Reading the mind in the eyes and cognitive ability in schizophrenia- and autism spectrum disorders

Journal article

Alvarez, Rebecca, Velthorst, Eva, Pinkham, Amy, Ludwig, Kelsea A., Alamansa, Jorge, Gaigg, Sebastian B., Penn, David L., Harvey, Philip D. and Fett, Anne-Kathrin. (2023). Reading the mind in the eyes and cognitive ability in schizophrenia- and autism spectrum disorders. Psychological Medicine. 53(16), pp. 7913-7922. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723002052
AuthorsAlvarez, Rebecca, Velthorst, Eva, Pinkham, Amy, Ludwig, Kelsea A., Alamansa, Jorge, Gaigg, Sebastian B., Penn, David L., Harvey, Philip D. and Fett, Anne-Kathrin
Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by difficulties in theory of mind (ToM). We examined group differences in performance on a ToM-related test and associations with an estimated IQ.

Methods
Participants [N = 1227, SZ (n = 563), ASD (n = 159), and controls (n = 505), 32.2% female] completed the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and assessments of cognitive ability. Associations between IQ and group on RMET were investigated with regression analyses.

Results
SZ (d = 0.73, p < 0.001) and ASD (d = 0.37, p < 0.001) performed significantly worse on the RMET than controls. SZ performed significantly worse than ASD (d = 0.32, p = 0.002). Adding IQ to the model, SZ (d = 0.60, p < 0.001) and ASD (d = 0.44, p < 0.001) continued to perform significantly worse than controls, but no longer differed from each other (d = 0.13, p = 0.30). Small significant negative correlations between symptom severity and RMET performance were found in SZ (PANSS positive: r = −0.10, negative: r = −0.11, both p < 0.05). A small non-significant negative correlation was found for Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule scores and RMET in ASD (r = −0.08, p = 0.34).

Conclusions
SZ and ASD are characterized by impairments in RMET. IQ contributed significantly to RMET performance and accounted for group differences in RMET between SZ and ASD. This suggests that non-social cognitive ability needs to be included in comparative studies of the two disorders.

Keywordsautism spectrum disorder; cognitive ability; reading the mind in the eyes; schizophrenia; social cognition
Year2023
JournalPsychological Medicine
Journal citation53 (16), pp. 7913-7922
PublisherCambridge University Press
ISSN0033-2917
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723002052
PubMed ID37522512
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85167446734
PubMed Central IDPMC10755246
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Page range7913-7922
FunderNetherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), United States of America
NWO Veni
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online31 Jul 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted03 Jul 2023
Deposited04 Apr 2025
Grant ID451-13-035
RO1 MH093432
R15 MH101595
916-15-005
Additional information

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press.

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.

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Lim, Michelle H., Rodebaugh, Thomas L., Eres, Robert, Long, Katrina M., Penn, David L. and Gleeson, John F. M.. (2019). A pilot digital intervention targeting loneliness in youth mental health. Frontiers in Psychiatry (online). 10, p. 604. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00604
Depression and reduced emotional experience in schizophrenia : Correlations with self-reported and informant-rated everyday social functioning
Harvey, Philip D., Deckler, Elizabeth, Jones, Mackenzie T., Jarskog, L. Fredrik, Penn, David L. and Pinkham, Amy E.. (2019). Depression and reduced emotional experience in schizophrenia : Correlations with self-reported and informant-rated everyday social functioning. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology. 10(2), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719829313
Predictors of social functioning in patients with higher and lower levels of reduced emotional experience : Social cognition, social competence, and symptom severity
Harvey, Philip D., Deckler, Elizabeth, Jarskog, Fredrik, Penn, David L. and Pinkham, Amy E.. (2019). Predictors of social functioning in patients with higher and lower levels of reduced emotional experience : Social cognition, social competence, and symptom severity. Schizophrenia Research. 206, pp. 271-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.005
HORYZONS trial : Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a moderated online social therapy to maintain treatment effects from firstepisode psychosis services
Alvarez-Jimenez, Mario, Bendall, Sarah, Koval, Peter, Rice, Simon, Cagliarini, Daniela, Valentine, Lee, D’Alfonso, Simon, Miles, Christopher, Russon, Penni, Penn, David L., Phillips, Jess, Lederman, Reeva, Wadley, Greg, Killackey, Eoin, Santesteban-Echarri, Olga, Mihalopoulos, Cathrine, Herrman, Helen, Gonzalez-Blanch, Cesar, Gilbertson, Tamsyn, ... Gleeson, John F.. (2019). HORYZONS trial : Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a moderated online social therapy to maintain treatment effects from firstepisode psychosis services. BMJ Open. 9(2), p. e024104.
