Theory of mind and switching predict prospective memory performance in adolescents

Journal article


Altgassen, Mareike, Vetter, Nora C., Phillips, Louise, Akgun, Canan and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). Theory of mind and switching predict prospective memory performance in adolescents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 127, pp. 163 - 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.03.009
AuthorsAltgassen, Mareike, Vetter, Nora C., Phillips, Louise, Akgun, Canan and Kliegel, Matthias
Abstract

Research indicates ongoing development of prospective memory as well as theory of mind and executive functions across late childhood and adolescence. However, so far the interplay of these processes has not been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate whether theory of mind and executive control processes (specifically updating, switching, and inhibition) predict prospective memory development across adolescence. In total, 42 adolescents and 41 young adults participated in this study. Young adults outperformed adolescents on tasks of prospective memory, theory of mind, and executive functions. Switching and theory of mind predicted prospective memory performance in adolescents.

Keywordsprospective memory; adolescence; executive functions; theory of mind; switching; updating; inhibition
Year2014
JournalJournal of Experimental Child Psychology
Journal citation127, pp. 163 - 175
PublisherAcademic Press
ISSN0022-0965
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.03.009
Scopus EID2-s2.0-84905727443
Page range163 - 175
Place of publicationUnited States of America
Permalink -

https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8v752/theory-of-mind-and-switching-predict-prospective-memory-performance-in-adolescents

  • 116
    total views
  • 0
    total downloads
  • 0
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month
These values are for the period from 19th October 2020, when this repository was created.

Export as

Related outputs

Implementation intentions and prospective memory function in late adulthood
Henry, Julie D., Terrett, Gill, Grainger, Sarah A., Rose, Nathan S., Kliegel, Matthias, Bugge, Melissa, Ryrie, Clare and Rendell, Peter G.. (2020). Implementation intentions and prospective memory function in late adulthood. Psychology and Aging. 35(8), pp. 1105-1114. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000563
Differences in time-based task characteristics help to explain the age-prospective memory paradox
Haines, Simon J., Randall, Susan E., Terrett, Gill, Tatangelo, Gemma, McLennan, Skye N., Rose, Nathan S., Kliegel, Matthias, Henry, Julie D. and Rendell, Peter G.. (2020). Differences in time-based task characteristics help to explain the age-prospective memory paradox. Cognition. 202, p. 104305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104305
The relationship between episodic future thinking and prospective memory in middle childhood : Mechanisms depend on task type
Terrett, Gill, Horner, Katherine, White, Roxanne, Henry, Julie D., Kliegel, Matthias, Labuschagne, Izelle and Rendell, Peter G.. (2019). The relationship between episodic future thinking and prospective memory in middle childhood : Mechanisms depend on task type. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 178, pp. 198-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.10.003
Prospective Memory Is a Key Predictor of Functional Independence in Older Adults
Alexandra Hering, Matthias Kliegel, Peter Rendell, Fergus I Craik and Nathan Rose. (2018). Prospective Memory Is a Key Predictor of Functional Independence in Older Adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 24(6), pp. 640-645. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617718000152
Hair cortisol and cognitive performance in working age adults
McLennan, Skye Nadine, Ihle, Andreas, Steudte-Schmiedgen, Susann, Kirschbaum, Clemens and Kliegel, Matthias. (2016). Hair cortisol and cognitive performance in working age adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 67, pp. 100 - 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.029
The relationship between prospective memory and episodic future thinking in younger and older adulthood
Terrett, Gillian, Rose, Nathan S., Henry, Julie D., Bailey, Phoebe E., Altgassen, Mareike, Phillips, Louise H., Kliegel, Matthias and Rendell, Peter Gregory. (2016). The relationship between prospective memory and episodic future thinking in younger and older adulthood. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 69(2), pp. 310 - 323. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2015.1054294
Prospective memory function in late adulthood: Affect at encoding and resource allocation costs
Henry, Julie, Joeffry, Sebastian, Terrett, Gill, Ballhausen, Nicola, Kliegel, Matthias and Rendell, Peter. (2015). Prospective memory function in late adulthood: Affect at encoding and resource allocation costs. PLoS One (online). 10(4), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125124
Future thinking improves prospective memory performance and plan enactment in older adults
Altgassen, Mareike, Rendell, Peter, Bernhard, Anka, Henry, Julie, Bailey, Phoebe, Phillips, Louise and Kliegel, Matthias. (2015). Future thinking improves prospective memory performance and plan enactment in older adults. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 68(1), pp. 192 - 204. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.956127
Emotional valence differentially affects encoding and retrieval of prospective memory in older adults
Ballhausen, Nicola, Rendell, Peter, Henry, Julie, Joeffry, Sebastian and Kliegel, Matthias. (2015). Emotional valence differentially affects encoding and retrieval of prospective memory in older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. 22(5), pp. 544 - 559. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2014.1001316
Cognitive and neural plasticity in older adults prospective memory following training with the virtual week computer game
Rose, Nathan, Rendell, Peter, Hering, Alexandra, Kliegel, Matthias, Bidelman, Gavin and Craik, Fergus. (2015). Cognitive and neural plasticity in older adults prospective memory following training with the virtual week computer game. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (online). 9(592), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00592
Mood impairs time-based prospective memory in young but not older adults: The mediating role of attentional control
Schnitzspahn, Katharina, Thorley, Craig, Phillips, Louise, Voight, Babette, Threadgold, Emma, Hammond, Emily, Mustafa, Besim and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). Mood impairs time-based prospective memory in young but not older adults: The mediating role of attentional control. Psychology and Aging. 29(2), pp. 264 - 270. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036389
Ongoing neural development of affective theory of mind in adolescence
Vetter, Nora, Weigelt, Sarah, Dohnel, Katrin, Smolka, Michael and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). Ongoing neural development of affective theory of mind in adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 9(7), pp. 1022 - 1029. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst081
Associations between neonatal distress and effortful control in preterm born toddlers: Does parenting stress act as a moderator?
