The well-being of young adults : The implications of multi-type child maltreatment and the mediating role of betrayal trauma

Journal article

Jankovic, Cassandra, Higgins, D. and Willis, M.. (2024). The well-being of young adults : The implications of multi-type child maltreatment and the mediating role of betrayal trauma. Child Abuse and Neglect. 153, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106840
AuthorsJankovic, Cassandra, Higgins, D. and Willis, M.
Abstract

Background: Research indicates that the nature of the relationship between a victim-survivor and perpetrator of child maltreatment can influence well-being experienced during young adulthood. However, further research is required to substantiate the possible mediating role of betrayal trauma following child maltreatment.

Objective: To explore the relationship between child maltreatment and psychological well-being experienced during young adulthood by examining the extent of maltreatment, the importance of the type of perpetrator, and the potential mediating role of betrayal trauma following child maltreatment.

Participants and setting: The self-selected sample comprised 468 young adults (aged 18–25 years; M = 21.74 years, SD = 2.47) from Australia and internationally.

Method: Information regarding participants' current well-being, the extent of enduring five types of maltreatment (witnessing family violence, neglect, physical abuse, psychological abuse, and sexual abuse) by their mother, father and other adults during childhood, multi-type maltreatment, and severity of betrayal trauma were obtained via an online survey.

Results: Using multiple regression analysis, it was found that higher levels of multi-type maltreatment were associated with poorer current well-being. Maltreatment by one's mother or father predicted poorer well-being, maltreatment by another adult did not. Hierarchical regressions revealed young adults' sense of betrayal trauma in close relationships partially mediated the relationship between current well-being and child maltreatment by one's mother, father, and another adult.

Conclusion: Findings show that the extent of child maltreatment experienced, one's sense of betrayal, and the relationship of the child/adolescent to the perpetrator can influence well-being experienced during young adulthood. These findings highlight the therapeutic benefit of clinicians supporting young adults who have endured child maltreatment to process betrayal trauma, to improve their well-being.

KeywordsChild maltreatment; Betrayal trauma; Well-being; Young adults
Year2024
JournalChild Abuse and Neglect
Journal citation153, pp. 1-12
PublisherElsevier Inc.
ISSN0145-2134
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106840
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85192705012
Web address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213424002308
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range1-12
Publisher's version
License
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Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online10 May 2024
Publication process dates
Accepted03 May 2024
Deposited30 May 2024
Additional information

© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).