Paranoia and interpersonal functioning across the continuum from healthy to pathological – Network analysis
Hajdúk, Michal, Klein, Hans S., Harvey, Philip D., Penn, David L. and Pinkham, Amy E.. (2019). Paranoia and interpersonal functioning across the continuum from healthy to pathological – Network analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 58(1), pp. 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12199
Effects of oxytocin on empathy, introspective accuracy, and social symptoms in schizophrenia: A 12-week twice-daily randomized controlled trial
Halverson, Tate, Jarskog, L. Fredrik, Pedersen, Cord and Penn, David. (2019). Effects of oxytocin on empathy, introspective accuracy, and social symptoms in schizophrenia: A 12-week twice-daily randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research. 204, pp. 178-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.09.013
Implementation and fidelity assessment of the NAVIGATE treatment program for first episode psychosis in a multi-site study
Mueser, Kim T., Meyer-Kalos, Piper S., Glynn, Shirley M., Lynde, David W., Robinson, Delbert G., Gingerich, Susan, Penn, David L., Cather, Corrine, Gottlieb, Jennifer D., Marcy, Patricia, Wiseman, Jennifer L., Potretzke, Sheena, Brunette, Mary F., Schooler, Nina R., Addington, Jean, Rosenheck, Robert A., Estroff, Sue E. and Kane, John Michael. (2019). Implementation and fidelity assessment of the NAVIGATE treatment program for first episode psychosis in a multi-site study. Schizophrenia Research. 204, pp. 271-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.015
The bias toward intentionality in schizophrenia: Automaticity, context, and relationships to symptoms and functioning
Benjamin E Buck, Neil Hester, Amy E Pinkham, P D. Harvey, Lars F Jarskog and David Penn. (2018). The bias toward intentionality in schizophrenia: Automaticity, context, and relationships to symptoms and functioning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 127(5), pp. 503-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000360
Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression
Correll, Christoph U., Galling, Britta, Pawar, Aditya, Krivko, Anastasia, Bonetto, Chiara, Ruggeri, Mirella, Craig, Thomas J., Nordentoft, Merete, Srihari, Vinod H., Guloksuz, Sinan, Hui, Christy L. M., Chen, Eric Y. H., Valencia, Marcelo, Juarez, Francisco, Robinson, Delbert G., Schooler, Nina R., Brunette, Mary F., Mueser, Kim T., Rosenheck, Robert A., ... Kane, John Michael. (2018). Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA Psychiatry. 75(6), pp. 555 - 565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623
Which levels of cognitive impairments and negative symptoms are related to functional deficits in schizophrenia?