Voigt, Babett, Brandl, Alexa, Pietz, Joachim, Pauen, Sabina, Kliegel, Matthias, Poschl, Johannes and Reuner, Gitta. (2014). Associations between neonatal distress and effortful control in preterm born toddlers: Does parenting stress act as a moderator? International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 60(3), pp. 122 - 131. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047387713Y.0000000036
Good ergonomics and team diversity reduce absenteeism and errors in car manufacturing
Fritzsche, Lars, Wegge, Jurgen, Schmauder, Martin, Kliegel, Matthias and Schimdt, Klaus-Helmut. (2014). Good ergonomics and team diversity reduce absenteeism and errors in car manufacturing. Ergonomics. 57(2), pp. 148 - 161. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2013.875597
Ongoing neural development of affective theory of mind in adolescence
Vetter, Nora, Weigelt, Sarah, Dohnel, Katrin, Smolka, Michael and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). Ongoing neural development of affective theory of mind in adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 9(7), pp. 1022 - 1029. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst081
The impact of age, ongoing task difficulty, and cue salience on preschoolers' prospective memory performance: The role of executive function
Mahy, Caitlin, Moses, Louis and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). The impact of age, ongoing task difficulty, and cue salience on preschoolers' prospective memory performance: The role of executive function. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 127, pp. 52 - 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.01.006
Prospective memory training in older adults and its relevance for successful aging
Hering, Alexandra, Rendell, Peter G., Rose, Nathan S., Schnitzspahn, Katharina M. and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). Prospective memory training in older adults and its relevance for successful aging. Psychological Research. 78(6), pp. 892 - 904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-014-0566-4
Task dissociation in prospective memory performance in individuals with ADHD
Altgassen, Mareike, Kretschmer, A. and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). Task dissociation in prospective memory performance in individuals with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. 18(7), pp. 617 - 624. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712445484
Rest break organization in geriatric care and turnover : A multimethod cross-sectional study
Wendsche, Johannes, Hacker, Winfreid, Wegge, Jurgen, Schrod, Nadine, Roitzsch, Katharina, Tomaschek, Anne and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). Rest break organization in geriatric care and turnover : A multimethod cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 51(9), pp. 1246 - 1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.01.006
These pretzels are going to make me thirsty tomorrow: Differential development of hot and cool episodic foresight in early childhood?
Mahy, Caitlin E. V., Grass, Julia, Wagner, Sarah and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). These pretzels are going to make me thirsty tomorrow: Differential development of hot and cool episodic foresight in early childhood? British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 32(1), pp. 65 - 77. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12023
Effect of a naturalistic prospective memory-related task on the cortisol awakening response in young children
Baumler, Damaris, Kliegel, Matthias, Kirschbaum, Clemens, Miller, Robert, Alexander, Nina and Stalder, Tobias. (2014). Effect of a naturalistic prospective memory-related task on the cortisol awakening response in young children. Biological Psychology. 103, pp. 24 - 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.08.005
Ongoing neural development of affective theory of mind in adolescence
Vetter, Nora, Weigelt, Sarah, Dohnel, Katrin, Smolka, Michael and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). Ongoing neural development of affective theory of mind in adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 9(7), pp. 1022 - 1029. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst081
The relation of the cortisol awakening response and prospective memory functioning in young children
Baumler, Damaris, Voight, Babette, Miller, Robert, Stalder, Tobias, Kirschbaum, Clemens and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). The relation of the cortisol awakening response and prospective memory functioning in young children. Biological Psychology. 99, pp. 41 - 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.02.011
Adult age differences in prospective memory in the laboratory : Are they related to higher stress levels in the elderly?
