Developing a research and practice tool to measure walkability : a demonstration project

Journal article

Giles-Corti, Billie, Macaulay, Gus, Middleton, Nick, Boruff, Bryan, Bull, Fiona, Butterworth, Iain, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Roberts, Rebecca and Christian, Hayley. (2014). Developing a research and practice tool to measure walkability : a demonstration project. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 25(3), pp. 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1071/HE14050
AuthorsGiles-Corti, Billie, Macaulay, Gus, Middleton, Nick, Boruff, Bryan, Bull, Fiona, Butterworth, Iain, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Roberts, Rebecca and Christian, Hayley
Abstract

Issue addressed
Growing evidence shows that higher-density, mixed-use, pedestrian-friendly neighbourhoods encourage active transport, including transport-related walking. Despite widespread recognition of the benefits of creating more walkable neighbourhoods, there remains a gap between the rhetoric of the need for walkability and the creation of walkable neighbourhoods. Moreover, there is little objective data to benchmark the walkability of neighbourhoods within and between Australian cities in order to monitor planning and design intervention progress and to assess built environment and urban policy interventions required to achieve increased walkability. This paper describes a demonstration project that aimed to develop, trial and validate a ‘Walkability Index Tool’ that could be used by policy makers and practitioners to assess the walkability of local areas; or by researchers to access geospatial data assessing walkability. The overall aim of the project was to develop an automated geospatial tool capable of creating walkability indices for neighbourhoods at user-specified scales.

Methods
The tool is based on open-source software architecture, within the Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network (AURIN) framework, and incorporates key sub-component spatial measures of walkability (street connectivity, density and land use mix).

Results
Using state-based data, we demonstrated it was possible to create an automated walkability index. However, due to the lack of availability of consistent of national data measuring land use mix, at this stage it has not been possible to create a national walkability measure. The next stage of the project is to increase useability of the tool within the AURIN portal and to explore options for alternative spatial data sources that will enable the development of a valid national walkability index.

Conclusion
AURIN's open-source Walkability Index Tool is a first step in demonstrating the potential benefit of a tool that could measure walkability across Australia. It also demonstrates the value of making accurate spatial data available for research purposes.

So what?
There remains a gap between urban policy and practice, in terms of creating walkable neighbourhoods. When fully implemented, AURIN's walkability tool could be used to benchmark Australian cities against which planning and urban design decisions could be assessed to monitor progress towards achieving policy goals. Making cleaned data readily available for research purposes through a common portal could also save time and financial resources

Keywordsactive transport; walkability; urban planning; Australia; neighborhood; pedestrian; urban policy; Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network
Year01 Jan 2014
JournalHealth Promotion Journal of Australia
Journal citation25 (3), pp. 160-166
PublisherJohn Wiley & Sons
ISSN1036-1073
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1071/HE14050
Web address (URL)https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1071/HE14050
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range160-166
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online08 Dec 2014
Publication process dates
Accepted13 Oct 2014
Deposited23 May 2024
Additional information