Strassnig, Martin T., Bowie, Carol, Pinkham, Amy E., Penn, David, Twamley, Elizabeth W., Patterson, Thomas L. and Harvey, P. D.. (2018). Which levels of cognitive impairments and negative symptoms are related to functional deficits in schizophrenia? Journal of Psychiatric Research. 104, pp. 124 - 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.06.018
Social cognition psychometric evaluation (SCOPE) in people with early psychosis : A preliminary study
Ludwig, Kelsea A., Pinkham, Amy E., Harvey, Philip D., Kelsven, Skylar and Penn, David L.. (2017). Social cognition psychometric evaluation (SCOPE) in people with early psychosis : A preliminary study. Schizophrenia Research. 190, pp. 136-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.001
Distinct profiles of social skill in adults with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia
Morrison, Kerrianne E., Pinkham, Amy E., Penn, David L., Kelsven, Skylar, Ludwig, Kelsea and Sasson, Noah J.. (2017). Distinct profiles of social skill in adults with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Autism Research. 10(5), pp. 878-887. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1734
Psychological well-being and mental health recovery in the NIMH RAISE early treatment program
Browne, Julia, Penn, David L., Meyer-Kalos, Piper S., Mueser, Kim T., Estroff, Sue E., Brunette, Mary F., Correll, Christoph U., Robinson, James, Rosenheck, Robert A., Schooler, Nina, Robinson, Delbert G., Addington, Jean, Marcy, Patricia and Kane, John M.. (2017). Psychological well-being and mental health recovery in the NIMH RAISE early treatment program. Schizophrenia Research. 185, pp. 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.032
A 12-week randomized controlled trial of twice-daily intranasal oxytocin for social cognitive deficits in people with schizophrenia
Jarskog, L. Fredrik, Pedersen, Cort A., Johnson, Jacqueline L., Hamer, Robert M., Rau, Shane W., Elliott, Tonya and Penn, David L.. (2017). A 12-week randomized controlled trial of twice-daily intranasal oxytocin for social cognitive deficits in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 185, pp. 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.008
Comprehensive versus usual community care for first-episode psychosis : 2-Year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program
Kane, John M., Robinson, Delbert G., Schooler, Nina R., Mueser, Kim T., Penn, David L., Rosenheck, Robert A., Addington, Jean, Brunette, Mary F., Correll, Christoph U., Estroff, Sue E., Marcy, Patricia, Robinson, James, Meyer-Kalos, Piper S., Gottlieb, Jennifer D., Glynn, Shirley M., Lynde, David W., Pipes, Ronny, Kurian, Benji T., Miller, Alexander L., ... Heinssen, Robert K.. (2016). Comprehensive versus usual community care for first-episode psychosis : 2-Year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program. American Journal of Psychiatry. 173(4), pp. 362-372. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15050632
Social cognition in schizophrenia : Factor structure of emotion processing and theory of mind
Browne, Julia, Penn, David L., Raykov, Tenko, Pinkham, Amy E., Kelsven, Skylar, Buck, Benjamin and Harvey, Philip D.. (2016). Social cognition in schizophrenia : Factor structure of emotion processing and theory of mind. Psychiatry Research. 242, pp. 150-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.034
Revisiting the validity of measures of social cognitive bias in schizophrenia : Additional results from the Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation (SCOPE) study
Buck, Benjamin E., Pinkham, Amy E., Harvey, Philip D. and Penn, David L.. (2016). Revisiting the validity of measures of social cognitive bias in schizophrenia : Additional results from the Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation (SCOPE) study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 55(4), pp. 441-454. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12113
Understanding Social Situations (USS): A proof-of-concept social-cognitive intervention targeting theory of mind and attributional bias in individuals with psychosis
Fiszdon, Joanna M., Roberts, D. L., Penn, David, Choi, Kee Hong, Tek, Cenk, Choi, Jimmy and Bell, Morris D.. (2016). Understanding Social Situations (USS): A proof-of-concept social-cognitive intervention targeting theory of mind and attributional bias in individuals with psychosis. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 40(1), pp. 12 - 20. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000190
Intact implicit processing of facial threat cues in schizophrenia
Shasteen, Jonathon R., Pinkham, Amy E., Kelsven, Skylar, Ludwig, Kelsey, Payne, B. Keith and Penn, David L.. (2016). Intact implicit processing of facial threat cues in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 170(1), pp. 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.029
Lexical characteristics of emotional narratives in schizophrenia : Relationships with symptoms, functioning, and social cognition