Ihle, Andreas, Kliegel, Matthias, Hering, Alexandra, Ballhausen, Nicola, Lagner, Prune, Benusch, Julia, Cichon, Anja, Zergiebel, Annekathrin, Oris, Michel and Schnitzspahn, Katharina. (2014). Adult age differences in prospective memory in the laboratory : Are they related to higher stress levels in the elderly? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 8, pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.01021
Working memory training and transfer in older adults: Effects of age, baseline performance, and training gains
Zinke, Katharina, Zeintl, Melanie, Rose, Nathan, Putzmann, Julia, Pydde, Andrea and Kliegel, Matthias. (2014). Working memory training and transfer in older adults: Effects of age, baseline performance, and training gains. Developmental Psychology. 50(1), pp. 304 - 315. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032982
Revisiting the age-prospective memory-paradox: the role of planning and task experience
Hering, A., Cortez, S. A., Kliegel, Matthias and Altgassen, Mareike. (2013). Revisiting the age-prospective memory-paradox: the role of planning and task experience. European Journal of Ageing. 11(1), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-013-0284-6
Individual and developmental differences in the relationship between preferences and theory of mind
Leipold, Kristina, Vetter, Nora C., Dittrich, Marcus, Lehmann-Waffenschmidt, Marco and Kliegel, Matthias. (2013). Individual and developmental differences in the relationship between preferences and theory of mind. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology and Economics. 6(4), pp. 236 - 251. https://doi.org/10.1037/npe0000008
History of lifetime smoking, smoking cessation and cognitive function in the elderly population
Mons, Ute, Schottker, Ben, Muller, Heiko, Kliegel, Matthias and Brenner, Hermann. (2013). History of lifetime smoking, smoking cessation and cognitive function in the elderly population. European Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-013-9840-9
The role of shifting, updating, and inhibition in prospective memory performance in young and older adults
Schnitzspahn, Katharina, Stahl, C, Zeintl, M, Kaller, C and Kliegel, Matthias. (2013). The role of shifting, updating, and inhibition in prospective memory performance in young and older adults. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030579
The role of shifting, updating, and inhibition in prospective memory performance in young and older adults
Schnitzspahn, Katharina, Stahl, C, Zeintl, M, Kaller, C and Kliegel, Matthias. (2013). The role of shifting, updating, and inhibition in prospective memory performance in young and older adults. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030579
The cortisol awakening response in toddlers and young children
Baumler, D, Kirschbaum, C, Kliegel, Matthias, Alexander, N and Stalder, T. (2013). The cortisol awakening response in toddlers and young children. Psychoneuroendocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.008
Development of affective theory of mind across adolescence : Disentangling the role of executive functions
Vetter, N, Altgassen, Mareike, Phillips, Louise, Mahy, Caitlin and Kliegel, Matthias. (2013). Development of affective theory of mind across adolescence : Disentangling the role of executive functions. Developmental Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2012.733786
Ongoing development of social cognition in adolescence
Vetter, N, Leipold, K, Kliegel, Matthias, Phillips, Louise and Altgassen, Mareike. (2013). Ongoing development of social cognition in adolescence. Child Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2012.718324
Negative reactivity in toddlers born prematurely : Indirect and moderated pathways considering self-regulation, neonatal distress and parenting stress
Voigt, Babett, Brandl, A, Pietz, J, Pauen, S, Kliegel, Matthias and Reuner, G. (2013). Negative reactivity in toddlers born prematurely : Indirect and moderated pathways considering self-regulation, neonatal distress and parenting stress. Infant Behavior and Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.11.002
The cortisol awakening response in infants : Ontogeny and associations with development-related variables
Stalder, T, Baumler, D, Miller, Richard, Alexander, N, Kliegel, Matthias and Kirschbaum, C. (2013). The cortisol awakening response in infants : Ontogeny and associations with development-related variables. Psychoneuroendocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.07.015
Time-based prospective memory in young children-Exploring executive functions as a developmental mechanism
Kretschmer, A, Voigt, Babett, Friedrich, S, Pfeiffer, K and Kliegel, Matthias. (2013). Time-based prospective memory in young children-Exploring executive functions as a developmental mechanism. Child Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2013.841881
Ongoing development of social cognition in adolescence
Vetter, N, Leipold, K, Kliegel, Matthias, Phillips, Louise and Altgassen, Mareike. (2013). Ongoing development of social cognition in adolescence. Child Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2012.718324
I see you remembering : What eye movements can reveal about process characteristics of prospective memory
Hartwig, J, Schnitzspahn, Katharina, Kliegel, Matthias, Velichkovsky, Boris and Helmert, Jens. (2013). I see you remembering : What eye movements can reveal about process characteristics of prospective memory. International Journal of Psychophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.020
Adult age differences, response management, and cue focality in event-based prospective memory : A meta-analysis on the role of task order specificity
Ihle, Andreas, Hering, A, Mahy, Caitlin, Bisiacchi, P and Kliegel, Matthias. (2013). Adult age differences, response management, and cue focality in event-based prospective memory : A meta-analysis on the role of task order specificity. Psychology and Aging. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033653
Importance effects on age differences in performance in event-based prospective memory
Hering, A, Phillips, Louise and Kliegel, Matthias. (2013). Importance effects on age differences in performance in event-based prospective memory. Gerontology. https://doi.org/10.1159/000355057
The development of prospective memory in young schoolchildren : The impact of ongoing task absorption, cue salience, and cue centrality
Kliegel, Matthias, Mahy, Caitlin, Voigt, Babett, Henry, Julie, Rendell, Peter and Aberle, Ingo. (2013). The development of prospective memory in young schoolchildren : The impact of ongoing task absorption, cue salience, and cue centrality. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.012
Development of affective theory of mind across adolescence : Disentangling the role of executive functions
Vetter, N, Altgassen, Mareike, Phillips, Louise, Mahy, Caitlin and Kliegel, Matthias. (2013). Development of affective theory of mind across adolescence : Disentangling the role of executive functions. Developmental Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2012.733786
Self- or Physician-reported Diabetes, Glycemia Markers, and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults in Germany
Breitling, L. P., Olsen, H., Muller, H, Schottker, B, Kliegel, Matthias and Brenner, H. (2013). Self- or Physician-reported Diabetes, Glycemia Markers, and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults in Germany. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 22(11), pp. 1 - 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.06.004
Fluid mechanics moderate the effect of implementation intentions on a health prospective memory task in older adults
