Baseline HCV antibody prevalence and risk factors among drug users in China's National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program

Journal article

Wang, Changhe, Shi, Cynthia X., Rou, Keming, Zhao, Yan, Cao, Xiaobin, Luo, Wei, Liu, Enwu and Wu, Zunyou. (2016). Baseline HCV antibody prevalence and risk factors among drug users in China's National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program. PLoS ONE. 11(2), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147922
AuthorsWang, Changhe, Shi, Cynthia X., Rou, Keming, Zhao, Yan, Cao, Xiaobin, Luo, Wei, Liu, Enwu and Wu, Zunyou
Abstract

Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common viral infection among injecting drug users worldwide. We aimed to assess HCV antibody prevalence and associated risk factors among clients in the Chinese national methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program.
Methods
Data from 296,209 clients who enrolled in the national MMT program between March 2004 and December 2012 were analyzed to assess HCV antibody prevalence, associated risk factors, and geographical distribution.
Results
Anti-HCV screening was positive for 54.6% of clients upon MMT entry between 2004 and 2012. HCV antibody prevalence at entry declined from 66.8% in 2005 to 45.9% in 2012. The most significant predictors of HCV seropositivity were injecting drug use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 8.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.17–8.52, p<0.0001) and a history of drug use ≥9 years (AOR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.96–2.06, p<0.0001). Being female, of Uyghur or Zhuang ethnicity, and unmarried were identified as demographic risk factors (all p-values<0.0001). Of the 28 provincial-level divisions included in the study, we found that 5 divisions had HCV antibody prevalence above 70% and 20 divisions above 50%. The HCV screening rate within 6 months after MMT entry greatly increased from 30.4% in 2004 to 93.1% in 2012.
Conclusions
The current HCV antibody prevalence remains alarmingly high among MMT clients throughout most provincial-level divisions in China, particularly among injecting drug users and females. A comprehensive prevention strategy is needed to control the HCV epidemic among MMT clients in China.

Year2016
JournalPLoS ONE
Journal citation11 (2), pp. 1 - 14
PublisherPublic Library of Science
ISSN1932-6203
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147922
Scopus EID2-s2.0-84960532405
Open accessOpen access
Page range1 - 14
Research GroupMary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Publisher's version
License
Place of publicationUnited States of America
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Harvey, Nicholas C., Kanis, John A., Liu, Enwu, Johansson, Helena, Lorentzon, Mattias and McCloskey, Eugene. (2019). Appendicular lean mass and fracture risk assessment: Implications for FRAX(R) and sarcopenia. Osteoporosis International. 30(3), pp. 537 - 539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-04904-z
Temporal changes in access to FRAX in Thailand between 2010 and 2018
Chotiyarnwong, Pojchong, Harvey, Nicholas C., Johansson, Helena, Liu, Enwu, Lorentzon, Mattias, Kanis, John A. and McCloskey, Eugene V.. (2019). Temporal changes in access to FRAX in Thailand between 2010 and 2018. Archives of Osteoporosis. 14(1), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-019-0613-2
Patterns of medication prescription by dementia diagnosis in Australian nursing home residents: A cross-sectional study
Liu, Enwu, Dyer, Suzanne M., Whitehead, Craig, O'Donnell, Lisa Kouladjian, Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Harrison, Stephanie L., Milte, Rachel and Crotty, Maria. (2019). Patterns of medication prescription by dementia diagnosis in Australian nursing home residents: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research. 49(1), pp. 33 - 40. https://doi.org/10.1002/jppr.1457
Alternative staffing structures in a clustered domestic model of residential aged care in Australia
Harrison, Stephanie L., Dyer, Suzanne M., Milte, Rachel, Liu, Enwu, Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S. and Crotty, Maria. (2019). Alternative staffing structures in a clustered domestic model of residential aged care in Australia. Australasian Journal on Ageing. 38(Suppl 2), pp. 68 - 74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12674
Should we provide outreach rehabilitation to very old people living in Nursing Care Facilities after a hip fracture? A randomised controlled trial
Crotty, Maria, Killington, Maggie, Liu, Enwu, Cameron, Ian D., Kurrle, Susan, Kaambwa, Billingsley, Davies, Owen, Miller, Michelle D., Chehade, Mellick and Ratcliffe, Julie. (2019). Should we provide outreach rehabilitation to very old people living in Nursing Care Facilities after a hip fracture? A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing. 48(3), pp. 373 - 380. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz005
Clustered domestic residential aged care in Australia: fewer hospitalisations and better quality of life
Dyer, Suzanne M., Liu, Enwu, Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Milte, Rachel, Easton, Tiffany, Harrison, Stephanie L., Bradley, Clare E., Ratcliffe, Julie and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Clustered domestic residential aged care in Australia: fewer hospitalisations and better quality of life. Medical Journal of Australia. 208(10), pp. 433 - 438. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00861
