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How do cannabis users mentally travel in time? Evidence from an fMRI study of episodic future thinking
Rafei, Parnian Rezapour, Tara Batouli, Seyed Amir Hossein Verdejo-Garcia, Antonio Lorenzetti, Valentina Hatami, Javad
Rafei, Parnian
Rezapour, Tara
Batouli, Seyed Amir Hossein
Verdejo-Garcia, Antonio
Lorenzetti, Valentina
Hatami, Javad
Abstract
Rationale
Episodic future thinking (EFT) is a cognitive function that allows individuals to imagine novel experiences that may happen in the future. Prior studies show that EFT is impaired in different groups of substance users. However, there is no evidence regarding the neurobiological mechanisms of EFT in cannabis users.
Objectives
We aimed to compare brain activations of regular cannabis users and non-using controls during an EFT fMRI task. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to investigate the association between EFT and cannabis use variables (e.g., duration of use, age onset, frequency of use).
Methods
Twenty current cannabis users and 22 drug-naïve controls underwent an fMRI scanning session while completing a task involving envisioning future-related events and retrieval of past memories as a control condition. The EFT fMRI task was adapted from the autobiographical interview and composed of 20 auditory cue sentences (10 cues for past and 10 cues for future events). Participants were asked to recall a past or generate a future event, in response to the cues, and then rate their vividness after each response.
Results
We found that cannabis users compared to non-user controls had lower activation within the cerebellum, medial and superior temporal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, and occipital fusiform gyrus while envisioning future events. Cannabis users rated the vividness of past events significantly lower than non-users (P < 0.005). There were marginal group differences for rating the vividness of future events (P = 0.052). Significant correlations were also found between the medial and superior temporal gyrus activities and behavioral measures of EFT and episodic memory.
Conclusions
Cannabis users, compared to drug-naïve controls, have lower brain activation in EFT relevant regions. Thus, any attempts to improve aberrant EFT performance in cannabis users may benefit from EFT training.
Keywords
episodic future thinking, mental time travel, future-oriented cognition, cannabis, fMRI
Date
2022
Type
Journal article
Journal
Psychopharmacology
Book
Volume
239
Issue
5
Page Range
1441-1457
Article Number
ACU Department
School of Behavioural and Health Sciences
Faculty of Health Sciences
Faculty of Health Sciences
Relation URI
Source URL
Event URL
Open Access Status
Published as green open access
License
File Access
Open
Controlled
Controlled