Brom, S. S., Schnitzspahn, Katharina, Melzer, M., Hagner, F, Bernhard, Anka and Kliegel, Matthias. (2013). Fluid mechanics moderate the effect of implementation intentions on a health prospective memory task in older adults. European Journal of Ageing. 11(1), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-013-0288-2
Negative reactivity in toddlers born prematurely : Indirect and moderated pathways considering self-regulation, neonatal distress and parenting stress
Voigt, Babett, Brandl, A, Pietz, J, Pauen, S, Kliegel, Matthias and Reuner, G. (2013). Negative reactivity in toddlers born prematurely : Indirect and moderated pathways considering self-regulation, neonatal distress and parenting stress. Infant Behavior and Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.11.002
Prospective memory, emotional valence and multiple sclerosis
Rendell, Peter, Henry, Julie, Phillips, Louise, De la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl, Booth, Patricia, Phillips, Patricia and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Prospective memory, emotional valence and multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 34(7), pp. 734 - 749. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2012.670388
Associations between received social support and positive and negative affect : Evidence for age differences from a daily-diary study
Scholz, U, Kliegel, Matthias, Luszczynska, A and Knoll, N. (2012). Associations between received social support and positive and negative affect : Evidence for age differences from a daily-diary study. European Journal of Ageing. 9(4), pp. 361 - 371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-012-0236-6
Prospective memory reminders : A laboratory investigation of initiation source and age effects
Henry, Julie, Rendell, Peter, Phillips, Louise, Dunlop, Leigh and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Prospective memory reminders : A laboratory investigation of initiation source and age effects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 65(7), pp. 1274 - 1287. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.651091
Older Adults have greater difficulty imagining future rather than atemporal experiences
Rendell, Peter, Bailey, Phoebe, Henry, Julie, Phillips, Louise, Gaskin, Shae and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Older Adults have greater difficulty imagining future rather than atemporal experiences. Psychology and Aging. 27(4), pp. 1089 - 1098. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029748
Do adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders compensate in naturalistic prospective memory tasks?
Altgassen, Mareike, Koban, N and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Do adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders compensate in naturalistic prospective memory tasks? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 42(10), pp. 2141 - 2151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1466-3
Association of prion protein with cognitive functioning in humans
Breitling, L, Muller, H, Stegmaier, C, Kliegel, Matthias and Brenner, H. (2012). Association of prion protein with cognitive functioning in humans. Experimental Gerontology. 47(12), pp. 919 - 924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2012.08.001
Effect of cardiovascular and metabolic disease on cognitive test performance and cognitive change in older adults
Kohler, M, Kliegel, Matthias, Kaduszkiewicz, H, Bachmann, C, Wiese, B, Bickel, H, Mosch, E, Weyerer, S, Werle, J and Fuchs, A. (2012). Effect of cardiovascular and metabolic disease on cognitive test performance and cognitive change in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 60(7), pp. 1286 - 1291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04032.x
Plasticity of executive control through task switching training in adolescents
Zinke, Katharina, Einert, Manuela, Pfennig, Lydia and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Plasticity of executive control through task switching training in adolescents. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00041
Differences in target monitoring in a prospective memory task
Albisaski, R, Sedek, G and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Differences in target monitoring in a prospective memory task. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 24(8), pp. 916 - 928. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2012.717923
Vitamin D and cognitive functioning in the elderly population in Germany
Breitling, L, Perna, L, Muller, H, Raum, E, Kliegel, Matthias and Brenner, H. (2012). Vitamin D and cognitive functioning in the elderly population in Germany. Experimental Gerontology. 47(1), pp. 122 - 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2011.11.004
APOE epsilon4 and Cognitive Function in Early Life : A meta-analysis
Ihle, Andreas, Bunce, D and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). APOE epsilon4 and Cognitive Function in Early Life : A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology. 26(3), pp. 267 - 277. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026769
Age benefits in everyday prospective memory : The influence of personal task importance, use of reminders and everyday stress
Ihle, Andreas, Schnitzspahn, Katharina, Rendell, Peter, Luong, Cacilia and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Age benefits in everyday prospective memory : The influence of personal task importance, use of reminders and everyday stress. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. 19(1-2), pp. 84 - 101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2011.629288
Potentials and limits of plasticity induced by working memory training in old-old age
Zinke, K, Zeintl, M, Eschen, A, Herzog, C and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Potentials and limits of plasticity induced by working memory training in old-old age. Gerontology. 58(1), pp. 79 - 87. https://doi.org/10.1159/000324240
Age effects in emotional prospective memory : Cue valence differentially affects the prospective and retrospective component
Schnitzspahn, Katharina, Horn, S, Bayen, U and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Age effects in emotional prospective memory : Cue valence differentially affects the prospective and retrospective component. Psychology and Aging. 27(2), pp. 498 - 509. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025021
Plasticity of executive control through task switching training in adolescents
Zinke, Katharina, Einert, Manuela, Pfennig, Lydia and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Plasticity of executive control through task switching training in adolescents. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00041
Positive effects of subclinical depression in prospective memory and ongoing tasks in young and old adults
Albisaski, R, Kliegel, Matthias, Sedek, G and Kleszczewska-Albisaska, A. (2012). Positive effects of subclinical depression in prospective memory and ongoing tasks in young and old adults. Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition. Section B: Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition: a journal on normal and dysfunctional development. 19(1-2), pp. 35 - 57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2011.628377
Prospective memory in schizophrenia and schizotypy
Henry, Julie, Rendell, Peter, Rogers, Phoebe, Altgassen, Mareike and Kliegel, Matthias. (2012). Prospective memory in schizophrenia and schizotypy. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 17(2), pp. 133 - 150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2011.581536
Cognitive development in very vs. moderately to late preterm and full-term children : Can effortful control account for group differences in toddlerhood?