Journal compilation © Australian Health Promotion Association 2014

Place of publicationUnited Kingdom
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Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Livingston, Michael, David, Stephanie and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2016). Testing spatial measures of alcohol outlet density with self-rated health in the Australian context : Implications for policy and practice. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35(3), pp. 298-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12341
Children's Out-of-School Independently Mobile Trips, Active Travel, and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Examination from the Kids in the City Study
Oliver, Melody, Parker, Karl, Witten, Karen, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah M., Donovan, Phil, Chaudhury, Moushumi and Kearns, Robin. (2016). Children's Out-of-School Independently Mobile Trips, Active Travel, and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Examination from the Kids in the City Study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13(3), pp. 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0043
Associations between the neighborhood environment and moderate-to-vigorous walking in New Zealand children : Findings from the URBAN Study
McGrath, Leslie J., Hinckson, Erica A., Hopkins, Will G., Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen and Schofield, Grant. (2016). Associations between the neighborhood environment and moderate-to-vigorous walking in New Zealand children : Findings from the URBAN Study. Sports Medicine. 46(7), pp. 1003-1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0533-x
Active transport, physical activity, and distance between home and school in children and adolescents
Duncan, Scott, White, Kate, Mavoa, Suzanne, Stewart, Tom, Hinckson, Erica and Schofield, Grant. (2016). Active transport, physical activity, and distance between home and school in children and adolescents. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 13(4), pp. 447-453. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0054
Neighbourhood built environment associations with body size in adults : mediating effects of activity and sedentariness in a cross-sectional study of New Zealand adults
Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen, Blakely, Tony, Parker, Karl, Badland, Hannah, Schofield, Grant, Ivory, Vivienne, Pearce, Jamie, Mavoa, Suzanne, Hinckson, Erica, Sweetsur, Paul and Kearns, Robin. (2015). Neighbourhood built environment associations with body size in adults : mediating effects of activity and sedentariness in a cross-sectional study of New Zealand adults. BMC Public Health. 15, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2292-2
Assessing neighbourhood destination access for children : Development of the NDAI-C audit tool
Badland, Hannah, Donovan, Phil, Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Chaudhury, Moushumi and Witten, Karen. (2015). Assessing neighbourhood destination access for children : Development of the NDAI-C audit tool. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 42(6), pp. 1148-1160. https://doi.org/10.1068/b140009p
Age-friendly cities and communities : Access to services for older people
Lowen, Tamara, Davern, Melanie, Mavoa, Suzanne and Brasher, Kathleen. (2015). Age-friendly cities and communities : Access to services for older people. Australian Planner. 52(4), pp. 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2015.1047874
The development of policy-relevant transport indicators to monitor health behaviours and outcomes
Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Villanueva, Karen, Roberts, Rebecca, Davern, Melanie and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2015). The development of policy-relevant transport indicators to monitor health behaviours and outcomes. Journal of Transport and Health. 2(2), pp. 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2014.07.005
Developing indicators of public open space to promote health and wellbeing in communities
Villanueva, Karen, Badland, Hannah, Hooper, Paula, Koohsari, Mohammad, Mavoa, Suzanne, Davern, Melanie, Roberts, Rebecca, Goldfeld, Sharon and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2015). Developing indicators of public open space to promote health and wellbeing in communities. Applied Geography. 57, pp. 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.12.003
Associations between the neighbourhood built environment and out of school physical activity and active travel : An examination from the Kids in the City study
Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Parker, Karl, Donovan, Phil, Kearns, Robin, Lin, En-Yi and Witten, Karen. (2015). Associations between the neighbourhood built environment and out of school physical activity and active travel : An examination from the Kids in the City study. Health & Place. 36, pp. 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.09.005
Environmental and socio-demographic associates of children's active transport to school : a cross-sectional from the URBAN Study
Oliver, Melody, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, Kearns, Robin, Ellaway, Anne, Hinckson, Erica, Mackay, Lisa and Schluter, Philip. (2014). Environmental and socio-demographic associates of children's active transport to school : a cross-sectional from the URBAN Study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 11, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-70
Do low-income neighbourhoods have the least green space? A cross-sectional study of Australia's most populous cities