Buck, Benjamin and Penn, David L.. (2015). Lexical characteristics of emotional narratives in schizophrenia : Relationships with symptoms, functioning, and social cognition. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 203(9), pp. 702-708. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000354
Self-reported comfort treating severe mental illnesses among pre-doctoral graduate students in clinical psychology
Buck, Benjamin, Harper Romeo, Katy, Olbert, C and Penn, David. (2014). Self-reported comfort treating severe mental illnesses among pre-doctoral graduate students in clinical psychology. Journal of Mental Health. 23(6), pp. 297 - 302. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2014.924048
Metacognitive functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Barbato, M, Penn, David, Perkins, D, Woods, Scott, Liu, Li and Addington, Jean. (2014). Metacognitive functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 42(5), pp. 526 - 534. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465813000167
An investigation of the relationship between therapist characteristics and alliance in group therapy for individuals with treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations
Harper Romeo, Katy, Meyer, P, Johnson, David and Penn, David. (2014). An investigation of the relationship between therapist characteristics and alliance in group therapy for individuals with treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations. Journal of Mental Health. 23(4), pp. 166 - 170. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2013.869568
Theory of mind and social judgments in people at clinical high risk of psychosis
Healey, Kristin M, Penn, David, Perkins, Diana, Woods, Sue and Addington, Jean. (2013). Theory of mind and social judgments in people at clinical high risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.038
Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia
Mueser, Kim T., Deavers, F., Penn, David and Cassisi, J E.. (2013). Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 9(1), pp. 465 - 497. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185620
Context influences social cognitive judgments in paranoid individuals with schizophrenia
Pinkham, Amy E., Hopfinger, J. B. and Penn, David. (2012). Context influences social cognitive judgments in paranoid individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 135(43891), pp. 196 - 197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.024
Attention shaping as a means to improve emotion perception deficits in outpatients with schizophrenia and impaired controls
Combs, D, Chapman, Dustin, Waguspack, J, Basso, M and Penn, David. (2011). Attention shaping as a means to improve emotion perception deficits in outpatients with schizophrenia and impaired controls. Schizophrenia Research. 127(2016-03-01), pp. 151 - 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.011
Intranasal oxytocin reduces psychotic symptoms and improves Theory of Mind and social perception in schizophrenia
Pedersen, Cort, Gibson, Clare, Rau, Shane, Salimi, Kayvon, Smedley, Kelly, Casey, Robin, Leserman, Jane, Jarskog, Lars and Penn, David. (2011). Intranasal oxytocin reduces psychotic symptoms and improves Theory of Mind and social perception in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 132(1), pp. 50 - 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.027
The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Fett, A. K., Viechtbauer, W., Dominguez, M-D, Penn, David, van Os, J and Krabbendam, L. (2011). The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 35(3), pp. 573 - 588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001
An examination of social cognition, neurocognition, and symptoms as predictors of social functioning in schizophrenia
Combs, D. R., Waguspack, J., Chapman, Dustin, Basso, M R. and Penn, David. (2011). An examination of social cognition, neurocognition, and symptoms as predictors of social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 128(43891), pp. 177 - 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.019
Antipsychotic medication and social cue recognition in chronic schizophrenia
Roberts, D. L., Penn, David, Corrigan, P., Lipkovich, I., Kinon, B and Black, R A.. (2010). Antipsychotic medication and social cue recognition in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 178(1), pp. 46 - 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.006
The virtual doppelganger: Effects of a virtual reality simulator on perceptions of schizophrenia
Kalyanaraman, S., Penn, David, Ivory, J. D. and Judge, A. (2010). The virtual doppelganger: Effects of a virtual reality simulator on perceptions of schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 198(6), pp. 437 - 443. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e07d66
Social cognition: The key factor predicting social outcome in people with Schizophrenia?
Harvey, P. D. and Penn, David. (2010). Social cognition: The key factor predicting social outcome in people with Schizophrenia? Psychiatry (Print). 7(2), pp. 41 - 44.
