The prevalence of peer sexual harassment during childhood in Australia

Journal article

Hunt, Gabrielle, Higgins, Daryl J., Willis, Megan L., Mathews, Ben, Lawrence, David, Meinck, Franziska, Pacella, Rosana, Thomas, Hannah J, Scott, James G., Erskine, Holly E, Malacova, Eva and Haslam, Divna. (2024). The prevalence of peer sexual harassment during childhood in Australia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241245368
AuthorsHunt, Gabrielle, Higgins, Daryl J., Willis, Megan L., Mathews, Ben, Lawrence, David, Meinck, Franziska, Pacella, Rosana, Thomas, Hannah J, Scott, James G., Erskine, Holly E, Malacova, Eva and Haslam, Divna
Abstract

Sexual harassment inflicted by adolescents on their peers is a major public health issue, but its prevalence across childhood is not known. We provide the first nationally representative data on the prevalence of peer sexual harassment across childhood, using cross-sectional data from the Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS). The ACMS surveyed 8,503 people aged 16 and over about their experiences of child maltreatment and associated health outcomes. The prevalence of peer sexual harassment was assessed using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ)-R2 Adapted Version (ACMS), with survey data weighted to reflect characteristics of the Australian population. Overall, 1 in 10 (10.4% (95% Confidence Intervals (CI) [9.7, 11.3])) Australians experienced peer sexual harassment during childhood. Peer sexual harassment is an issue disproportionately affecting gender-diverse individuals (24.0%, 95% CI [15.5, 35.2]) and women (15.3%, 95% CI [14.0, 16.7%]), compared to men (5.0%, 95% CI [4.3, 5.9]). Rates of peer sexual harassment were also very high among sexuality diverse participants (prevalence estimates ranging between 14.2% and 29.8%). Peer sexual harassment was predominately inflicted by male peers (9.6%, 95% CI [8.9, 10.4]), compared to 1.8% (95% CI [1.5, 2.2]) reporting harassment from female peers. These findings have implications for understanding and reducing attitudes supporting peer sexual harassment in childhood, particularly against girls and gender and sexuality diverse youth, and associations with other gendered violence both in childhood and later life.

Keywordssexual harrassment; children; adolescents; gender; diversity ; intersectionality; LGBTQIA+
Year01 Jan 2024
JournalJournal of Interpersonal Violence
Journal citationpp. 1-23
PublisherSage Publications, Inc. (US)
ISSN1552-6518
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241245368
PubMed ID38591149
Web address (URL)https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/08862605241245368
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range1-23
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online09 Apr 2024
Publication process dates
Deposited15 Jul 2024
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© The Author(s) 2024.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

The ACMS is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant (APP1158750). The ACMS receives additional funding and contributions from the Australian Government Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, the Department of Social Services, and the Australian Institute of Criminology. FM was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [Grant Agreement Number 852787] and the UK Research and Innovation Global Challenges Research Fund [ES/S008101/1]. HE is supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship (APP1137969). HT is funded by the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research which receives its funding from the Queensland Department of Health.