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Higgins, Daryl and Moore, Tim. (2019). Keeping our eye on sex, power, relationships, and institutional contexts in preventing institutional child sexual abuse. In In Bryce, India, Robinson, Yolande and Petherick, Wayne (Ed.). Child abuse and neglect : Forensic issues in evidence, impact and management pp. 45-62 Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815344-4.00003-9
Youth-serving organization safety risks and the situational prevention approach
Kaufman, Keith, Erooga, Marcus, Higgins, Daryl and Zatkin, Judith. (2019). Youth-serving organization safety risks and the situational prevention approach. In In Lonne, Bob, Scott, Deb, Higgins, Daryl and Herrenkohl, Todd I. (Ed.). Re-visioning public health approaches for protecting children pp. 165-180 Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05858-6_11
New directions for public health approaches : Key themes and issues
Herrenkohl, Todd I., Lonne, Bob, Scott, Debbie and Higgins, Daryl. (2019). New directions for public health approaches : Key themes and issues. In In Lonne, Bob, Scott, Deb, Higgins, Daryl and Herrenkohl, Todd I. (Ed.). Re-visioning public health approaches for protecting children pp. 487-499 Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05858-6_28
Families – Private and sacred : How to raise the curtain and implement family support from a public health perspective
Higgins, Daryl, Sanders, Matthew, Lonne, Bob and Richardson, Dominic. (2019). Families – Private and sacred : How to raise the curtain and implement family support from a public health perspective. In In Lonne, Bob, Scott, Deb, Higgins, Daryl and Herrenkohl, Todd I. (Ed.). Re-visioning public health approaches for protecting children pp. 127-143 Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05858-6_9
The successes and limitations of contemporary approaches to child protection
Higgins, Daryl, Lonne, Bob, Herrenkohl, Todd I. and Scott, Debbie. (2019). The successes and limitations of contemporary approaches to child protection. In In Lonne, Bob, Scott, Deb, Higgins, Daryl and Herrenkohl, Todd I. (Ed.). Re-visioning public health approaches for protecting children pp. 3-17 Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05858-6_1
Children show adult-like facial appearance biases when trusting others
Ewing, Louise, Sutherland, Clare A.M. and Willis, Megan L.. (2019). Children show adult-like facial appearance biases when trusting others. Developmental Psychology. 55(8), pp. 1694 - 1701. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000747
Safety survey data from Victorian youth-serving organisations: Survey data from workers, young people, and organisational leaders’ self-reflections after implementing the Victorian Child Safe Standards
Russell, Douglas, Higgins, Daryl J. and Stewart, Jacqui. (2019). Safety survey data from Victorian youth-serving organisations: Survey data from workers, young people, and organisational leaders’ self-reflections after implementing the Victorian Child Safe Standards Australia: Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University. https://doi.org/10.26199/5e27ad866a7c7
Anodal tDCS and high-frequency TRNs targeting the occipitotemporal cortex do not always enhance face perception
Willis, Megan L., Costantino, Andrea I., Nitsche, Michael A., Palermo, Romina and Rivolta, Davide. (2019). Anodal tDCS and high-frequency TRNs targeting the occipitotemporal cortex do not always enhance face perception. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 13(78), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00078
Education for family life in Australia
Smyth, Bruce M., Hunter, Cathryn, Macvean, Michelle, Walter, Maggie and Higgins, Daryl J.. (2018). Education for family life in Australia. In In Robila, Mihaela and Taylor, Alan C. (Ed.). Global perspectives on family life education pp. 93-113 Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77589-0_7
Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2017). Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change The Conversation Media Group. https://doi.org/10.24268/fhs.8341
Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data
Doidge, James C., Edwards, Ben, Higgins, Daryl and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. 8(4), pp. 382 - 400. https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v8i4.414
Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort
Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul, Edwards, Ben, Vassallo, Suzanne, Toumbourou, John W. and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Children and Youth Services Review. 72, pp. 14 - 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.012
Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort
Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Child Abuse and Neglect. 64, pp. 47 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.002
Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention
Scott, Debbie, Lonne, Bob and Higgins, Daryl. (2016). Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 17(4), pp. 408 - 419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016658877
How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe?
Higgins, Daryl J., Kaufman, Keith and Erooga, Marcus. (2016). How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe? Developing Practice.
Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse
Quadara, Antonia, Nagy, Vicky, Higgins, Daryl and Siegel, Natalie. (2015). Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
The contribution of emotional empathy to approachability judgments assigned to emotional faces is context specific
Willis, Megan, Lawson, Danielle, Ridley, Nicole, Koval, Peter and Rendell, Peter. (2015). The contribution of emotional empathy to approachability judgments assigned to emotional faces is context specific. Frontiers in Psychology (online). 6, pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01209
Anodal tDCS targeting the right orbitofrontal cortex enhances facial expression recognition
Willis, Megan L., Murphy, Jillian M., Ridley, Nicole J. and Vercammen, Ans. (2015). Anodal tDCS targeting the right orbitofrontal cortex enhances facial expression recognition. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 10(12), pp. 1677 - 1683. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv057
