Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers

Journal article


Langer, Gero, Wan, Ching Shan, Fink, Astrid, Schwingshackl, Lukas and Schoberer, Daniela. (2024). Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2024(2), p. Article CD003216. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003216.pub3
AuthorsLanger, Gero, Wan, Ching Shan, Fink, Astrid, Schwingshackl, Lukas and Schoberer, Daniela
Abstract

Background
Pressure ulcers are localized injuries to the skin or the underlying tissue, or both, and are common in older and immobile people, people with diabetes, vascular disease, or malnutrition, as well as those who require intensive or palliative care. People with pressure ulcers often suffer from severe pain and exhibit social avoidance behaviours. The prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers involves strategies to optimize hydration, circulation, and nutrition. Adequate nutrient intake can reduce the risk factor of malnutrition and promote wound healing in existing pressure ulcers. However, it is unclear which nutrients help prevent and treat pressure ulcers. This is an update of an earlier Cochrane Review.

Objectives
To evaluate the benefits and harms of nutritional interventions (special diets, supplements) for preventing and treating pressure ulcers in people with or without existing pressure ulcers compared to standard diet or other nutritional interventions.

Search methods
We used extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search was in May 2022.

Selection criteria
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in people with or without existing pressure ulcers, that compared nutritional interventions aimed at preventing or treating pressure ulcers with standard diet or other types of nutritional interventions.

Data collection and analysis
We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcome for prevention studies was the proportion of participants who developed new (incident) pressure ulcers. For treatment studies, our primary outcomes were time to complete pressure ulcer healing, number of people with healed pressure ulcers, size and depth of pressure ulcers, and rate of pressure ulcer healing. Secondary outcomes were side effects, costs, health‐related quality of life and acceptability. We used GRADE to assess certainty of evidence for each outcome.

Main results
We included 33 RCTs with 7920 participants. Data for meta‐analysis were available from 6993 participants.

Pressure ulcer prevention

Eleven studies (with 12 arms) compared six types of nutritional interventions for the prevention of pressure ulcers.

Compared to standard diet, energy, protein and micronutrient supplements may result in little to no difference in the proportion of participants developing a pressure ulcer (energy, protein and micronutrient supplements 248 per 1000, standard diet 269 per 1000; RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.19; 3 studies, 1634 participants; low‐certainty evidence).

Compared to standard diet, protein supplements may result in little to no difference in pressure ulcer incidence (protein 21 per 1000, standard diet 28 per 1000; RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.14; 4 studies, 4264 participants; low‐certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the gastrointestinal side effects of these supplements (protein 109 per 1000, standard diet 155 per 1000; RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.06 to 7.96; 2 studies, 140 participants, very low‐certainty evidence).

The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidants; L‐carnitine, L‐leucine, calcium, magnesium and vitamin D; EPA, GLA and antioxidants; disease‐specific supplements on pressure ulcer incidence when compared to standard diet (1 study each; very low‐certainty evidence for all comparisons).

Pressure ulcer treatment

Twenty‐four studies (with 27 arms) compared 10 types of nutritional interventions or supplements for treatment of pressure ulcers.

Compared to standard diet, energy, protein and micronutrient supplements may slightly increase the number of healed pressure ulcers (energy, protein and micronutrients 366 per 1000, standard diet 253 per 1000; RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.85; 3 studies, 577 participants, low‐certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of these supplements on gastrointestinal side effects.

Compared to standard diet, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of protein, arginine, zinc and antioxidant supplements on pressure ulcer healing (pressure ulcer area: mean difference (MD) 2 cm² smaller, 95% CI 4.54 smaller to 0.53 larger; 2 studies, 71 participants, very low‐certainty evidence). The evidence on side effects of these supplements is very uncertain.

Compared to standard diet, supplements with arginine and micronutrients may not increase the number of healed pressure ulcers, but the evidence suggests a slight reduction in pressure ulcer area (MD 15.8% lower, 95% CI 25.11 lower to 6.48 lower; 2 studies, 231 participants, low‐certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about changes in pressure ulcer scores, acceptability, and side effects of these supplements.

Compared to placebo, collagen supplements probably improve the mean change in pressure ulcer area (MD 1.81 cm² smaller, 95% CI 3.36 smaller to 0.26 smaller; 1 study, 74 participants, moderate‐certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of these supplements on side effects.

The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of vitamin C, different doses of arginine; EPA, GLA (special dietary fatty acids) and antioxidants; protein; a specialized amino acid mixture; ornithine alpha‐ketoglutarate and zinc supplements on pressure ulcer healing (1 or 2 studies each; very low‐certainty evidence).

Authors' conclusions
The benefits of nutritional interventions with various compositions for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment are uncertain. There may be little or no difference compared to standard nutrition or placebo. Nutritional supplements may not increase gastrointestinal side effects, but the evidence is very uncertain. Larger studies with similar nutrient compositions would reduce these uncertainties. No study investigated the effects of special diets (e.g. protein‐enriched diet, vegetarian diet) on pressure ulcer incidence and healing.

Year2024
JournalCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Journal citation2024 (2), p. Article CD003216
PublisherJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISSN1469-493X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003216.pub3
PubMed ID38345088
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85185137637
PubMed Central IDPMC10860148
Open accessOpen access
Page range1-176
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online12 Feb 2024
Publication process dates
Deposited26 May 2025
Additional information

Bronze open access.

Copyright © 2024 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Permalink -

https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/91x10/nutritional-interventions-for-preventing-and-treating-pressure-ulcers

Download files


Publisher's version
Langer_2024_Nutritional_interventions_for_preventing_and_treating.pdf
License: All rights reserved
File access level: Open

  • 2
    total views
  • 1
    total downloads
  • 0
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month
These values are for the period from 19th October 2020, when this repository was created.

