The pain-related cognitive processes questionnaire: Development and validation

Journal article

Melissa Day, Charles Ward, Beverly E. Thorn, Cathryne Lang, Toby Newton-John, Dawn Ehde and Mark P. Jensen. (2018). The pain-related cognitive processes questionnaire: Development and validation. Pain Medicine. 19(2), pp. 269-283. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnx010
AuthorsMelissa Day, Charles Ward, Beverly E. Thorn, Cathryne Lang, Toby Newton-John, Dawn Ehde and Mark P. Jensen
Abstract

Objective
Cognitive processes may be characterized as how individuals think, whereas cognitive content constitutes what individuals think. Both cognitive processes and cognitive content are theorized to play important roles in chronic pain adjustment, and treatments have been developed to target both. However, the evaluation of treatments that target cognitive processes is limited because extant measures do not satisfactorily separate cognitive process from cognitive content. The current study aimed to develop a self-report inventory of potentially adaptive and presumed maladaptive attentional processes that may occur when someone is experiencing pain.

Methods
Scales were derived from a large item pool by successively applying confirmatory factor analysis to item data from two undergraduate samples (N = 393 and 233).

Results
Items, which were generated to avoid confounding of cognitive content with cognitive processes, represented nine constructs: Suppression, Distraction, Enhancement, Dissociation, Reappraisal, Absorption, Rumination, Nonjudgment, and Acceptance. The resulting nine scales formed the Pain-Related Cognitive Process Questionnaire (PCPQ), and scale correlations produced four conceptually distinct composite scales: Pain Diversion, Pain Distancing, Pain Focus, and Pain Openness. Internal consistency reliabilities of the nine scales were adequate (α ≥ 0.70) to good, and the four composite scales had α values of 0.79 or higher. Correlations with pain-related criterion variables were generally consistent with putative constructs.

Conclusions
The developed PCPQ scales offer a comprehensive assessment of important cognitive processes specific to pain. Overall, the findings suggest that the PCPQ scales may prove useful for evaluating the role of pain-related cognitive processes in studies of chronic pain.

Keywordscognitive process; chronic pain; assessment
Year2018
JournalPain Medicine
Journal citation19 (2), pp. 269-283
PublisherOxford University Press
ISSN1526-2375
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnx010
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85050036071
Publisher's version
File Access Level
Controlled
Publication process dates
Deposited13 May 2021
Permalink -

https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8w0v5/the-pain-related-cognitive-processes-questionnaire-development-and-validation

Log in to edit

Restricted files

Publisher's version

  • 91
    total views
  • 0
    total downloads
  • 4
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month
These values are for the period from 19th October 2020, when this repository was created.

