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Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17
Deshpande, Aniruddha Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Lindstedt, Paulina A. Baumann, Mathew M. Johnson, Kimberly B. Blacker, Brigette F. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abd-Allah, Foad Abdelalim, Ahmed Abdollahpour, Ibrahim
Deshpande, Aniruddha
Miller-Petrie, Molly K.
Lindstedt, Paulina A.
Baumann, Mathew M.
Johnson, Kimberly B.
Blacker, Brigette F.
Abbastabar, Hedayat
Abd-Allah, Foad
Abdelalim, Ahmed
Abdollahpour, Ibrahim
Author
Deshpande, Aniruddha
Miller-Petrie, Molly K.
Lindstedt, Paulina A.
Baumann, Mathew M.
Johnson, Kimberly B.
Blacker, Brigette F.
Abbastabar, Hedayat
Abd-Allah, Foad
Abdelalim, Ahmed
Abdollahpour, Ibrahim
Abegaz, Kedir Hussein
Abejie, Ayenew Negesse
Abreu, Lucas Guimarães
Abrigo, Michael R. M.
Abualhasan, Ahmed
Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou
Adamu, Abdu A.
Adebayo, Oladimeji M.
Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi
Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji
Adekanmbi, Victor
Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.
Adhikari, Tara Ballav
Afarideh, Mohsen
Agudelo-Botero, Marcela
Ahmadi, Mehdi
Ahmadi, Keivan
Ahmed, Anwar E.
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie
Akanda, Ali S.
Alahdab, Fares
Al-Aly, Ziyad
Alam, Noore
Alam, Samiah
Alamene, Genet Melak
Alanzi, Turki M.
Albright, James
Albujeer, Ammar
Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth
Alebel, Animut
Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw
Ali, Muhammad
Alijanzadeh, Mehran
Alipour, Vahid
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
Almasi, Ali
Almasi-Hashiani, Amir
Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
Altirkawi, Khalid A.
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.
Amini, Saeed
Amit, Arianna Maever L.
Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera
Andrei, Catalina Liliana
Anjomshoa, Mina
Ansariadi, Ansariadi
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.
Antony, Benny
Antriyandarti, Ernoiz
Arabloo, Jalal
Aref, Hany Mohamed Amin
Aremu, Olatunde
Armoon, Bahram
Arora, Amit
Aryal, Krishna K.
Arzani, Afsaneh
Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran
Asmelash, Daniel
Atalay, Hagos Tasew
Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
Athari, Seyyede Masoume
Atre, Sachin R.
Ausloos, Marcel
Awasthi, Shally
Awoke, Nefsu
Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina
Ayano, Getinet
Ayanore, Martin Amogre
Aynalem, Yared Asmare
Azari, Samad
Azman, Andrew S.
Babaee, Ebrahim
Badawi, Alaa
Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba
Bakkannavar, Shankar M.
Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar
Banach, Maciej
Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar
Barac, Aleksandra
Barboza, Miguel A.
Bärnighausen, Till Winfried
Basu, Sanjay
Bay, Vo Dinh
Bayati, Mohsen
Bedi, Neeraj
Beheshti, Mahya
Behzadifar, Meysam
Behzadifar, Masoud
Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda
Bell, Michelle L.
Bennett, Derrick A.
Benzian, Habib
Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema
Bernstein, Robert S.
Bhat, Anusha Ganapati
Bhattacharyya, Krittika
Bhaumik, Soumyadeep
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
Bijani, Ali
Bikbov, Boris
Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat
Biswas, Raaj Kishore
Bohlouli, Somayeh
Boufous, Soufiane
Brady, Oliver J.
Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich
Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich
Britton, Gabrielle B.
Brown, Alexandria
Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath
Butt, Zahid A.
Cámera, Luis Alberto
Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.
Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar
Cano, Jorge
Car, Josip
Cárdenas, Rosario
Carvalho, Felix
Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.
Castro, Franz
Cerin, Ester
Chalise, Binaya
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
Chin, Ken Lee
Christopher, Devasahayam J.
Chu, Dinh-Toi
Cormier, Natalie Maria
Costa, Vera Marisa
Cromwell, Elizabeth A.
Dadi, Abel Fekadu
Dahiru, Tukur
Dahlawi, Saad M. A.
Dandona, Rakhi
Dandona, Lalit
Dang, Anh Kim
Daoud, Farah
Darwesh, Aso Mohammad
Darwish, Amira Hamed
Daryani, Ahmad
Das, Jai K.