Voigt, Babett, Pietz, J, Pauen, S, Kliegel, Matthias and Reuner, G. (2012). Cognitive development in very vs. moderately to late preterm and full-term children : Can effortful control account for group differences in toddlerhood? Early Human Development. 88(5), pp. 307 - 313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.09.001
Prospective memory, emotional valence and ageing
Rendell, Peter, Phillips, L., Henry, J., Brumby-Rendell, Tristan, de la Piedad Garcia, Xochitl, Altgassen, M. and Kliegel, M.. (2011). Prospective memory, emotional valence and ageing. Cognition and Emotion (print version). 25(5), pp. 916 - 925. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.508610
Prospective Memory Across Adolescence :The Effects of Age and Cue Focality
Wang, L, Altgassen, Mareike, Liu, Wei, Xiong, W, Akgun, C and Kliegel, Matthias. (2011). Prospective Memory Across Adolescence :The Effects of Age and Cue Focality. Developmental Psychology. 47(1), pp. 226 - 232. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021306
Kompetenzaufgaben fur Altere
Freiberg, Susan, Zieschang, Hanna and Kliegel, Matthias. (2011). Kompetenzaufgaben fur Altere. In In M. Schutte (Ed.). Mensch, Technik, Organisation - Vernetzung pp. 5 - 687 GfA - Press.
A process-model based approach to prospective memory impairment in Parkinson's disease
Kliegel, Matthias, Altgassen, Mareike, Hering, A and Rose, N S. (2011). A process-model based approach to prospective memory impairment in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia. 49(8), pp. 2166 - 2177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.024
Metacognition in prospective memory :Are performance predictions accurate?R
Schnitzspahn, Katharina, Zeintl, M, Jager, T and Kliegel, Matthias. (2011). Metacognition in prospective memory :Are performance predictions accurate?R. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology. 65(1), pp. 19 - 26. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022842
To do or not to do? :Prospective memory versus response inhibition in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Brandimonte, M, Filippello, P, Coluccia, E, Altgassen, Mareike and Kliegel, Matthias. (2011). To do or not to do? :Prospective memory versus response inhibition in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Memory. 19(1), pp. 56 - 66. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2010.535657
The age-prospective memory-paradox: An exploration of possible mechanisms
Schnitzspahn, K. M., Ihle, A., Henry, J., Rendell, Peter G. and Kliegel, M.. (2011). The age-prospective memory-paradox: An exploration of possible mechanisms. International Psychogeriatrics (print version). 23(4), pp. 583 - 592. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210001651
The factorial structure and external validity of the prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire in older adults
Zimprich, D, Kliegel, Matthias and Rast, P. (2011). The factorial structure and external validity of the prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire in older adults. European Journal of Ageing. 8(1), pp. 39 - 48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-011-0174-8
The influence of emotional target cues on prospective memory performance in depression
Altgassen, Mareike, Henry, Julie, Burgler, S and Kliegel, Matthias. (2011). The influence of emotional target cues on prospective memory performance in depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 33(8), pp. 910 - 916. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.574607
Time-based prospective memory in schoolchildren :The role of self-initiation and strategic time monitoring
Voigt, Babett, Aberle, I, Schonfeld, J and Kliegel, Matthias. (2011). Time-based prospective memory in schoolchildren :The role of self-initiation and strategic time monitoring. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology. 219(2), pp. 92 - 99. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000053
Age and individual differences in prospective memory during a "Virtual Week" : The roles of working memory, vigilance, task regularity and cue focality
Rose, Nathan S., Rendell, Peter G., McDaniel, Mark A., Aberle, Ingo and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Age and individual differences in prospective memory during a "Virtual Week" : The roles of working memory, vigilance, task regularity and cue focality. Psychology and Aging. 25(2), pp. 595-605. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019771
Time-based prospective memory performance in young children
Aberle, Ingo and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Time-based prospective memory performance in young children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 7(4), pp. 419 - 431. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620802507707
Dismantling the age-prospective memory paradox: The classic laboratory paradigm simulated in a naturalistic setting
Bailey, Phoebe, Henry, Julie, Rendell, Peter, Phillips, Louise H. and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Dismantling the age-prospective memory paradox: The classic laboratory paradigm simulated in a naturalistic setting. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 63(4), pp. 646 - 652. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210903521797
Forming intentions successfully : Differential compensational mechanisms of adolescents and old adults
Zollig, J, Martin, Mike and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Forming intentions successfully : Differential compensational mechanisms of adolescents and old adults. Cortex. 46(4), pp. 575 - 589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2009.09.010
Time-based prospective memory performance in young children
Aberle, Ingo and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Time-based prospective memory performance in young children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 7(4), pp. 419 - 431. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620802507707
Large-scale application of a telephone-based test of cognitive functioning in older adults
Breitling, L, Wolf, M, Muller, H, Raum, E, Kliegel, Matthias and Brenner, H. (2010). Large-scale application of a telephone-based test of cognitive functioning in older adults. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 30(4), pp. 309 - 316. https://doi.org/10.1159/000319896
Associative recognition memory for faces : More pronounced age-related impairments in binding intracan inter-item associations
