The pragmatics of normative disagreement

[Extract] On their surface, moral and normative sentences appear descriptive. But what kinds of facts could they describe? Many have been drawn to the idea that normative words like ‘ought’ and ‘good’ are used to refer to relational properties, consisting in a relation to something like a standard, rule, desire, or end, which can vary between contexts. On my preferred view, to say that s ought to φ is
roughly to assert the proposition that some implicit end, e, is more likely to obtain if s φs than if s does anything else instead.

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