Gupta, Rajat Das
Dash, Aditya Prasad
Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto
Davis Weaver, Nicole
De La Hoz, Fernando Pio
De Neve, Jan-Walter
Demissie, Dereje Bayissa
Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam
Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar
Deribe, Kebede
Desalew, Assefa
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
Dhillon, Preeti
Dhimal, Meghnath
Dhungana, Govinda Prasad
Diaz, Daniel
Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi
Do, Hoa Thi
Dolecek, Christiane
Doyle, Kerrie E.
Dubljanin, Eleonora
Duraes, Andre Rodrigues
Edinur, Hisham Atan
Effiong, Andem
Eftekhari, Aziz
El Nahas, Nevine
El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa
El Tantawi, Maha
Elhabashy, Hala Rashad
El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.
El-Khatib, Ziad
Elkout, Hajer
Elsharkawy, Aisha
Enany, Shymaa
Endalew, Daniel Adane
Eshrati, Babak
Eskandarieh, Sharareh
Etemadi, Arash
Ezekannagha, Oluchi
Faraon, Emerito Jose A.
Fareed, Mohammad
Faro, Andre
Farzadfar, Farshad
Fasil, Alebachew
Fazlzadeh, Mehdi
Feigin, Valery L.
Fekadu, Wubalem
Fentahun, Netsanet
Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad
Fernandes, Eduarda
Filip, Irina
Fischer, Florian
Flohr, Carsten
Foigt, Nataliya A.
Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin
Foroutan, Masoud
Franklin, Richard Charles
Frostad, Joseph Jon
Fukumoto, Takeshi
Gad, Mohamed M.
Garcia, Gregory M.
Gatotoh, Augustine Mwangi
Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye
Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork
Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea
Gesesew, Hailay Abrha
Gezae, Kebede Embaye
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Ghazi Sherbaf, Farzaneh
Gill, Tiffany K.
Gill, Paramjit Singh
Ginindza, Themba G.
Girmay, Alem
Gizaw, Zemichael
Goodridge, Amador
Gopalani, Sameer Vali
Goulart, Alessandra C.
Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia
Grada, Ayman
Green, Manfred S.
Mohialdeen Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim
Gugnani, Harish Chander
Guido, Davide
Guimarães, Rafael Alves
Guo, Yuming
Gupta, Rahul
Gupta, Rajeev
Ha, Giang Hai
Haagsma, Juanita A.
Hafezi-Nejad, Nima
Haile, Dessalegn H.
Haile, Michael Tamene
Hall, Brian J.
Hamidi, Samer
Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes
Haririan, Hamidreza
Hariyani, Ninuk
Hasaballah, Ahmed I.
Hasan, Md Mehedi
Hasanzadeh, Amir
Hassen, Hamid Yimam
Hayelom, Desta Haftu
Hegazy, Mohamed I.
Heibati, Behzad
Heidari, Behnam
Hendrie, Delia
Henok, Andualem
Herteliu, Claudiu
Heydarpour, Fatemeh
de Hidru, Hagos Degefa
Hird, Thomas R.
Hoang, Chi Linh
Hollerich, Gillian I.
Hoogar, Praveen
Hossain, Naznin
Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
Househ, Mowafa
Hu, Guoqing
Humayun, Ayesha
Hussain, Syed Ather
Hussen, Mamusha Aman A.
Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
Ilic, Milena D.
Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan
Iqbal, Usman
Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi
Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
Ivers, Rebecca Q.
Iwu, Chinwe Juliana
Jahanmehr, Nader
Jakovljevic, Mihajlo
Jalali, Amir
Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra
Jenabi, Ensiyeh
Jha, Ravi Prakash
Jha, Vivekanand
Ji, John S.
Jonas, Jost B.
Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy
Kabir, Ali
Kabir, Zubair
Kanchan, Tanuj
Karch, André
Karki, Surendra
Kasaeian, Amir
Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie
Kasaye, Habtamu Kebebe
Kassa, Getachew Mullu
Kassa, Gebrehiwot G.
Kayode, Gbenga A.
Kebede, Mihiretu M.
Keiyoro, Peter Njenga
Ketema, Daniel Bekele
Khader, Yousef Saleh
Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif
Khalid, Nauman
Khalilov, Rovshan
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad
Khan, Junaid
Khan, Md Nuruzzaman
Khatab, Khaled
Khater, Mona M.
Khater, Amir M.
Khayamzadeh, Maryam
Khazaei, Mohammad
Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein
Khubchandani, Jagdish
Kiadaliri, Ali
Kim, Yun Jin
Kimokoti, Ruth W.