Associations between the drug burden index, potentially inappropriate medications and quality of life in residential aged care
Harrison, Stephanie L., Kouladjian O'Donnell, Lisa, Bradley, Clare E., Milte, Rachel, Dyer, Suzanne M., Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Liu, Enwu, Hilmer, Sarah N. and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Associations between the drug burden index, potentially inappropriate medications and quality of life in residential aged care. Drugs and Aging. 35(1), pp. 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-017-0513-3
Direct health and residential care costs of people living with dementia in Australian residential aged care
Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Dyer, Suzanne M., Milte, Rachel, Harrison, Stephanie L., Liu, Enwu, Easton, Tiffany, Bradley, Clare, Bilton, Rebecca, Shulver, Wendy, Ratcliffe, Julie, Whitehead, Craig and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Direct health and residential care costs of people living with dementia in Australian residential aged care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 33(7), pp. 859 - 866. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4842
Psychotropic medications in older people in residential care facilities and associations with quality of life: a cross-sectional study
Harrison, Stephanie L., Bradley, Clare E., Milte, Rachel, Liu, Enwu, O'Donnell, Lisa K., Hilmer, Sarah N. and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Psychotropic medications in older people in residential care facilities and associations with quality of life: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics. 18(60), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0752-0
Costs of potentially inappropriate medication use in residential aged care facilities
Harrison, S. L., O'Donnell, L. K., Milte, R., Dyer, S. M., Gnanamanickam, E. S., Bradley, C., Liu, Enwu, Hilmer, S. N. and Crotty, M.. (2018). Costs of potentially inappropriate medication use in residential aged care facilities. BMC Geriatrics. 18(9), pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0704-8
Diagnosis of dementia in residential aged care settings in Australia: An opportunity for improvements in quality of care?
Dyer, Suzanne M., Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Liu, Enwu, Whitehead, Craig and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Diagnosis of dementia in residential aged care settings in Australia: An opportunity for improvements in quality of care? Australasian Journal on Ageing. 37(4), pp. e155 - e158. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12580
Clustered domestic model of residential care is associated with better consumer rated quality of care
Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Dyer, Suzanne M., Milte, Rachel, Liu, Enwu, Ratcliffe, Julie and Crotty, Maria. (2018). Clustered domestic model of residential care is associated with better consumer rated quality of care. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzy181
An empirical comparison of the EQ-5D-5L, DEMQOL-U and DEMQOL-Proxy-U in a post-hospitalisation population of frail older people living in residential aged care
Ratcliffe, Julie, Flint, Thomas, Easton, Tiffany, Killington, Maggie, Cameron, Ian, Davies, Owen, Whitehead, Craig, Kurrle, Susan, Miller, Michelle D., Liu, Enwu and Crotty, Maria. (2017). An empirical comparison of the EQ-5D-5L, DEMQOL-U and DEMQOL-Proxy-U in a post-hospitalisation population of frail older people living in residential aged care. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy. 15(3), pp. 399 - 412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-016-0293-7
Association of cardiovascular system medications with cognitive function and dementia in older adults living in nursing homes in Australia
Liu, Enwu, Dyer, Suzanne M., O'Donnell, Lisa Kouladjian, Milte, Rachel, Bradley, Clare E., Harrison, Stephanie L., Gnanamanickam, Emmanuel S., Whitehead, Craig and Crotty, Maria. (2017). Association of cardiovascular system medications with cognitive function and dementia in older adults living in nursing homes in Australia. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 14(6), pp. 407 - 415. https://doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.06.009
Early supported discharge by caregiver-mediated exercise and e-Health support after stroke - A proof-of-concept trial
Van Den Berg, Maayken, Crotty, Maria, Liu, Enwu, Killington, Maggie, Kwakkel, Gert and van Wegen, Erwin. (2016). Early supported discharge by caregiver-mediated exercise and e-Health support after stroke - A proof-of-concept trial. Stroke. 47(7), pp. 1885 - 1892. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013431
Hemiplegic shoulder pain reduces quality of life after acute stroke - A prospective population-based study
Adey-Wakeling, Zoe, Liu, Enwu, Crotty, Maria, Leyden, James, Kleinig, Timothy, Anderson, Craig and Newbury, Jonathon. (2016). Hemiplegic shoulder pain reduces quality of life after acute stroke - A prospective population-based study. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 95(10), pp. 758 - 763. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000496
