Increased cerebral activity during microsleeps reflects an unconscious drive to re-establish consciousness

Journal article

Zaky, Mohamed H., Shoorangiz, Reza, Poudel, Govinda R., Yang, Le, Innes, Carrie R. H. and Jones, Richard D.. (2023). Increased cerebral activity during microsleeps reflects an unconscious drive to re-establish consciousness. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 189, pp. 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.05.349
AuthorsZaky, Mohamed H., Shoorangiz, Reza, Poudel, Govinda R., Yang, Le, Innes, Carrie R. H. and Jones, Richard D.
Abstract

Background
Microsleeps are brief instances of sleep, causing complete lapses in responsiveness and partial or total extended closure of both eyes. Microsleeps can have devastating consequences, particularly in the transportation sector.

Study objectives
Questions remain regarding the neural signature and underlying mechanisms of microsleeps. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the physiological substrates of microsleeps, which might lead to a better understanding of the phenomenon.

Methods
Data from an earlier study, involving 20 healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects, were analysed. Each session lasted 50 min and required subjects to perform a 2-D continuous visuomotor tracking task. Simultaneous data collection included tracking performance, eye-video, EEG, and fMRI. A human expert visually inspected each participant's tracking performance and eye-video recordings to identify microsleeps. Our interest was in microsleeps of ≥4-s duration, leaving us with a total of 226 events from 10 subjects. The microsleep events were divided into four 2-s segments (pre, start, end, and post) (with a gap in the middle, between start and end segments, for microsleeps >4 s), then each segment was analysed relative to its prior segment by examining changes in source-reconstructed EEG power in the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands.

Results
EEG power increased in the theta and alpha bands between the pre and start of microsleeps. There was also increased power in the delta, beta, and gamma bands between the start and end of microsleeps. Conversely, there was a reduction in power between the end and post of microsleeps in the delta and alpha bands. These findings support previous findings in the delta, theta, and alpha bands. However, increased power in the beta and gamma bands has not been previously reported.

Conclusions
We contend that increased high-frequency activity during microsleeps reflects unconscious ‘cognitive’ activity aimed at re-establishing consciousness following falling asleep during an active task.