Kisa, Sezer
Kisa, Adnan
Kochhar, Sonali
Kolola, Tufa
Komaki, Hamidreza
Kosen, Soewarta
Koul, Parvaiz A.
Koyanagi, Ai
Krishan, Kewal
Kuate Defo, Barthelemy
Kugbey, Nuworza
Kumar, Pushpendra
Kumar, G. Anil
Kumar, Manasi
Kusuma, Dian
La Vecchia, Carlo
Lacey, Ben
Lal, Aparna
Lal, Dharmesh Kumar
Lam, Hilton
Lami, Faris Hasan
Lansingh, Van Charles
Lasrado, Savita
Lebedev, Georgy
Lee, Paul H.
Legrand, Kate E.
Leili, Mostafa
Lenjebo, Tsegaye Lolaso
Leshargie, Cheru Tesema
Levine, Aubrey J.
Lewycka, Sonia
Li, Shanshan
Linn, Shai
Liu, Shiwei
Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.
Lopukhov, Platon D.
El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd
Mahadeshwara Prasad, D. R.
Mahasha, Phetole Walter
Mahotra, Narayan B.
Majeed, Azeem
Malekzadeh, Reza
Malta, Deborah Carvalho
Mamun, Abdullah A.
Manafi, Navid
Mansournia, Mohammad Ali
Mapoma, Chabila Christopher
Martinez, Gabriel
Martini, Santi
Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio
Mathur, Manu Raj
Mayala, Benjamin K.
Mazidi, Mohsen
McAlinden, Colm
Meharie, Birhanu Geta
Mehndiratta, Man Mohan
Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar
Mehta, Kala M.
Mekonnen, Teferi
Mekonnen, Tefera Chane
Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael
Meles, Hagazi Gebre
Memiah, Peter T. N.
Memish, Ziad A.
Mendoza, Walter
Menezes, Ritesh G.
Mereta, Seid Tiku
Meretoja, Tuomo J.
Mestrovic, Tomislav
Metekiya, Workua Mekonnen
Miazgowski, Bartosz
Miller, Ted R.
Mini, G. K.
Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.
Moazen, Babak
Mohajer, Bahram
Mohammad, Yousef
Mohammad, Dara K.
Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi
Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh
Mohammed, Shafiu
Mohammed, Jemal Abdu
Mohammed, Hassen
Mohebi, Farnam
Mokdad, Ali H.
Moodley, Yoshan
Moradi, Ghobad
Moradi, Masoud
Moradi-Joo, Mohammad
Moraga, Paula
Morales, Linda
Mosapour, Abbas
Mosser, Jonathan F.
Mouodi, Simin
Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam
Mozaffor, Miliva
Munro, Sandra B.
Muriithi, Moses K.
Murray, Christopher J. L.
Musa, Kamarul Imran
Mustafa, Ghulam
Muthupandian, Saravanan
Naderi, Mehdi
Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman
Naghavi, Mohsen
Naik, Gurudatta
Nangia, Vinay
Nascimento, Bruno Ramos
Nazari, Javad
Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith
Negoi, Ionut
Netsere, Henok Biresaw
Ngunjiri, Josephine W.
Nguyen, Cuong Tat
Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi
Nguyen, QuynhAnh P.
Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu
Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini
Nnaji, Chukwudi A.
Nojomi, Marzieh
Norheim, Ole F.
Noubiap, Jean Jacques
Oancea, Bogdan
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene
Oh, In-Hwan
Olagunju, Andrew T.
Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola
Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun
Onwujekwe, Obinna E.
Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.
Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo
Osei, Frank B.
Owolabi, Mayowa O.
Mahesh, P. A.
Padubidri, Jagadish Rao
Pakhale, Smita
Pana, Adrian
Park, Eun-Kee
Patel, Sangram Kishor
Pathak, Ashish
Patle, Ajay
Paulos, Kebreab
Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino
Perico, Norberto
Pervaiz, Aslam
Pescarini, Julia Moreira
Pesudovs, Konrad
Pham, Hai Quang
Pigott, David M.
Pilgrim, Thomas
Pirsaheb, Meghdad
Poljak, Mario
Pollock, Ian
Postma, Maarten J.
Pourmalek, Farshad
Pourshams, Akram
Prada, Sergio I.
Preotescu, Liliana
Quintana, Hedley
Rabiee, Navid
Rabiee, Mohammad
Radfar, Amir
Rafiei, Alireza
Rahim, Fakher
Rahimi, Siavash
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
Rajati, Fatemeh
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
Rao, Puja C.