Comparison of social cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and high functioning autism: More convergence than divergence
Couture, S. M., Penn, David, Losh, M., Adolphs, R, Hurley, R and Piven, J. (2010). Comparison of social cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and high functioning autism: More convergence than divergence. Psychological Medicine. 40(4), pp. 569 - 579. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170999078X
Treatment approaches with a special focus on social cognition : Overview and empirical results
Wolwer, W, Combs, D, Frommann, N and Penn, David. (2010). Treatment approaches with a special focus on social cognition : Overview and empirical results. Key Issues in Mental Health. 177, pp. 61 - 78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000284379
Psychological well-being among individuals with first-episode psychosis
Uzenoff, S. R., Brewer, K. C., Perkins, D. O., Johnson, D P., Mueser, Kim T. and Penn, David. (2010). Psychological well-being among individuals with first-episode psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry: the development, onset and treatment of emerging mental disorders. 4(2), pp. 174 - 181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00178.x
Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B. L., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D P., Meyer, P and Penn, David. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review. 30(7), pp. 849 - 864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002
Social skill and social cognition in adolescents at genetic risk for psychosis
Gibson, Clare, Penn, David, Prinstein, M, Perkins, D and Belger, A. (2010). Social skill and social cognition in adolescents at genetic risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 122(1-3), pp. 179 - 184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.018
Transportability and feasibility of Social Cognition and interaction Training (SCiT) in community settings
Roberts, D. L., Penn, David, Labate, D., Margolis, S A. and Sterne, A. (2010). Transportability and feasibility of Social Cognition and interaction Training (SCiT) in community settings. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 38(1), pp. 35 - 47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465809990464
Neuropsychological profile of autism and the broad autism phenotype
Losh, M., Adolphs, R., Poe, M. D., Couture, S M., Penn, David, Baranek, G T. and Piven, J. (2009). Neuropsychological profile of autism and the broad autism phenotype. Archives of General Psychiatry. 66(5), pp. 518 - 526. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.34
Loving-kindness meditation to enhance recovery from negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Johnson, D. P., Penn, David, Fredrickson, B. L., Meyer, P, Kring, A M. and Brantley, M. (2009). Loving-kindness meditation to enhance recovery from negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 65(5), pp. 499 - 509. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20591
Social cognition and interaction training (SCiT) for outpatients with schizophrenia : A preliminary study
Roberts, D. L. and Penn, David. (2009). Social cognition and interaction training (SCiT) for outpatients with schizophrenia : A preliminary study. Psychiatry Research. 166(43892), pp. 141 - 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.007
Perceptions of hostility by persons with and without persecutory delusions
Combs, D. R., Penn, David, Michael, C. O., Basso, M R., Wiedeman, R, Siebenmorgan, M and Tiegreen, J A.. (2009). Perceptions of hostility by persons with and without persecutory delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 14(1), pp. 30 - 52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800902732970
Stability and generalization of Social Cognition and interaction Training (SCiT) for schizophrenia: Six-month follow-up results
Combs, D. R., Penn, David, Tiegreen, J. A., Nelson, Andre, Ledet, S N., Basso, M R. and Elerson, K. (2009). Stability and generalization of Social Cognition and interaction Training (SCiT) for schizophrenia: Six-month follow-up results. Schizophrenia Research. 112(43891), pp. 196 - 197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.010
The effects of task engagement and interpersonal rapport on WCST performance in schizophrenia
Roberts, D. L. and Penn, David. (2009). The effects of task engagement and interpersonal rapport on WCST performance in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation. 12(1), pp. 57 - 72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487760802615798
The effects of antipsychotic medications on emotion perception in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATiE trial
Penn, David, Keefe, R. S., Davis, Stephen, Meyer, P, Perkins, D O., Losardo, D and Lieberman, J A.. (2009). The effects of antipsychotic medications on emotion perception in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATiE trial. Schizophrenia Research. 115(1), pp. 17 - 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.08.016
An investigation of the relationship between activation of a social cognitive neural network and social functioning