Export as

Related outputs

Ethnic differences in physical activity participation when managing gestational diabetes mellitus : A mixed-methods study comparing ethnic Chinese migrants and Australian women
Wan, Ching Shan, Teede, Helena, Nankervis, Alison and Aroni, Rosalie. (2024). Ethnic differences in physical activity participation when managing gestational diabetes mellitus : A mixed-methods study comparing ethnic Chinese migrants and Australian women. Ethnicity and Health. 29(6), pp. 665-684. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2024.2359379
The effects of lifestyle and behavioural interventions on cancer recurrence, overall survival and quality of life in breast cancer survivors : A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Yeganeh, Ladan, Willey, Suzanne, Wan, Ching Shan, Khomami, Mahnaz Bahri, Chehrazi, Mohammad, Cook, Olivia and Webber, Kate. (2024). The effects of lifestyle and behavioural interventions on cancer recurrence, overall survival and quality of life in breast cancer survivors : A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Maturitas. 185, pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107977
Priorities to improve woman-centred gestational diabetes mellitus care : A qualitative study to compare views between clinical and consumer end-users
Wan, Ching Shan, Nankervis, Alison, Teede, Helena and Aroni, Rosalie. (2023). Priorities to improve woman-centred gestational diabetes mellitus care : A qualitative study to compare views between clinical and consumer end-users. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 36(5), pp. 1636-1648. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.13191
Dietary management of type 2 diabetes mellitus among South Asian immigrants : A mixed-methods study
Wan, Ching Shan, Rawat, Priya, Gulyani, Purva, Elmi, Yusra and Ng, Ashley H.. (2023). Dietary management of type 2 diabetes mellitus among South Asian immigrants : A mixed-methods study. Nutrition and Dietetics. 80(4), pp. 413-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/1747-0080.12820
Barriers and facilitators to implementing pressure injury prevention and management guidelines in acute care : A mixed-methods systematic review
Wan, Ching Shan, Cheng, Heilok, Musgrave-Takeda, Mika, Liu, Mark, Tobiano, Georgia, McMahon, Jake and McInnes, Elizabeth Catherine. (2023). Barriers and facilitators to implementing pressure injury prevention and management guidelines in acute care : A mixed-methods systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 145, pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104557
Oedema as a predictor of the incidence of new pressure injuries in adults in any care setting : A systematic review and meta-analysis
Chaboyer, Wendy, Coyer, Fiona, Harbeck, Emma, Thalib, Lukman, Latimer, Sharon, Wan, Ching Shan, Tobiano, Georgia, Griffin, Bronwyn R., Campbell, Jill L., Walker, Rachel, Carlini, Joan J., Lockwood, Ishtar, Clark, Justin and Gillespie, Brigid M.. (2022). Oedema as a predictor of the incidence of new pressure injuries in adults in any care setting : A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 128, p. Article 104189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104189
Sarcopenia is associated with mortality in adults : A systematic review and meta-analysis
Xu, Jane, Wan, Ching S., Ktoris, Kiriakos, Reijnierse, Esmee M. and Maier, Andrea B.. (2022). Sarcopenia is associated with mortality in adults : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gerontology. 68, pp. 361-376. https://doi.org/10.1159/000517099
Sarcopenia is associated with 3-month and 1-year mortality in geriatric rehabilitation inpatients : RESORT
Xu, Jane, Reijnierse, Esmee M., Pacifico, Jacob, Wan, Ching S. and Maier, Andrea B.. (2021). Sarcopenia is associated with 3-month and 1-year mortality in geriatric rehabilitation inpatients : RESORT. Age and Ageing. 50(6), pp. 2147-2156. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab134
Ethnic differences in barriers and enablers to physical activity among older adults
You, Emily, Lautenschlager, Nicola T., Wan, Ching Shan, Goh, Anita M. Y., Curran, Eleanor, Chong, Terence W. H., Anstey, Kaarin J., Hanna, Fahad and Ellis, Kathryn A.. (2021). Ethnic differences in barriers and enablers to physical activity among older adults. Frontiers in Public Health. 9, p. Article 691851. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.691851
Risk factors of readmissions in geriatric rehabilitation patients : RESORT
Wan, Ching S., Reijnierse, Esmee M. and Maier, Andrea B.. (2021). Risk factors of readmissions in geriatric rehabilitation patients : RESORT. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 102(8), pp. 1524-1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2021.01.082
A multidisciplinary, community-based program to reduce unplanned hospital admissions
Wan, Ching Shan, Mitchell, Jade and Maier, Andrea B.. (2021). A multidisciplinary, community-based program to reduce unplanned hospital admissions. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (JAMDA). 22(6), pp. 1331.e1-1331.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.034
Ethnic differences in dietary management of gestational diabetes mellitus : A mixed methods study comparing ethnic chinese immigrants and Australian women
Wan, Ching Shan, Teede, Helena, Nankervis, Alison and Aroni, Rosalie. (2020). Ethnic differences in dietary management of gestational diabetes mellitus : A mixed methods study comparing ethnic chinese immigrants and Australian women. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 120(1), pp. 86-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.08.019
Bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition, and change in adiposity, in overweight and obese adolescents : Comparison with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Wan, Ching Shan, Ward, Leigh, Halim, Jocelyn, Gow, Megan L., Ho, Mandy, Briody, Julie, Leung, Kelvin, Cowell, Chris and Garnett, S. (2014). Bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition, and change in adiposity, in overweight and obese adolescents : Comparison with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. BMC Pediatrics. 14(1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-14-249