cross-sectional from the URBAN Study
Oliver, Melody, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, Kearns, Robin, Ellaway, Anne, Hinckson, Erica, Mackay, Lisa and Schluter, Philip. (2014). Environmental and socio-demographic associates of children's active transport to school : a cross-sectional from the URBAN Study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 11, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-70
Do low-income neighbourhoods have the least green space? A cross-sectional study of Australia's most populous cities
Astell-Burt, Thomas, Feng, Xiaoqi, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2014). Do low-income neighbourhoods have the least green space? A cross-sectional study of Australia's most populous cities. BMC Public Health. 14, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-292
Distance to school is associated with sedentary time in children : findings from the URBAN study
Hinckson, Erica, McGrath, Les, Hopkins, Will, Oliver, Melody, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen and Kearns, Robin. (2014). Distance to school is associated with sedentary time in children : findings from the URBAN study. Frontiers in Public Health. 2, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00151
Developing a research and practice tool to measure walkability : a demonstration project
Giles-Corti, Billie, Macaulay, Gus, Middleton, Nick, Boruff, Bryan, Bull, Fiona, Butterworth, Iain, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Roberts, Rebecca and Christian, Hayley. (2014). Developing a research and practice tool to measure walkability : a demonstration project. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 25(3), pp. 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1071/HE14050
What constitutes a 'trip'? Examining child journey attributes using GPS and self-report
Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Carroll, Penelope, Asiasiga, Lanuola, Tavae, N, Kearns, Robin and Witten, Karen. (2014). What constitutes a 'trip'? Examining child journey attributes using GPS and self-report. Children's Geographies. 12(2), pp. 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2014.890370
Utility of passive photography to objectively audit built environment features of active transport journeys : an observational study
Oliver, Melody, Doherty, Aiden, Kelly, Paul, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Shepherd, Janine, Kerr, Jacqueline, Marshall, Simon, Hamilton, Alexander and Foster, Charlie. (2013). Utility of passive photography to objectively audit built environment features of active transport journeys : an observational study. International Journal of Health Geographics. 12(20), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12-20
Using simple agent-based modeling to inform and enhance neighborhood walkability
Badland, Hannah, White, Marcus, MacAulay, Gus, Eagleson, Serryn, Mavoa, Suzanne, Pettit, Christopher and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2013). Using simple agent-based modeling to inform and enhance neighborhood walkability. International Journal of Health Geographics. 12, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12-58
Portable Global Positioning System Receivers : Static Validity and Environmental Conditions
Duncan, Scott, Stewart, Tom, Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, MacRae, Deborah, Badland, Hannah and Duncan, Mitch. (2013). Portable Global Positioning System Receivers : Static Validity and Environmental Conditions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 44(2), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.013
Using SenseCam Images to Assess the Environment
Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Kerr, Jacqueline, Doherty, Aiden and Witten, Karen. (2013). Using SenseCam Images to Assess the Environment. United States: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 84 https://doi.org/10.1145/2526667.2526683
Neighborhood built environment and transport and leisure physical activity : findings using objective exposure and outcome measures in New Zealand
Witten, Karen, Blakely, Tony, Bagheri, Nasser, Badland, Hannah, Ivory, Vivienne, Pearce, Jamie, Mavoa, Suzanne, Hinckson, Erica and Schofield, Grant. (2012). Neighborhood built environment and transport and leisure physical activity : findings using objective exposure and outcome measures in New Zealand. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120(7), pp. 971-977. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104584
Association of neighbourhood residence and preferences with the built environment, work-related travel behaviours, and health implications for employed adults : Findings from the URBAN study
Badland, Hannah, Oliver, Melody, Kearns, Robin, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, Duncan, Mitch and Batty, G. David. (2012). Association of neighbourhood residence and preferences with the built environment, work-related travel behaviours, and health implications for employed adults : Findings from the URBAN study. Social Science and Medicine. 75(8), pp. 1469-1476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.029
GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland, New Zealand
Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, McCreanor, Tim and O'Sullivan, David. (2012). GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland, New Zealand. Journal of Transport Geography. 20(1), pp. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.001
Linking GPS and travel diary data using sequence alignment in a study of children's independent mobility
Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen and Badland, Hannah. (2011). Linking GPS and travel diary data using sequence alignment in a study of children's independent mobility. International Journal of Health Geographics. 10, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-10-64
Social and recreational travel : The destinations, travel modes and CO2 emissions of New Zealand households
Witten, Karen, Huakau, John and Mavoa, Suzanne. (2011). Social and recreational travel : The destinations, travel modes and CO2 emissions of New Zealand households. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand : te puna whakaaro. (37), pp. 1-13.