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Spatial variations of levoglucosan in four European study areas
Jedynska, Aleksandra Hoek, Gerard Wang, Meng Eeftens, Marloes Cyrys, Josef Beelen, Rob Cirach, Marta De Nazelle, Audrey Keuken, Menno Visschedijk, Antoon
Jedynska, Aleksandra
Hoek, Gerard
Wang, Meng
Eeftens, Marloes
Cyrys, Josef
Beelen, Rob
Cirach, Marta
De Nazelle, Audrey
Keuken, Menno
Visschedijk, Antoon
Abstract
Relatively little is known about long term effects of wood smoke on population health. A wood combustion marker – levoglucosan – was measured using a standardized sampling and measurement method in four European study areas (Oslo, The Netherlands, Munich/Augsburg, Catalonia) to assess within and between study area spatial variation. Levoglucosan was analyzed in addition to: PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitrogen oxides (NOx), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), hopanes, steranes and elemental composition. Measurements were conducted at street, urban and regional background sites. Three two-week samples were taken per site and the annual average concentrations of pollutants were calculated using continuous measurements at one background reference site. Land use regression (LUR) models were developed to explain the spatial variation of levoglucosan. Much larger within than between study area contrast in levoglucosan concentration was found. Spatial variation patterns differed from other measured pollutants: PM2.5, NOx and EC. Levoglucosan had the highest spatial correlation with ΣPAH (r = 0.65) and the lowest with traffic markers — NOx, Σhopanes/steranes (r = − 0.22). Levoglucosan concentrations in the cold (heating) period were between 3 and 20 times higher compared to the warm period. The contribution of wood-smoke calculated based on levoglucosan measurements and previous European emission data to OC and PM2.5 mass was 13 to 28% and 3 to 9% respectively in the full year. Larger contributions were calculated for the cold period.
The median model R2 of the LUR models was 60%. The LUR models included population and natural land related variables. In conclusion, substantial spatial variability was found in levoglucosan concentrations within study areas. Wood smoke contributed substantially to especially wintertime PM2.5 OC and mass. The low to moderate correlation with PM2.5 mass and traffic markers offers the potential to assess health effects of wood smoke separate from traffic-related air pollution.
Keywords
Levoglucosan, OC, PAH, LUR, PM2.5, Spatial variation
Date
2015
Type
Journal article
Journal
Science of the Total Environment
Book
Volume
505
Issue
Page Range
1072-1081
Article Number
ACU Department
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Faculty of Health Sciences
Faculty of Health Sciences
Collections
Relation URI
Source URL
Event URL
Open Access Status
License
File Access
Controlled