Rasella, Davide
Rath, Goura Kishor
Rawaf, Salman
Rawal, Lal
Rawasia, Wasiq Faraz
Remuzzi, Guiseppe
Renjith, Vishnu
Renzaho, Andre M. N.
Resnikoff, Serge
Riahi, Seyed Mohammad
Ribeiro, Ana Isabel
Rickard, Jennifer
Roever, Leonardo
Ronfani, Luca
Rubagotti, Enrico
Rubino, Salvatore
Saad, Anas M
Sabour, Siamak
Sadeghi, Ehsan
Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar
Safari, Yahya
Sagar, Rajesh
Sahraian, Mohammad Ali
Sajadi, S. Mohammad
Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza
Salam, Nasir
Saleem, Ahsan
Salem, Marwa Rashad
Salem, Hosni
Salimi, Yahya
Salimzadeh, Hamideh
Samy, Abdallah M.
Sanabria, Juan
Santos, Itamar S.
Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.
Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi
Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer
Sarrafzadegan, Nizal
Sartorius, Benn
Sathian, Brijesh
Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu
Satpathy, Maheswar
Sawhney, Monika
Sayyah, Mehdi
Sbarra, Alyssa N.
Schaeffer, Lauren E.
Schwebel, David C.
Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta
Senthilkumaran, Subramanian
Sepanlou, Sadaf G.
Serván-Mori, Edson
Shafieesabet, Azadeh
Shaheen, Amira A.
Shahid, Izza
Shaikh, Masood Ali
Shalash, Ali S.
Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran
Shamsi, Mohammadbagher
Shamsizadeh, Morteza
Shannawaz, Mohammed
Sharafi, Kiomars
Sharma, Rajesh
Sheikh, Aziz
Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar
Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw
Shigematsu, Mika
Shin, Jae Il
Shiri, Rahman
Shirkoohi, Reza
Shivakumar, K. M.
Si, Si
Siabani, Soraya
Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal
Silva, Diego Augusto Santos
Singh, Balbir Bagicha
Singh, Ambrish
Singh, Virendra
Singh, Narinder Pal
Singh, Jasvinder A.
Sinha, Dhirendra Narain
Sisay, Malede Mequanent
Skiadaresi, Eirini
Smith, David L
Soares Filho, Adauto Martins
Sobhiyeh, Mohammad Reza
Sokhan, Anton
Soriano, Joan B.
Sorrie, Muluken Bekele
Soyiri, Ireneous N.
Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth
Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.
Sudaryanto, Agus
Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale
Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul
Sykes, Bryan L.
Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael
Tabuchi, Takahiro
Tadesse, Degena Bahrey
Tarigan, Ingan Ukur
Taye, Bineyam
Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin
Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash
Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey
Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin
Temsah, Mohamad-Hani
Tesfay, Fisaha Haile
Tesfay, Berhe Etsay
Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse
Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman
ThekkePurakkal, Akhil Soman
Thomas, Nihal
Thompson, Robert L.
Thomson, Alan J.
Topor-Madry, Roman
Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto
Traini, Eugenio
Tran, Bach Xuan
Tran, Khanh Bao
Ullah, Irfan
Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran
Usman, Muhammad Shariq
Uthman, Olalekan A.
Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi
Valdez, Pascual R.
Varughese, Santosh
Veisani, Yousef
Violante, Francesco S.
Vollmer, Sebastian
W/hawariat, Feleke Gebremeskel
Waheed, Yasir
Wallin, Mitchell Taylor
Wang, Yuan-Pang
Wang, Yafeng
Wangdi, Kinley
Weiss, Daniel J.
Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay
Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew
Westerman, Ronny
Wiangkham, Taweewat
Wiens, Kirsten E.
Wijeratne, Tissa
Wiysonge, Charles Shey
Wolde, Haileab Fekadu
Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu
Wonde, Tewodros Eshete
Worku, Getasew Taddesse
Yadollahpour, Ali
Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein
Yamada, Tomohide
Yaseri, Mehdi
Yatsuya, Hiroshi
Yeshaneh, Alex
Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu
Yip, Paul
Yisma, Engida
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Younis, Mustafa Z.
Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A.
Yu, Chuanhua
Yusefzadeh, Hasan
Zadey, Siddhesh
Zahirian Moghadam, Telma
Zaidi, Zoubida
Zaman, Sojib Bin
Zamani, Mohammad
Zandian, Hamed
Zar, Heather J.
Zerfu, Taddese Alemu
Zhang, Yunquan
Ziapour, Arash
Zodpey, Sanjay
Zuniga, Yves Miel H.
Hay, Simon I.
Reiner Jr, Robert C.
Miller-Petrie, Molly K.
Lindstedt, Paulina A.