Export as

Related outputs

Children with cerebral palsy : A cross-sectional study of their sleep and their caregiver's sleep quality, psychological health and well-being
Lang, Cathryne P., Boucaut, Amanda, Guppy, Max and Johnston, Leanne M.. (2021). Children with cerebral palsy : A cross-sectional study of their sleep and their caregiver's sleep quality, psychological health and well-being. Child: Care, Health and Development. 47(6), pp. 859-868. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12897
Criterion validity of the Psychotic-Like Experiences Questionnaire for Children (PLEQ-C)
Gutteridge, Tiffany P., Lang, Cathryne P., Turner, Alison M., Jacobs, Brian W. and Laurens, Kristin R.. (2020). Criterion validity of the Psychotic-Like Experiences Questionnaire for Children (PLEQ-C). Schizophrenia Research. 220, pp. 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.067
Revisiting the alerting effect of light: A systematic review
Xu, Qunyan and Lang, Cathryne Patrice. (2018). Revisiting the alerting effect of light: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.001
Mindfulness-based interventions for adults who are overweight or obese : A meta-analysis of physical and psychological health outcomes
Rogers, Jeffrey M., Ferrari, Madeleine, Mosely, Kylie, Lang, Cathryne P. and Brennan, Leah. (2017). Mindfulness-based interventions for adults who are overweight or obese : A meta-analysis of physical and psychological health outcomes. Obesity Reviews. 18(1), pp. 51-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12461
A content review of cognitive process measures used in pain research within adult populations
Day, Melissa A., Lang, Cathryne P., Newton-John, Toby R. O., Ehde, Dawn M. and Jensen, M. P.. (2017). A content review of cognitive process measures used in pain research within adult populations. European Journal of Pain. 21(1), pp. 45 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.917
myTREEHOUSE self-concept assessment: Preliminary psychometric analysis of a new self-concept assessment for children with cerebral palsy
Cheong, Sau Kuan, Lang, Cathryne P., Hemphill, Sheryl A. and Johnston, Leanne M.. (2017). myTREEHOUSE self-concept assessment: Preliminary psychometric analysis of a new self-concept assessment for children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 59(6), pp. 655 - 660. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13392
What constitutes self-concept for children with CP? A delphi consensus survey
Cheong, Sau Kuan, Lang, Cathryne Patrice, Hemphill, Sheryl A. and Johnston, Leanne M.. (2016). What constitutes self-concept for children with CP? A delphi consensus survey. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. 28(2), pp. 333 - 346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-015-9471-z
Predictors of anxiety in multiple sclerosis
Hartoonian, Narineh, Terrill, Alexandra L., Beier, Meghan L., Turner, Aaron P. and Day, Melissa A.. (2015). Predictors of anxiety in multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation Psychology. 60(1), pp. 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000019
Negotiating the Maze: Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior in Chronic Pain Patients
Newton-John, Toby. (2014). Negotiating the Maze: Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior in Chronic Pain Patients. Current Pain and Headache Reports. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-014-0447-y
A placebo-controlled trial of midazolam as an adjunct to morphine patient-controlled analgesia after spinal surgery
Day, Melissa Anne, Rich, Martha Anne, Thorn, Beverly E., Berbaum, Michael L. and Mangieri, Eugene A.. (2014). A placebo-controlled trial of midazolam as an adjunct to morphine patient-controlled analgesia after spinal surgery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 26(4), pp. 300 - 308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2013.12.011
Examining the relationship between subjective sleep disturbance and menopause : A systematic review and meta-analysis
Xu, Qunyan and Lang, Cathryne Patrice. (2014). Examining the relationship between subjective sleep disturbance and menopause : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause. 21(12), pp. 1301 - 1318. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0000000000000240
A systematic review of the longitudinal relationships between subjective sleep disturbance and menopausal stage
Xu, Qunyan, Lang, Cathryne Patrice and Rooney, Naomi. (2014). A systematic review of the longitudinal relationships between subjective sleep disturbance and menopausal stage. Maturitas. 79(4), pp. 401 - 412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.09.011
Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for the Treatment of Headache Pain
Day, Melissa, Thorn, Beverly, Ward, L, Rubin, Nancy, Hickman, Steven, Scogin, Forrest and Kilgo, Gary. (2014). Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for the Treatment of Headache Pain. Clinical Journal of Pain. 30(2), pp. 152 - 161. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318287a1dc
The role of resilience in adjustment and coping with chronic pain
Newton-John, Toby, Christine, Mason and Hunter, Mick. (2014). The role of resilience in adjustment and coping with chronic pain. Rehabilitation Psychology. 59(3), pp. 360 - 365. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037023