Jager, T, Mecklinger, A and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Associative recognition memory for faces : More pronounced age-related impairments in binding intracan inter-item associations. Experimental Aging Research. 36(2), pp. 123 - 139. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610731003613391
Effect of motivational incentives on prospective memory performance in preschoolers
Kliegel, Matthias, Brandenberger, Miriam and Aberle, Ingo. (2010). Effect of motivational incentives on prospective memory performance in preschoolers. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 7(2), pp. 223 - 232. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620802025643
Visuospatial short-term memory explains deficits in tower task planning in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder
Zinke, K, Fries, E, Altgassen, Mareike, Kirschbaum, C, Dettenborn, L and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Visuospatial short-term memory explains deficits in tower task planning in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder. Child Neuropsychology. 16(3), pp. 229 - 241. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040903559648
Effect of motivational incentives on prospective memory performance in preschoolers
Kliegel, Matthias, Brandenberger, Miriam and Aberle, Ingo. (2010). Effect of motivational incentives on prospective memory performance in preschoolers. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 7(2), pp. 223 - 232. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620802025643
The age prospective memory paradox : Young adults may not give their best outside of the lab
Aberle, Ingo, Rendell, Peter G., Rose, Nathan S., McDaniel, Mark A. and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). The age prospective memory paradox : Young adults may not give their best outside of the lab. Developmental Psychology. 46(6), pp. 1444-1453. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020718
Time-based prospective memory performance and time-monitoring in children with ADHD
Zinke, K, Altgassen, Mareike, Mackinlay, R, Rizzo, P, Drechsler, R and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Time-based prospective memory performance and time-monitoring in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology. 16(4), pp. 338 - 349. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297041003631451
Emotional target cues eliminate age differences in prospective memory
Altgassen, Mareike, Phillips, Louise H., Henry, Julie, Rendell, Peter and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Emotional target cues eliminate age differences in prospective memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 63(6), pp. 1057 - 1064. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470211003770920
Proactive and coactive interference in age-related performance in a recognition-based operation span task
Zeintl, M and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Proactive and coactive interference in age-related performance in a recognition-based operation span task. Gerontology. 56(4), pp. 421 - 429. https://doi.org/10.1159/000237875
Are older adults more social than Younger Adults? : Social importance increases older Adults' prospective memory performance
Altgassen, Mareike, Kliegel, Matthias, Brandimonte, M and Filippello, P. (2010). Are older adults more social than Younger Adults? : Social importance increases older Adults' prospective memory performance. Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition. Section B: Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition: a journal on normal and dysfunctional development. 17(3), pp. 312 - 328. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580903281308
Components of executive functioning in metamemory
Mantyla, T, Ronnlund, M and Kliegel, Matthias. (2010). Components of executive functioning in metamemory. Applied Neuropsychology. 17(4), pp. 289 - 298. https://doi.org/10.1080/09084282.2010.525090
Prospective memory in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and their healthy siblings
Wandschneider, B, Kopp, U, Kliegel, Matthias, Stephani, U, Kurlemann, G, Janz, D and Schmitz, B. (2010). Prospective memory in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and their healthy siblings. Neurology. 75(24), pp. 2161 - 2167. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318202010a
Children with high-functioning autism show a normal cortisol awakening response (CAR)
Zinke, K, Fries, E, Kliegel, Matthias, Kirschbaum, C and Dettenborn, L. (2010). Children with high-functioning autism show a normal cortisol awakening response (CAR). Psychoneuroendocrinology. 35(10), pp. 1578 - 1582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.03.009
The transience and nature of cognitive impairments in transient global amnesia: A meta-analysis
Jager, Theodor, Bazner, Hansjorg, Kliegel, Matthias, Szabo, Kristina and Hennerici, Michael G.. (2009). The transience and nature of cognitive impairments in transient global amnesia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 31(1), pp. 8 - 19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390801955193
Effect of delay on children's delay-execute prospective memory performance
Rendell, Peter Gregory, Vella, Melissa J., Kliegel, Matthias and Terrett, Gillian. (2009). Effect of delay on children's delay-execute prospective memory performance. Cognitive Development. 24(2), pp. 156 - 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2008.12.002
Go no-go performance under psychosocial stress: Beneficial effects of implementation intentions
Scholz, Urte, La Marca, Roberto, Nater, Urs M., Aberle, Ongo, Ehlert, Ulrike, Hornung, Rainer, Martin, Mike and Kliegel, Matthias. (2009). Go no-go performance under psychosocial stress: Beneficial effects of implementation intentions. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 91(1), pp. 89 - 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.002
Event-based prospective memory in depression: The impact of cue focality
Altgassen, Mareike, Kliegel, Matthias and Martin, Mike. (2009). Event-based prospective memory in depression: The impact of cue focality. Cognition and Emotion. 23(6), pp. 1041 - 1055. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802284158
Die kognitive Leistungsfahigkeit im mittleren und hoheren Erwachsenenalter aus Sicht der Entwicklungspsychologie
Jager, Theodr and Kliegel, Matthias. (2009). Die kognitive Leistungsfahigkeit im mittleren und hoheren Erwachsenenalter aus Sicht der Entwicklungspsychologie. In In A. Dehmel, H. Kremer and N. Schaper & P.F.E. Sloane (Ed.). Bildungsperspektiven in alternden Gesellschaften pp. 31 - 53 Peter Lang Publishing.