Baumann, Mathew M.
Johnson, Kimberly B.
Blacker, Brigette F.
Abbastabar, Hedayat
Abd-Allah, Foad
Abdelalim, Ahmed
Abdollahpour, Ibrahim
Abegaz, Kedir Hussein
Abejie, Ayenew Negesse
Abreu, Lucas Guimarães
Abrigo, Michael R. M.
Abualhasan, Ahmed
Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou
Adamu, Abdu A.
Adebayo, Oladimeji M.
Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi
Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji
Adekanmbi, Victor
Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.
Adhikari, Tara Ballav
Afarideh, Mohsen
Agudelo-Botero, Marcela
Ahmadi, Mehdi
Ahmadi, Keivan
Ahmed, Anwar E.
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie
Akanda, Ali S.
Alahdab, Fares
Al-Aly, Ziyad
Alam, Noore
Alam, Samiah
Alamene, Genet Melak
Alanzi, Turki M.
Albright, James
Albujeer, Ammar
Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth
Alebel, Animut
Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw
Ali, Muhammad
Alijanzadeh, Mehran
Alipour, Vahid
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
Almasi, Ali
Almasi-Hashiani, Amir
Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
Altirkawi, Khalid A.
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.
Amini, Saeed
Amit, Arianna Maever L.
Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera
Andrei, Catalina Liliana
Anjomshoa, Mina
Ansariadi, Ansariadi
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.
Antony, Benny
Antriyandarti, Ernoiz
Arabloo, Jalal
Aref, Hany Mohamed Amin
Aremu, Olatunde
Armoon, Bahram
Arora, Amit
Aryal, Krishna K.
Arzani, Afsaneh
Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran
Asmelash, Daniel
Atalay, Hagos Tasew
Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
Athari, Seyyede Masoume
Atre, Sachin R.
Ausloos, Marcel
Awasthi, Shally
Awoke, Nefsu
Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina
Ayano, Getinet
Ayanore, Martin Amogre
Aynalem, Yared Asmare
Azari, Samad
Azman, Andrew S.
Babaee, Ebrahim
Badawi, Alaa
Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba
Bakkannavar, Shankar M.
Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar
Banach, Maciej
Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar
Barac, Aleksandra
Barboza, Miguel A.
Bärnighausen, Till Winfried
Basu, Sanjay
Bay, Vo Dinh
Bayati, Mohsen
Bedi, Neeraj
Beheshti, Mahya
Behzadifar, Meysam
Behzadifar, Masoud
Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda
Bell, Michelle L.
Bennett, Derrick A.
Benzian, Habib
Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema
Bernstein, Robert S.
Bhat, Anusha Ganapati
Bhattacharyya, Krittika
Bhaumik, Soumyadeep
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
Bijani, Ali
Bikbov, Boris
Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat
Biswas, Raaj Kishore
Bohlouli, Somayeh
Boufous, Soufiane
Brady, Oliver J.
Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich
Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich
Britton, Gabrielle B.
Brown, Alexandria
Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath
Butt, Zahid A.
Cámera, Luis Alberto
Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.
Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar
Cano, Jorge
Car, Josip
Cárdenas, Rosario
Carvalho, Felix
Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.
Castro, Franz
Cerin, Ester
Chalise, Binaya
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
Chin, Ken Lee
Christopher, Devasahayam J.
Chu, Dinh-Toi
Cormier, Natalie Maria
Costa, Vera Marisa
Cromwell, Elizabeth A.
Dadi, Abel Fekadu
Dahiru, Tukur
Dahlawi, Saad M. A.
Dandona, Rakhi
Dandona, Lalit
Dang, Anh Kim
Daoud, Farah
Darwesh, Aso Mohammad
Darwish, Amira Hamed
Daryani, Ahmad
Das, Jai K.
Gupta, Rajat Das
Dash, Aditya Prasad
Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto
Davis Weaver, Nicole
De La Hoz, Fernando Pio
De Neve, Jan-Walter
Demissie, Dereje Bayissa
Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam
Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar
Deribe, Kebede
Desalew, Assefa
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
Dhillon, Preeti
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Abstract
Background
Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities.
Methods
We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs.
Findings
Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017.
Interpretation
Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation.
Keywords
Date
2020
Type
Journal article
Journal
The Lancet Global Health
Book
Volume
8
Issue
9
Page Range
e1162-e1185
Article Number
ACU Department
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Faculty of Health Sciences
Faculty of Health Sciences
Collections
Relation URI
Source URL
Event URL
Open Access Status
Published as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
License
CC BY 4.0
File Access
Open