Kinematic and Coordination Variability of the Throwing Arm During the Water Polo Shot

The purpose of this study was to quantify, in the water polo shot, (1) variability in the kinematic and coordination variables of the throwing arm, (2) ball release parameters and (3) differences in variability profile between successful and unsuccessful shots. Seven female participants performed 10 simulated 5 m penalty shots. Mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation percentage were calculated for elbow and wrist angular displacement, wrist linear velocity and ball release parameters. Coordination was quantified using cross correlation. Variability was present in all measures and generally decreased close to or at release, particularly in successful shots. There was evidence of compensatory coordination. The results could guide practitioners on how to assess and influence technique in the throwing arm during a water polo shot.