A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2015). A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children. Family Matters. 96, pp. 39 - 52.
Situational context and perceived threat modulate approachability judgements to emotional faces
Willis, Megan, Windsor, Natalie, Lawson, Danielle and Ridley, Nicole. (2015). Situational context and perceived threat modulate approachability judgements to emotional faces. PLoS One (online). 10(6), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131472
The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2
Edwards, Ben, Mullan, Killian, Katz, Lian and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2 Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience
Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 299 - 303 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia
Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia. In Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 1 - 4 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
The nature of facial expression recognition deficits following orbitofrontal cortex damage
Willis, Megan, Palermo, Romina, McGrillen, Ky and Miller, Laurie. (2014). The nature of facial expression recognition deficits following orbitofrontal cortex damage. Neuropsychology. 28(4), pp. 613 - 623. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000059
Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions
Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions. 36(4), pp. 8 - 11.
Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support
Bromfield, Leah, Arney, Fiona and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 121 - 129 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2014). Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia. In In M. Robila (Ed.). Handbook of family policies across the globe pp. 335 - 353 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6771-7_22
Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies
Kenny, Pauline and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 29 - 38 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks
Price-Robertson, Rhys, Higgins, Daryl J. and Vassallo, Suzanne. (2013). Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks. Family Matters. 93, pp. 84 - 98.
Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice
Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Children and Families Australia. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.
The relationship between anxiety and the social judgements of approachability and trustworthiness
Willis, Megan, Dodd, Helen F. and Palermo, Romina. (2013). The relationship between anxiety and the social judgements of approachability and trustworthiness. PLoS ONE. 8(10), pp. 1 - 5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076825
Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice
Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Communities, Children and Families. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.
Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn
Baxter, Jennifer, Higgins, Daryl J. and Hayes, Alan. (2012). Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn. Family Matters. 90, pp. 98 - 105.
Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response
Higgins, Daryl and Scott, Debbie. (2012). Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response. In In H. Dubowitz (Ed.). World perspectives on child abuse pp. 69 - 75 International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development
Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, Gerard and Knezevic, Goran. (2012). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. In In G. J. Boyle, Donald H. Saklofske and G. Matthews (Ed.). Psychological Assessment pp. 41 - 67 SAGE Publications Inc..
Protecting children: Evolving systems
Higgins, Daryl. (2011). Protecting children: Evolving systems. Family Matters.
Social judgements are influenced by both facial expression and direction of eye gaze
Willis, Megan Louise, Palermo, Romina and Burke, Darren. (2011). Social judgements are influenced by both facial expression and direction of eye gaze. Social cognition. 29(4), pp. 415 - 429. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2011.29.4.415
Impaired holistic coding of facial expression and facial identity in congenital prosopagnosia
Palermo, Romina, Willis, Megan Louise, Rivolta, Davide, McKone, Elinor, Wilson, C Ellie and Calder, Andrew. (2011). Impaired holistic coding of facial expression and facial identity in congenital prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia. 49(5), pp. 1226 - 1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.021
Judging Approachability on the Face of It :The Influence of Face and Body Expressions on the Perception of Approachability
Willis, Megan Louise, Palermo, Romina and Burke, Darren. (2011). Judging Approachability on the Face of It :The Influence of Face and Body Expressions on the Perception of Approachability. Emotion. 11(3), pp. 514 - 523. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022571
Unfit mothers... Unjust practices?: Key issues from Australian research on the impact of past adoption practices
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2011). Unfit mothers... Unjust practices?: Key issues from Australian research on the impact of past adoption practices. Family Matters. 87(1), pp. 56 - 67.
Switching associations between facial identity and emotional expression : A behavioural and ERP study
Willis, Megan Louise, Palermo, Romina, Burke, Darren, Atkinson, Carmen and McArthur, Genevieve. (2010). Switching associations between facial identity and emotional expression : A behavioural and ERP study. NeuroImage. 50(1), pp. 329 - 339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.071
Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development
Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, G. and Kneszevic, G. (2010). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. Psychological Assessment. 22(2), pp. 246 - 258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017372
Orbitofrontal cortex lesions result in abnormal social judgements to emotional faces
Willis, Megan Louise, Palermo, Romina, Burke, Darren, McGrillen, Ky and Miller, Laurie. (2010). Orbitofrontal cortex lesions result in abnormal social judgements to emotional faces. Neuropsychologia. 48(7), pp. 2182 - 2187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.010