All rights reservedBari, M. EhteshamulShankar, UdayBari, M.EhteshamulShankar, Uday2025-10-1620242024-07-11978-981-97-1479-710.1007/978-981-97-1480-3_1https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14802/7033[Extract] Human rights are the ‘inviolable and inalienable’ moral rights which all individuals are entitled to enjoy by virtue of their membership of the human family. In light of the fundamental interests protected by human rights, such as the interests of individuals in enjoying physical and bodily integrity, and their interest in enjoying freedom from discrimination on the basis of certain characteristics, such as race, sex, religion, and ethnicity, it is a common feature of most modern democracies to safeguard their enjoyment by means of constitutionally entrenched bills of rights. The objective underlying the enumeration of human rights in a constitution was eloquently articulated by Justice Hidayatullah of the Indian Supreme Court in IC Golak Nath and others v the State of the Punjab and another: ‘declarations of the Fundamental Rights of the Citizens are the inalienable rights of the people … [The] constitution enables an individual to oppose successfully the whole community and the state and claim his rights’.Covid-19human rightsconstitutionfundamental rights of the citizenslibertyWorld Health OrganizationWHOConstitutions of South AsianGovernance of governmentsBook chapterControlledPUB0201099983