Keywordsmicrosleeps; EEG; eLORETA; source-level statistics; low-frequency bands; high-frequency bands
Year2023
JournalInternational Journal of Psychophysiology
Journal citation189, pp. 57-65
PublisherElsevier B.V.
ISSN0167-8760
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.05.349
PubMed ID37192708
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85159601492
Page range57-65
FunderUniversity of Canterbury
University of Otago
Lottery Health Research of New Zealand
Publisher's version
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All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online19 May 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted11 May 2023
Deposited01 Apr 2025
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Baker, Chaya Rochel, Dominguez, Juan F., Stout, Julie C., Gabery, Sanaz, Churchyard, A., Chua, Phyllis, Egan, Gary F., Petersen, Asa, Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie and Poudel, Govinda. (2016). Subjective sleep problems in Huntington's disease: A pilot investigation of the relationship to brain structure, neurocognitive, and neuropsychiatric function. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 364, pp. 148 - 153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2016.03.021
Microsleeps are associated with stage-2 sleep spindles from hippocampal-temporal network
Jonmohamadi, Yaqub, Poudel, Govinda, Innes, Carrie C. R. H. and Jones, Richard. (2016). Microsleeps are associated with stage-2 sleep spindles from hippocampal-temporal network. International Journal of Neural Systems. 26(4), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129065716500155
Multimodal imaging biomarkers in premanifest and early Huntington's disease: 30-month IMAGE-HD data
Dominguez, Juan, Stout, Julie C., Poudel, Govinda, Churchyard, Andrew, Chua, Phyllis, Egan, Gary F. and Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie. (2016). Multimodal imaging biomarkers in premanifest and early Huntington's disease: 30-month IMAGE-HD data. British Journal of Psychiatry. 208(6), pp. 571 - 578. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156588
Time-varying effective connectivity of the cortical neuroelectric activity associated with behavioural microsleeps
Toppi, Jlenia, Astolfi, Laura, Poudel, Govinda, H., Babiloni, Fabio, Jones, Richard and Innes, Carrie R. H.. (2016). Time-varying effective connectivity of the cortical neuroelectric activity associated with behavioural microsleeps. NeuroImage. 124, pp. 421 - 432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.059
Characterising upper limb movements in Huntington's Disease and the impact of restricted visual cues
Despard, Jessica, Ternes, Anne-Marie, Dimech-Betancourt, Bleydy, Poudel, Govinda, Churchyard, Andrew and Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie. (2015). Characterising upper limb movements in Huntington's Disease and the impact of restricted visual cues. PLoS ONE. 10(8), pp. 1 - 18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133709
Comparison of beamformers for EEG source signal reconstruction
Jonmohamadi, Yaqub, Poudel, Govinda, Innes, Carrie, Weiss, Daniel, Krueger, Rejko and Jones, Richard. (2014). Comparison of beamformers for EEG source signal reconstruction. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 14(1), pp. 175 - 188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2014.07.014
Source-space ICA for EEG source separation, localization, and time-course reconstruction
Jonmohamadi, Yaqub, Poudel, Govinda, Innes, Carrie and Jones, Richard. (2014). Source-space ICA for EEG source separation, localization, and time-course reconstruction. NeuroImage. 101(November), pp. 720 - 737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.052
The Multi-modal Australian ScienceS Imaging and Visualization Environment (MASSIVE) high performance computing infrastructure: Applications in neuroscience and neuroinformatics research
Goscinski, Wojtek J., McIntosh, Paul, Felzmann, Ulrich, Maksimenko, Anton, Hall, Christopher J., Gureyev, Timur, Thompson, Darren, Janke, Andrew, Galloway, Graham, Killeen, Neil E. B., Raniga, Parnesh, Kaluza, Owen, Ng, Amanda, Poudel, Govinda, Barnes, David G., Nguyen, Toan, Bonnington, Paul and Egan, Gary F.. (2014). The Multi-modal Australian ScienceS Imaging and Visualization Environment (MASSIVE) high performance computing infrastructure: Applications in neuroscience and neuroinformatics research. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 8(March), pp. 1 - 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2014.00030
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory in Huntington's disease: Cross-sectional data from the IMAGE-HD study
Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie, Stout, Julie C., Domínguez, Juan F., Carron, Sarah P., Ando, Ayaka, Churchyard, Andrew, Chua, Phyllis, Bohanna, India, Dymowski, Alicia R., Poudel, Govinda and Egan, Gary F.. (2014). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory in Huntington's disease: Cross-sectional data from the IMAGE-HD study. Human Brain Mapping. 35(5), pp. 1847 - 1864. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22296
Voxel-ICA for reconstruction of source signal time-series and orientation in EEG and MEG
Jonmohamadi, Yaqub, Poudel, Govinda, Innes, Carrie and Jones, Richard. (2014). Voxel-ICA for reconstruction of source signal time-series and orientation in EEG and MEG. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine. 37(2), pp. 457 - 464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-014-0265-x
Multi-modal neuroimaging in premanifest and early Huntington's disease : 18 month longitudinal data from the IMAGE-HD study
Domínguez D, Juan F., Egan, Gary F., Gray, Marcus A., Poudel, Govinda R., Churchyard, Andrew, Chua, Phyllis, Stout, Julie C. and Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie. (2013). Multi-modal neuroimaging in premanifest and early Huntington's disease : 18 month longitudinal data from the IMAGE-HD study. PLoS ONE. 8(9), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074131
Functional and connectivity changes during working memory in Huntington's disease : 18 month longitudinal data from the IMAGE-HD study
Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie, Poudel, Govinda R., Domínguez D, Juan F., Langmaid, Rebecca, Gray, Marcus A., Churchyard, Andrew, Chua, Phyllis, Borowsky, Beth, Egan, Gary F. and Stout, Julie C.. (2013). Functional and connectivity changes during working memory in Huntington's disease : 18 month longitudinal data from the IMAGE-HD study. Brain and Cognition. 83(1), pp. 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2013.07.004
Efficient and regular patterns of nighttime sleep are related to increased vulnerability to microsleeps following a single night of sleep restriction
Innes, Carrie R. H., Poudel, Govinda R. and Jones, Richard D.. (2013). Efficient and regular patterns of nighttime sleep are related to increased vulnerability to microsleeps following a single night of sleep restriction. Chronobiology International. 30(9), pp. 1187-1196. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2013.810222
Distinct neural correlates of time-on-task and transient errors during a visuomotor tracking task after sleep restriction
Poudel, Govinda R., Innes, Carrie R. H. and Jones, Richard D.. (2013). Distinct neural correlates of time-on-task and transient errors during a visuomotor tracking task after sleep restriction. NeuroImage. 77, pp. 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.054
Time-Varying Functional Connectivity for Understanding the Neural Basis of Behavioral Microsleeps
J Toppi, L Astolfi, GR Poudel, F Babiloni, L Macchiusi, D Mattia, S Salinari and RD Jones. (2012). Time-Varying Functional Connectivity for Understanding the Neural Basis of Behavioral Microsleeps. 34th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS. IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 4708-4711 https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2012.6347018
Performance of Beamformers on EEG Source Reconstruction
Yaqub Jon Mohamadi, Govinda Poudel, Carrie R H Innes and Richard Jones. (2012). Performance of Beamformers on EEG Source Reconstruction. 34th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS. IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346476
Cerebral perfusion differences between drowsy and nondrowsy individuals after acute sleep restriction
Poudel, Govinda R., Innes, Carrie R. H. and Jones, Richard D.. (2012). Cerebral perfusion differences between drowsy and nondrowsy individuals after acute sleep restriction. Sleep. 35(8), pp. 1085-1096. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1994