Astell-Burt, Thomas, Feng, Xiaoqi, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2014). Do low-income neighbourhoods have the least green space? A cross-sectional study of Australia's most populous cities. BMC Public Health. 14, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-292
Distance to school is associated with sedentary time in children : findings from the URBAN study
Hinckson, Erica, McGrath, Les, Hopkins, Will, Oliver, Melody, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen and Kearns, Robin. (2014). Distance to school is associated with sedentary time in children : findings from the URBAN study. Frontiers in Public Health. 2, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00151
What constitutes a 'trip'? Examining child journey attributes using GPS and self-report
Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Carroll, Penelope, Asiasiga, Lanuola, Tavae, N, Kearns, Robin and Witten, Karen. (2014). What constitutes a 'trip'? Examining child journey attributes using GPS and self-report. Children's Geographies. 12(2), pp. 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2014.890370
Utility of passive photography to objectively audit built environment features of active transport journeys : an observational study
Oliver, Melody, Doherty, Aiden, Kelly, Paul, Badland, Hannah, Mavoa, Suzanne, Shepherd, Janine, Kerr, Jacqueline, Marshall, Simon, Hamilton, Alexander and Foster, Charlie. (2013). Utility of passive photography to objectively audit built environment features of active transport journeys : an observational study. International Journal of Health Geographics. 12(20), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12-20
Using simple agent-based modeling to inform and enhance neighborhood walkability
Badland, Hannah, White, Marcus, MacAulay, Gus, Eagleson, Serryn, Mavoa, Suzanne, Pettit, Christopher and Giles-Corti, Billie. (2013). Using simple agent-based modeling to inform and enhance neighborhood walkability. International Journal of Health Geographics. 12, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-12-58
Portable Global Positioning System Receivers : Static Validity and Environmental Conditions
Duncan, Scott, Stewart, Tom, Oliver, Melody, Mavoa, Suzanne, MacRae, Deborah, Badland, Hannah and Duncan, Mitch. (2013). Portable Global Positioning System Receivers : Static Validity and Environmental Conditions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 44(2), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.013
Using SenseCam Images to Assess the Environment
Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Kerr, Jacqueline, Doherty, Aiden and Witten, Karen. (2013). Using SenseCam Images to Assess the Environment. United States: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 84 https://doi.org/10.1145/2526667.2526683
Neighborhood built environment and transport and leisure physical activity : findings using objective exposure and outcome measures in New Zealand
Witten, Karen, Blakely, Tony, Bagheri, Nasser, Badland, Hannah, Ivory, Vivienne, Pearce, Jamie, Mavoa, Suzanne, Hinckson, Erica and Schofield, Grant. (2012). Neighborhood built environment and transport and leisure physical activity : findings using objective exposure and outcome measures in New Zealand. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120(7), pp. 971-977. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104584
Association of neighbourhood residence and preferences with the built environment, work-related travel behaviours, and health implications for employed adults : Findings from the URBAN study
Badland, Hannah, Oliver, Melody, Kearns, Robin, Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, Duncan, Mitch and Batty, G. David. (2012). Association of neighbourhood residence and preferences with the built environment, work-related travel behaviours, and health implications for employed adults : Findings from the URBAN study. Social Science and Medicine. 75(8), pp. 1469-1476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.029
GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland, New Zealand
Mavoa, Suzanne, Witten, Karen, McCreanor, Tim and O'Sullivan, David. (2012). GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland, New Zealand. Journal of Transport Geography. 20(1), pp. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.001
Linking GPS and travel diary data using sequence alignment in a study of children's independent mobility
Mavoa, Suzanne, Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen and Badland, Hannah. (2011). Linking GPS and travel diary data using sequence alignment in a study of children's independent mobility. International Journal of Health Geographics. 10, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-10-64
Social and recreational travel : The destinations, travel modes and CO2 emissions of New Zealand households
Witten, Karen, Huakau, John and Mavoa, Suzanne. (2011). Social and recreational travel : The destinations, travel modes and CO2 emissions of New Zealand households. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand : te puna whakaaro. (37), pp. 1-13.
Kids in the city study : research design and methodology
Oliver, Melody, Witten, Karen, Kearns, Robin, Mavoa, Suzanne, Badland, Hannah, Carroll, Penelope, Drumheller, Chelsea, Tavae, Nicola, Asiasiga, Lanuola, Jelley, Su, Kaiwai, Hector, Opit, Simon, Lin, En-Yi, Sweetsur, Paul, Barnes, Helen, Mason, Nic and Ergler, Christina. (2011). Kids in the city study : research design and methodology. BMC Public Health. 11, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-587