The role of dual-task and task-switch in prospective memory: Behavioural data and neural correlates
Bisiacchi, Patrizia S., Schiff, Sami, Ciccola, Alessia and Kliegel, Matthias. (2009). The role of dual-task and task-switch in prospective memory: Behavioural data and neural correlates. Neuropsychologia. 47(5), pp. 1362 - 1373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.034
Effects of age and contextualized material on working memory span performance
Zeintl, Melanie and Kliegel, Matthias. (2009). Effects of age and contextualized material on working memory span performance. European Journal of Ageing. 6(3), pp. 237 - 245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-009-0118-8
Time-based prospective memory in children with autism spectrum disorder
Altgassen, Mareike, Williams, Tim I., Bolte, Sven and Kliegel, Matthias. (2009). Time-based prospective memory in children with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Impairment. 10(1), pp. 52 - 58. https://doi.org/10.1375/brim.10.1.52
Repetition errors in habitual prospective memory: Elimination of age differences via complex actions or appropriate resource allocation
McDaniel, Mark A., Bugg, Julie M., Ramuschkat, Grit M., Kliegel, Matthias and Einstein, Gilles O.. (2009). Repetition errors in habitual prospective memory: Elimination of age differences via complex actions or appropriate resource allocation. Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition. Section B: Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition: a journal on normal and dysfunctional development. 16(5), pp. 563 - 588. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580902866646
Predictors of time-based prospective memory in children
Mackinlay, Rachael J., Kliegel, Matthias and Mantyla, Timo. (2009). Predictors of time-based prospective memory in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 102(3), pp. 251 - 264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2008.08.006
Changes in self-regulatory cognitions as predictors of changes in smoking and nutrition behaviour
Scholz, Urte, Nagy, Gabriel, Gohner, Wiebke, Luszczynska, Aleksandra and Kliegel, Matthias. (2009). Changes in self-regulatory cognitions as predictors of changes in smoking and nutrition behaviour. Psychology and Health. 24(5), pp. 545 - 561. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440801902519
Psychological aspects in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: A retrospective study
Aberle, Ingo, Scholz, Urte, Bach-Kliegel, Birgit, Fischer, Christine, Gorny, Martin, Langer, Karin and Kliegel, Matthias. (2009). Psychological aspects in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: A retrospective study. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and applied. 143(2), pp. 147 - 160. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.143.2.147-160
Age effects in prospective memory performance within older adults: The paradoxical impact of implementation intentions
Schnitzspahn, Katharina Marlene and Kliegel, Matthias. (2009). Age effects in prospective memory performance within older adults: The paradoxical impact of implementation intentions. European Journal of Ageing. 6(2), pp. 147 - 155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-009-0116-x
Differential effects of age on involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memory
Schlagman, Simone, Kliegel, Matthias, Schulz, Jorg and Kvavilashvili, Lia. (2009). Differential effects of age on involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memory. Psychology and Aging. 24(2), pp. 397 - 411. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015785
Development of the Saxon Health Target "active aging - Aging in health, autonomy, and participation" [Entwicklung des Sachsischen Gesundheitsziels "Aktives Altern - Altern in Gesundheit, Autonomie und Mitverantwortlichkeit"]
Brockow, Thomas, Schulze, Jana, Furst, F., Sawatzki, R., Wegge, Jurgen, Kliegel, Matthias, Zwingenberger, W., Thonges, B., Eberhard, C. and Resch, Karl-Ludwig. (2009). Development of the Saxon Health Target "active aging - Aging in health, autonomy, and participation" [Entwicklung des Sachsischen Gesundheitsziels "Aktives Altern - Altern in Gesundheit, Autonomie und Mitverantwortlichkeit"]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. 52(7), pp. 775 - 788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-009-0878-5
Prospective and retrospective memory complaints in mild cognitive impairment and mild alzheimer's disease
Eschen, Anne, Martin, Mike, Gasser, Ursula Schreiter and Kliegel, Matthias. (2009). Prospective and retrospective memory complaints in mild cognitive impairment and mild alzheimer's disease. Brain Impairment. 10(1), pp. 59 - 75. https://doi.org/10.1375/brim.10.1.59
The added value of an applied perspective in cognitive gerontology
Kliegel, Matthias, Rendell, Peter Gregory and Altgassen, Mareike. (2008). The added value of an applied perspective in cognitive gerontology. In In S. M. Hofer and D. F. Alwin (Ed.). Handbook of cognitive aging: Interdisciplinary perspectives pp. 587 - 602 SAGE Publications.