Place of publicationUnited States
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Higgins, Daryl, Sanders, Matthew, Lonne, Bob and Richardson, Dominic. (2019). Families – Private and sacred : How to raise the curtain and implement family support from a public health perspective. In In Lonne, Bob, Scott, Deb, Higgins, Daryl and Herrenkohl, Todd I. (Ed.). Re-visioning public health approaches for protecting children pp. 127-143 Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05858-6_9
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Higgins, Daryl, Lonne, Bob, Herrenkohl, Todd I. and Scott, Debbie. (2019). The successes and limitations of contemporary approaches to child protection. In In Lonne, Bob, Scott, Deb, Higgins, Daryl and Herrenkohl, Todd I. (Ed.). Re-visioning public health approaches for protecting children pp. 3-17 Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05858-6_1
Children show adult-like facial appearance biases when trusting others
Ewing, Louise, Sutherland, Clare A.M. and Willis, Megan L.. (2019). Children show adult-like facial appearance biases when trusting others. Developmental Psychology. 55(8), pp. 1694 - 1701. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000747
Safety survey data from Victorian youth-serving organisations: Survey data from workers, young people, and organisational leaders’ self-reflections after implementing the Victorian Child Safe Standards
Russell, Douglas, Higgins, Daryl J. and Stewart, Jacqui. (2019). Safety survey data from Victorian youth-serving organisations: Survey data from workers, young people, and organisational leaders’ self-reflections after implementing the Victorian Child Safe Standards Australia: Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University. https://doi.org/10.26199/5e27ad866a7c7
Anodal tDCS and high-frequency TRNs targeting the occipitotemporal cortex do not always enhance face perception
Willis, Megan L., Costantino, Andrea I., Nitsche, Michael A., Palermo, Romina and Rivolta, Davide. (2019). Anodal tDCS and high-frequency TRNs targeting the occipitotemporal cortex do not always enhance face perception. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 13(78), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00078
Education for family life in Australia
Smyth, Bruce M., Hunter, Cathryn, Macvean, Michelle, Walter, Maggie and Higgins, Daryl J.. (2018). Education for family life in Australia. In In Robila, Mihaela and Taylor, Alan C. (Ed.). Global perspectives on family life education pp. 93-113 Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77589-0_7
Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2017). Protecting children from abuse in organisations needs leadership and cultural change The Conversation Media Group. https://doi.org/10.24268/fhs.8341
Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data
Doidge, James C., Edwards, Ben, Higgins, Daryl and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. 8(4), pp. 382 - 400. https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v8i4.414
Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort
Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul, Edwards, Ben, Vassallo, Suzanne, Toumbourou, John W. and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Economic predictors of child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Children and Youth Services Review. 72, pp. 14 - 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.012
Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort
Doidge, James C., Higgins, Daryl J., Delfabbro, Paul and Segal, Leonie. (2017). Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Child Abuse and Neglect. 64, pp. 47 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.002
Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention
Scott, Debbie, Lonne, Bob and Higgins, Daryl. (2016). Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 17(4), pp. 408 - 419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016658877
How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe?
Higgins, Daryl J., Kaufman, Keith and Erooga, Marcus. (2016). How can child welfare and youth-serving organisations keep children safe? Developing Practice.
Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse
Quadara, Antonia, Nagy, Vicky, Higgins, Daryl and Siegel, Natalie. (2015). Conceptualising the prevention of child sexual abuse Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
The contribution of emotional empathy to approachability judgments assigned to emotional faces is context specific
Willis, Megan, Lawson, Danielle, Ridley, Nicole, Koval, Peter and Rendell, Peter. (2015). The contribution of emotional empathy to approachability judgments assigned to emotional faces is context specific. Frontiers in Psychology (online). 6, pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01209
Anodal tDCS targeting the right orbitofrontal cortex enhances facial expression recognition
Willis, Megan L., Murphy, Jillian M., Ridley, Nicole J. and Vercammen, Ans. (2015). Anodal tDCS targeting the right orbitofrontal cortex enhances facial expression recognition. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 10(12), pp. 1677 - 1683. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv057
A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2015). A public health approach to enhancing safe and supportive family environments for children. Family Matters. 96, pp. 39 - 52.
Situational context and perceived threat modulate approachability judgements to emotional faces
Willis, Megan, Windsor, Natalie, Lawson, Danielle and Ridley, Nicole. (2015). Situational context and perceived threat modulate approachability judgements to emotional faces. PLoS One (online). 10(6), pp. 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131472
The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2
Edwards, Ben, Mullan, Killian, Katz, Lian and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). The Stronger Families in Australia (SFIA) study: Phase 2 Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience
Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Complex family issues: Collective awareness, common narratives and coordinated approaches to promoting resilience. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 299 - 303 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia
Hayes, Alan and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Weaving a common narrative: An introduction to essays on families, policy and the law in Australia. In Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 1 - 4 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
The nature of facial expression recognition deficits following orbitofrontal cortex damage
Willis, Megan, Palermo, Romina, McGrillen, Ky and Miller, Laurie. (2014). The nature of facial expression recognition deficits following orbitofrontal cortex damage. Neuropsychology. 28(4), pp. 613 - 623. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000059
Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions
Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Implications for current interventions. 36(4), pp. 8 - 11.
Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support
Bromfield, Leah, Arney, Fiona and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Contemporary issues in child protection intake, referral and family support. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 121 - 129 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2014). Reform, (r)evolution and lingering Effects: Family policies in Australia. In In M. Robila (Ed.). Handbook of family policies across the globe pp. 335 - 353 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6771-7_22
Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies
Kenny, Pauline and Higgins, Daryl. (2014). Past adoption practices: Key messages for service delivery responses and current policies. In In A. Hayes and D. Higgins (Ed.). Families, policy and the law: Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia pp. 29 - 38 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government.
Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks
Price-Robertson, Rhys, Higgins, Daryl J. and Vassallo, Suzanne. (2013). Multi-type maltreatment and polyvictimisation: A comparison of two research frameworks. Family Matters. 93, pp. 84 - 98.
Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice
Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Children and Families Australia. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.
The relationship between anxiety and the social judgements of approachability and trustworthiness
Willis, Megan, Dodd, Helen F. and Palermo, Romina. (2013). The relationship between anxiety and the social judgements of approachability and trustworthiness. PLoS ONE. 8(10), pp. 1 - 5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076825
Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice
Kenny, Pauline, Higgins, Daryl, Sweid, Reem and Soloff, Carol. (2013). Past adoption experiences: Impacts, insights and implications for policy and practice. Communities, Children and Families. 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.
Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn
Baxter, Jennifer, Higgins, Daryl J. and Hayes, Alan. (2012). Families make all the difference: Helping kids to grow and learn. Family Matters. 90, pp. 98 - 105.
Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response
Higgins, Daryl and Scott, Debbie. (2012). Child abuse and neglect in Australia's Northern Territory: The Northern Territory Emergency Response. In In H. Dubowitz (Ed.). World perspectives on child abuse pp. 69 - 75 International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development
Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, Gerard and Knezevic, Goran. (2012). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. In In G. J. Boyle, Donald H. Saklofske and G. Matthews (Ed.). Psychological Assessment pp. 41 - 67 SAGE Publications Inc..
Protecting children: Evolving systems
Higgins, Daryl. (2011). Protecting children: Evolving systems. Family Matters.
Social judgements are influenced by both facial expression and direction of eye gaze
Willis, Megan Louise, Palermo, Romina and Burke, Darren. (2011). Social judgements are influenced by both facial expression and direction of eye gaze. Social cognition. 29(4), pp. 415 - 429. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2011.29.4.415
Impaired holistic coding of facial expression and facial identity in congenital prosopagnosia
Palermo, Romina, Willis, Megan Louise, Rivolta, Davide, McKone, Elinor, Wilson, C Ellie and Calder, Andrew. (2011). Impaired holistic coding of facial expression and facial identity in congenital prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia. 49(5), pp. 1226 - 1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.021
Judging Approachability on the Face of It :The Influence of Face and Body Expressions on the Perception of Approachability
Willis, Megan Louise, Palermo, Romina and Burke, Darren. (2011). Judging Approachability on the Face of It :The Influence of Face and Body Expressions on the Perception of Approachability. Emotion. 11(3), pp. 514 - 523. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022571
Unfit mothers... Unjust practices?: Key issues from Australian research on the impact of past adoption practices
Higgins, Daryl J.. (2011). Unfit mothers... Unjust practices?: Key issues from Australian research on the impact of past adoption practices. Family Matters. 87(1), pp. 56 - 67.
Switching associations between facial identity and emotional expression : A behavioural and ERP study
Willis, Megan Louise, Palermo, Romina, Burke, Darren, Atkinson, Carmen and McArthur, Genevieve. (2010). Switching associations between facial identity and emotional expression : A behavioural and ERP study. NeuroImage. 50(1), pp. 329 - 339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.071
Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development
Stankov, Lazar, Higgins, D., Saucier, G. and Kneszevic, G. (2010). Contemporary militant extremism: A linguistic approach to scale development. Psychological Assessment. 22(2), pp. 246 - 258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017372
Orbitofrontal cortex lesions result in abnormal social judgements to emotional faces
Willis, Megan Louise, Palermo, Romina, Burke, Darren, McGrillen, Ky and Miller, Laurie. (2010). Orbitofrontal cortex lesions result in abnormal social judgements to emotional faces. Neuropsychologia. 48(7), pp. 2182 - 2187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.010