Pinkham, Amy E., Hopfinger, J. B., Ruparel, K and Penn, David. (2008). An investigation of the relationship between activation of a social cognitive neural network and social functioning. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34(4), pp. 688 - 697. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn031
Social cognition training for individuals with schizophrenia: Emerging evidence
Horan, William P., Kern, R. S., Green, M. F. and Penn, David. (2008). Social cognition training for individuals with schizophrenia: Emerging evidence. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation. 11(3), pp. 205 - 252. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487760801963652
A preliminary trial of adherence-coping-education (ACE) therapy for early psychosis
Uzenoff, Sarah R., Perkins, Diana O., Hamer, Robert M., Wiesen, Christopher A. and Penn, David L.. (2008). A preliminary trial of adherence-coping-education (ACE) therapy for early psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 196(7), pp. 572-575. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31817d01a5
Social cognition in schizophrenia: An overview
Penn, David, Sanna, L. J. and Roberts, D. L.. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: An overview. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34(3), pp. 408 - 411. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn014
The graduated recovery intervention program for first episode psychosis: Treatment development and preliminary data
Waldheter, E., Penn, David, Perkins, D. O., Mueser, Kim T., Owens, L W. and Cook, E. (2008). The graduated recovery intervention program for first episode psychosis: Treatment development and preliminary data. Community Mental Health Journal. 44(6), pp. 443 - 455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-008-9147-6
Social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Addington, Jean, Penn, David, Woods, Scott W., Addington, D and Perkins, D O.. (2008). Social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 99(43891), pp. 119 - 124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.001
Adherence-coping-education therapy for early psychosis
Penn, David and Uzenoff, S. R.. (2008). Adherence-coping-education therapy for early psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 196(10), p. 780. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e318187bfff
Facial affect recognition in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Penn, David, Addington, Jean, Woods, Scott W., Addington, D and Perkins, D O.. (2008). Facial affect recognition in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 192(1), pp. 67 - 68. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039784
Neural bases for impaired social cognition in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders
Pinkham, Amy E., Hopfinger, J. B., Pelphrey, K. A., Piven, J and Penn, David. (2008). Neural bases for impaired social cognition in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research. 99(43891), pp. 164 - 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.024
Brief report: Feasibility of social cognition and interaction training for adults with high functioning autism
Turner-Brown, L. M., Perry, T. D., Dichter, G. S., Bodfish, J W. and Penn, David. (2008). Brief report: Feasibility of social cognition and interaction training for adults with high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 38(9), pp. 1777 - 1784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0545-y
Predictors of the therapeutc alliance in group therapy for individuals with treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations
Johnson, D. P., Penn, David, Bauer, D. J. and Meyer, P. (2008). Predictors of the therapeutc alliance in group therapy for individuals with treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 47(2), pp. 171 - 183. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466507X241604
Assessment of social judgments and complex mental states in the early phases of psychosis
Couture, S. M., Penn, David, Addington, Jean, Woods, Scott W. and Perkins, D O.. (2008). Assessment of social judgments and complex mental states in the early phases of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 100(43891), pp. 237 - 241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.12.484
Social cognition in schizophrenia: An NiMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities
Green, M. F., Penn, David, Bentall, R., Carpenter, W T., Gaebel, W, Gur, R C., Kring, A M., Park, Sung-Yun, Silverstein, S M. and Heinssen, Robert. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: An NiMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34(6), pp. 1211 - 1220. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm145
Attentional-shaping as a means to improve emotion perception deficits in schizophrenia
Combs, D. R., Tosheva, A., Penn, David, Basso, M R., Wanner, J L. and Laib, K. (2008). Attentional-shaping as a means to improve emotion perception deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 105(43891), pp. 68 - 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.05.018
Recognizing and responding to early psychosis: A qualitative analysis of individual narratives
Judge, A., Estroff, Sue E., Perkins, D. O. and Penn, David. (2008). Recognizing and responding to early psychosis: A qualitative analysis of individual narratives. Psychiatric Services. 59(1), pp. 96 - 99. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.59.1.96