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion leads to immediate, stable and long-term changes in metabolic control
Aberle, I., Zimprich, D., Bach-Kliegel, B., Fischer, C., Gorny, M., Kliegel, A., Langer, K. and Kliegel, Matthias. (2008). Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion leads to immediate, stable and long-term changes in metabolic control. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism: a journal of pharmacology and therapeutics. 10(4), pp. 329 - 335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00707.x
Age differences and changes of coping behavior in three age groups: Findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study
Martin, Peter, Kliegel, Matthias, Rott, Christoph, Poon, Leonard W. and Johnson, Mary Ann Nn. (2008). Age differences and changes of coping behavior in three age groups: Findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study. International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 66(2), pp. 97 - 114. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.66.2.a
Time-based and event-based prospective memory across adulthood: Underlying mechanisms and differential costs on the ongoing task
Jager, Theodor and Kliegel, Matthias. (2008). Time-based and event-based prospective memory across adulthood: Underlying mechanisms and differential costs on the ongoing task. Journal of General Psychology: Experimental, physiological, and comparative psychology. 135(1), pp. 4 - 22. https://doi.org/10.3200/GENP.135.1.4-22
Prospective memory in schizophrenia: The impact of varying retrospective-memory load
Altgassen, Mareike, Kliegel, Matthias, Rendell, Peter, Henry, Julie and Zöllig, Jacqueline. (2008). Prospective memory in schizophrenia: The impact of varying retrospective-memory load. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 30(7), pp. 777 - 788. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390701779552
Prospective memory performance in preschoolers: Inhibitory control matters
Wang, Lijuan, Kliegel, Matthias, Liu, Wei and Yang, Zhiliang. (2008). Prospective memory performance in preschoolers: Inhibitory control matters. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 5(3), pp. 289 - 302. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620600778161
Die kognfitive leistungsfahigkeit im mittleren und hoheren erwachsenenalter aus sicht der entwicklungpsychologie
Kliegel, Matthias and Jager, T. (2008). Die kognfitive leistungsfahigkeit im mittleren und hoheren erwachsenenalter aus sicht der entwicklungpsychologie. In In H. Gembris (Ed.). Musik im Alter - Soziokulturelle Rahmenbedingungen und individuelle Moglichkeiten pp. 91 - 23 Peter Lang Publishing.
A life span approach to the development of complex prospective memory
Kliegel, Matthias, Mackinlay, Rachael J. and Jager, Theodor. (2008). A life span approach to the development of complex prospective memory. In In M. Kliegel, M.A. McDaniel and G.O. Einstein (Ed.). Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives pp. 187 - 216 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates inc..
Adult age differences in event-based prospective memory: A meta-analysis on the role of focal versus nonfocal cues
Griego, Jacqueline A. and Kliegel, Matthias. (2008). Adult age differences in event-based prospective memory: A meta-analysis on the role of focal versus nonfocal cues. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. 15(1), pp. 1 - 30. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580701442805
Complex prospective memory: Development across the lifespan and the role of task interruption
Kliegel, Matthias, Mackinlay, Rachael J. and Jager, Theodor. (2008). Complex prospective memory: Development across the lifespan and the role of task interruption. Developmental Psychology. 44(2), pp. 612 - 617. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.612
Clinical neuropsychology of prospective memory
Kliegel, Matthias, Jager, Theodor, Altgassen, Mareike and Shum, David. (2008). Clinical neuropsychology of prospective memory. In In M. Kliegel, M.A. McDaniel and G.O. Einstein (Ed.). Prospective memory: Cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives pp. 283 - 308 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates inc..
Cognitive development in young-old type-2 diabetes patients: A longitudinal analysis from the "interdisciplinary Longitudinal study of aging"
Aberle, Ingo, Kliegel, Matthias and Zimprich, Daniel. (2008). Cognitive development in young-old type-2 diabetes patients: A longitudinal analysis from the "interdisciplinary Longitudinal study of aging". Current Psychology: A journal for diverse perspectives on diverse psychological issues. 27(1), pp. 6 - 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-008-9020-3
Adult age differences in event-based prospective memory: A meta-analysis on the role of focal versus nonfocal cues
Kliegel, Matthias, Jager, Theodor and Phillips, Louise H.. (2008). Adult age differences in event-based prospective memory: A meta-analysis on the role of focal versus nonfocal cues. Psychology and Aging. 23(1), pp. 203 - 208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.203
Cognitive abilities in old age: Results from the Zurich longitudinal study on cognitive aging
Zimprich, Daniel, Martin, Mike, Kliegel, Matthias, Dellenbach, Myriam, Rast, Philippe and Zeintl, Melanie. (2008). Cognitive abilities in old age: Results from the Zurich longitudinal study on cognitive aging. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie. 67(3), pp. 177 - 195. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.67.3.177
Prospective memory in schizophrenia: Primary or secondary impairment?
Henry, Julie, Rendell, Peter, Kliegel, Matthias and Altgassen, Mareike. (2007). Prospective memory in schizophrenia: Primary or secondary impairment? Schizophrenia Research. 95(March), pp. 179 - 185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.06.003