Toward a theoretical model for mindfulness-based pain management
Day, Melissa Anne, Jensen, Mark P., Ehde, Dawn M. and Thorn, Beverly E.. (2014). Toward a theoretical model for mindfulness-based pain management. Journal of Pain. 15(7), pp. 691 - 703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2014.03.003
How significant is the Significant Other in patient coping in chronic pain?
Newton-John, Toby. (2013). How significant is the Significant Other in patient coping in chronic pain? Pain Management. https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt.13.52
The Continuing Evolution of Biopsychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain
Day, Melissa, Thorn, Beverly and Burns, John. (2012). The Continuing Evolution of Biopsychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 26(2), pp. 114 - 129. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.26.2.114
Is reduction in pain catastrophizing a therapeutic mechanism specific to cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain?
Burns, John, Day, Melissa and Thorn, Beverly. (2012). Is reduction in pain catastrophizing a therapeutic mechanism specific to cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain? Translational Behavioral Medicine: practice, policy, research. 2(1), pp. 22 - 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-011-0086-3
The Communal Coping Model of Catastrophizing : Patient-Health Provider Interactions
Tsui, Patricia, Day, Melissa, Thorn, Beverly, Rubin, Nancy, Alexander, Chelley and Jones, Richard. (2012). The Communal Coping Model of Catastrophizing : Patient-Health Provider Interactions. Pain Medicine. 13(1), pp. 66 - 79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01288.x
Randomized trial of group cognitive behavioral therapy compared with a pain education control for low-literacy rural chronic pain population
Thorn, Beverly, Day, Melissa, Burns, John, Kuhajda, Melissa, Gaskins, Susan, Sweeney, Kelly, McConley, Regina, Ward, L Charles and Cabbil, Chalanda. (2011). Randomized trial of group cognitive behavioral therapy compared with a pain education control for low-literacy rural chronic pain population. Pain. 152(12), pp. 2710 - 2720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.07.007
Literacy and Cultural Adaptations for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in a Rural Pain Population
Kuhajda, Melissa, Thorn, Beverly, Gaskins, Susan, Day, Melissa and Cabbil, Chalanda. (2011). Literacy and Cultural Adaptations for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in a Rural Pain Population. Translational Behavioral Medicine: practice, policy, research. 1(2), pp. 216 - 223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-011-0026-2
A Qualitative Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing a Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment with Educaton
Day, Melissa, Thorn, Beverly and Kapoor, Shweta. (2011). A Qualitative Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing a Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment with Educaton. The Journal Of Pain. 12(9), pp. 941 - 952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2011.02.354
Race and Sex Differences in Primary Appraisals, Catastrophizing, and Experimental Pain Outcomes
Forsythe, Laura, Thorn, Beverly, Day, Melissa and Shelby, Grace. (2011). Race and Sex Differences in Primary Appraisals, Catastrophizing, and Experimental Pain Outcomes. The Journal Of Pain. 12(5), pp. 563 - 572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2010.11.003
Younger and older women's concerns about menopause after breast cancer
Anderson, Debra, Yates, Patsy, McCarthy, Alexandra, Lang, Cathryne, Hargraves, M, McCarthy, N and Porter-Steele, J. (2011). Younger and older women's concerns about menopause after breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care. 20(6), pp. 785 - 794. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2011.01282.x
The relationship of demographic and pschosocial variables to pain-related outcomes in a rural chronic pain population
Day, Melissa and Thorn, Beverly. (2010). The relationship of demographic and pschosocial variables to pain-related outcomes in a rural chronic pain population. Pain. 151(2), pp. 467 - 474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.015
The relationship of demographic and psychosocial variables to pain-related outcomes in a rural chronic pain population
Day, Melissa and Thorn, Beverly. (2010). The relationship of demographic and psychosocial variables to pain-related outcomes in a rural chronic pain population. Pain. 151(2), pp. 467 - 474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.015
Drug driving from a user's perspective
Davey, Jeremy, Davies, Amanda, French, Nicole, Williams, Clive and Lang, Cathryne. (2006). Drug driving from a user's perspective. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 12(1), pp. 61 - 70. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630410001731137
The threat of hepatitis C as an influence on injecting amphetamine users' change towards non-injecting
Davey, Jeremy, Richards, Naomi, Lang, Cathryne and Davies, Amanda. (2006). The threat of hepatitis C as an influence on injecting amphetamine users' change towards non-injecting. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse. 15(4), pp. 89 - 104. https://doi.org/10.1300/J029v15n04_05