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Associations between parental perceptions of neighbourhood environments and active travel to school : IPEN Adolescent study

Timperio, Anna
; 
Duncan, Scott
; 
Akram, Muhammad
; 
Molina-García, Javier
; 
Van Dyck, Delfien
; 
Barnett, Anthony
; 
Salonna, Ferdinand
; 
RM, Anjana
; 
Sallis, James F.
; 
Vorlíček, Michal
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Author
Timperio, Anna
Duncan, Scott
Akram, Muhammad
Molina-García, Javier
Van Dyck, Delfien
Barnett, Anthony
Salonna, Ferdinand
RM, Anjana
Sallis, James F.
Vorlíček, Michal
Hinckson, Erica
Cain, Kelli L.
Conway, Terry L.
Wan Muda, Wan Abdul Manan
Moran, Mika
Oyeyemi, Adewale L.
Pizarro, Andreia
Reis, Rodrigo S.
Rezwan, Sheikh Muhammad
Schipperijn, Jasper
Cerin, Ester
Abstract
Background Studies of correlates of active transport to and from school (ATS) focus mainly on children, have a limited conceptualisation of ATS trips, lack heterogeneity in built environments, and rarely consider effect modifiers. This study aimed to estimate associations of parent-perceived neighbourhood environment characteristics with self-reported ATS among adolescents from 14 countries, and whether associations differ by sex, city/region, and distance to school. Methods Observational cross-sectional design. Data were from the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) Adolescent study and included 6302 adolescents (mean age 14.5 ± 1.7 years, 54% girls) and a caretaker from 16 diverse sites. Adolescents self-reported usual travel to and from school by walking and bicycling (days/week) and time it would take to walk. Parents completed the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (13 scores computed). Generalised additive mixed models estimated associations of parent neighbourhood perceptions with 1) any active transport to/from school, 2) regular walking (5–10 times/week), 3) regular cycling to/from school, and 4) profiles of ATS generated using latent profile analyses. Interactions were also explored. Results Overall, 58.7% reported any ATS, 39.9% regularly walked, 7.7% regularly cycled, and four profiles of ATS were identified: walk to and from school; walk from school; cycle to and from school; no ATS. Distance to school was negatively associated with all outcomes, though evidence was weak for regular cycling to/from school. Land use mix – diversity was positively related to all ATS outcomes except those related to cycling. Accessibility and walking facilities were associated with higher odds of any ATS, regular walking to/from school, and the profile walking to and from school. Residential density was negatively related to regular cycling to/from school. Positive associations were observed between traffic safety and any ATS, and between safety from crime, aesthetics, and odds of regular cycling to/from school. Distance to school, adolescent sex, and city moderated several associations. Conclusions Parent perceptions of compact, mixed-use development, walking facilities, and both traffic and crime-related safety were important supportive correlates of a range of ATS outcomes among adolescents in high- and low-middle-income countries. Policies that achieve these attributes should be prioritised to support more widespread ATS.
Keywords
active transport, school travel, correlates, perceived environment, walking, cycling, walkability, youth, physical activity, international
Date
2025
Type
Journal article
Journal
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Book
Volume
22
Issue
1
Page Range
1-22
Article Number
Article 55
ACU Department
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Faculty of Health Sciences
Collections
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
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URI
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14802/24172
Relation URI
DOI
10.1186/s12966-025-01738-3
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Open Access Status
Published as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
License
CC BY 4.0
File Access
Open
Notes
© The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.