New South Wales Child Development Study (NSW-CDS): An Australian multiagency, multigenerational, longitudinal record linkage study
Carr, Vaughan J., Harris, Felicity, Raudino, Alessandra, Luo, Luming, Kariuki, Maina, Liu, Enwu, Tzoumakis, Stacy, Smith, Maxwell, Holbrook, Allyson, Bore, Miles, Brinkman, Sally, Lenroot, Rhoshel, Dix, Katherine, Dean, Kimberlie, Laurens, Kristin R. and Green, Melissa J.. (2016). New South Wales Child Development Study (NSW-CDS): An Australian multiagency, multigenerational, longitudinal record linkage study. BMJ Open. 6(2), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009023
Hospital admission for infection during early childhood influences developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years
Kariuki, Maina, Raudino, Alessandra, Green, Melissa, Laurens, Kristin, Dean, Kimberlie, Brinkman, Sally, Lenroot, Rhoshel, Liu, Enwu, Harris, Felicity, Luo, Luming and Carr, Vaughn J.. (2016). Hospital admission for infection during early childhood influences developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 52(9), pp. 882 - 888. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13239
Hospital admission for infection during early childhood influences developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years
Kariuki, Maina, Raudino, Alessandra, Green, Melissa J., Laurens, Kristin R., Dean, Kimberlie, Brinkman, Sally A., Lenroot, Rhoshel K., Liu, Enwu, Harris, Felicity, Luo, Luming and Carr, Vaughn J.. (2016). Hospital admission for infection during early childhood influences developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 52(9), pp. 882 - 888. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13239
New South Wales child development study (NSW-CDS): An Australian multiagency, multigenerational, longitudinal record linkage study
Carr, Vaughn J., Harris, Felicity, Raudino, Alessandra, Luo, Luming, Kariuki, Maina, Liu, Enwu, Tzoumakis, Stacy, Smith, Maxwell, Holbrook, Allyson, Bore, Miles, Brinkman, Sally, Lenroot, Rhoshel, Dix, Katherine, Dean, Kimberlie, Laurens, Kristin R. and Green, Melissa J.. (2016). New South Wales child development study (NSW-CDS): An Australian multiagency, multigenerational, longitudinal record linkage study. BMJ Open. 6(2), pp. 1 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009023
Who uses methadone services in China? Monitoring the world's largest methadone programme
Sullivan, Sheena G., Wu, Zunyou, Rou, Keming, Pang, Lin, Luo, Wei, Wang, Changhe, Cao, Xiaobin, Yin, Wenyuan, Liu, Enwu and Mi, Guodong. (2015). Who uses methadone services in China? Monitoring the world's largest methadone programme. Addiction. 110(Suppl. 1), pp. 29 - 39. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12781
Continued drug use during methadone treatment in China: A retrospective analysis of 19,026 service users
Sullivan, Sheena G., Wu, Zunyou, Cao, Xiaobin, Liu, Enwu and Detels, Roger. (2014). Continued drug use during methadone treatment in China: A retrospective analysis of 19,026 service users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 47(1), pp. 86 - 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.004
Referring heroin users from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone maintenance treatment : A comparison of three models
Yan, Liping, Liu, Enwu, McGoogan, Jennifer M., Duan, Song, Wu, Li-Tzy, Comulada, Scott and Wu, Zunyou. (2013). Referring heroin users from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone maintenance treatment : A comparison of three models. BMC Public Health. 13(1), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-747
HIV and syphilis prevalence among men who have sex with men : A cross-sectional survey of 61 cities in China
Wu, Zunyou, Xu, Jie, Liu, Enwu, Mao, Yurong, Xiao, Yan, Sun, Xinhua, Liu, Yufen, Jiang, Yan, McGoogan, Jennifer M., Dou, Zhi, Mi, Guodong, Wang, Ning, Sun, Jiangping, Liu, Zhongfu, Wang, Lu, Rou, Keming, Pang, Lin, Xing, Wenge, Xu, Juan, ... National MSM Survey Group. (2013). HIV and syphilis prevalence among men who have sex with men : A cross-sectional survey of 61 cities in China. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 57(2), pp. 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit210
Factors associated with mortality of HIV-positive clients receiving methadone maintenance treatment in China
Liu, Enwu, Rou, Keming, McGoogan, Jennifer M., Pang, Lin, Cao, Xiaobin, Wang, Changhe, Luo, Wei, Sullivan, Sheena G., Montaner, Julio S. G., Bulterys, Marc, Detels, Roger, Wu, Zunyou and China’s National Working Group on Methadone Maintenance Treatment. (2013). Factors associated with mortality of HIV-positive clients receiving methadone maintenance treatment in China. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 3(1), pp. 442-453. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit163
Antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples in China (2003-11) : A national observational cohort study
Jia, Zhongwei, Mao, Yurong, Zhang, Fujie, Ruan, Yuhua, Ma, Ye, Li, Jian, Guo, Wei, Liu, Enwu, Dou, Zhihui, Zhao, Yan, Wang, Lu, Li, Qianqian, Xie, Peiyan, Tang, Houlin, Han, Jing, Jin, Xia, Xu, Juan, Xiong, Ran, Zhao, Decai, ... Shao, Yiming. (2013). Antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples in China (2003-11) : A national observational cohort study. The Lancet. 382(9899), pp. 1195-1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61898-4