The Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training on Physical Fitness and Physiological Adaptation in Athletes : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal article


Thurlow, Fraser, Huynh, Minh, Townshend, Andrew Douglas, McLaren, Shaun, James, Lachlan P., Taylor, Jonathon M., Weston, Matthew and Weakley, Jonathon. (2023). The Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training on Physical Fitness and Physiological Adaptation in Athletes : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine. pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01959-1
AuthorsThurlow, Fraser, Huynh, Minh, Townshend, Andrew Douglas, McLaren, Shaun, James, Lachlan P., Taylor, Jonathon M., Weston, Matthew and Weakley, Jonathon
Abstract

Background: Repeated-sprint training (RST) is a common training method for enhancing physical fitness in athletes. To advance RST prescription, it is important to understand the effects of programming variables on physical fitness and physiological adaptation.

Objectives: This study (1) quantifies the pooled effects of running RST on changes in 10 and 20 m sprint time, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) distance, repeated-sprint ability (RSA), countermovement jump (CMJ) height and change of direction (COD) ability in athletes, and (2) examines the moderating effects of program duration, training frequency, weekly volume, sprint modality, repetition distance, number of repetitions per set and number of sets per session on changes in these outcome measures.

Methods: Pubmed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus databases were searched for original research articles up to 04 July 2023, investigating RST in healthy, able-bodied athletes, between 14 and 35 years of age, and a performance calibre of trained or above. RST interventions were limited to repeated, maximal running (land-based) sprints of ≤ 10 s duration, with ≤ 60 s recovery, performed for 2–12 weeks. A Downs and Black checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Eligible data were analysed using multi-level mixed-effects meta-analysis, with standardised mean changes determined for all outcomes. Standardised effects [Hedges G (G)] were evaluated based on coverage of their confidence (compatibility) intervals (CI) using a strength and conditioning specific reference value of G = 0.25 to declare an improvement (i.e. G > 0.25) or impairment (i.e. G < − 0.25) in outcome measures. Applying the same analysis, the effects of programming variables were then evaluated against a reference RST program, consisting of three sets of 6 × 30 m straight-line sprints performed twice per week for 6 weeks (1200 m weekly volume).

Results: 40 publications were included in our investigation, with data from 48 RST groups (541 athletes) and 19 active control groups (213 athletes). Across all studies, the effects of RST were compatible with improvements in VO2max (G 0.56, 90% CI 0.32–0.80), YYIR1 distance (G 0.61, 90% CI 0.43–0.79), RSA decrement (G − 0.61, 90% CI − 0.85 to − 0.37), linear sprint times (10 m: G − 0.35, 90% CI − 0.48 to − 0.22; 20 m: G − 0.48, 90% CI − 0.69 to − 0.27), RSA average time (G − 0.34, 90% CI − 0.49 to − 0.18), CMJ height (G 0.26, 90% CI 0.13–0.39) and COD ability (G − 0.32, 90% CI − 0.52 to − 0.12). Compared with the reference RST program, the effects of manipulating training frequency (+ 1 session per week), program duration (+ 1 extra training week), RST volume (+ 200 m per week), number of reps (+ 2 per set), number of sets per session (+ 1 set) or rep distance (+ 10 m per rep) were either non-substantial or comparable with an impairment in at least one outcome measure per programming variable.

Conclusions: Running-based RST improves speed, intermittent running performance, VO2max, RSA, COD ability and CMJ height in trained athletes. Performing three sets of 6 × 30 m sprints, twice per week for 6 weeks is effective for enhancing physical fitness and physiological adaptation. Additionally, since our findings do not provide conclusive support for the manipulation of RST variables, further work is needed to better understand how programming factors can be manipulated to augment training-induced adaptations.

Study Registration: Open Science Framework registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RVNDW.

KeywordsRepeated-sprint training; RST
Year01 Jan 2023
JournalSports Medicine
Journal citationpp. 1-22
PublisherAdis International Ltd
ISSN1179-2035
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01959-1
Web address (URL)https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-023-01959-1
Open accessPublished as non-open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Publisher's version
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All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online02 Dec 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted25 Oct 2023
Deposited05 Feb 2024
Additional information

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.

Open Science Framework registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RVNDW.

Place of publicationSwitzerland
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Speranza, Michael J. A., Gabbett, Tim J., Greene, David A., Johnston, Townshend, Andrew D. and richard.johnston@acu.edu.au, Rich D. Johnston. (2017). Tackle characteristics and outcomes in match-play rugby league: The relationship with tackle ability and physical qualities. Science and Medicine in Football. 1(3), pp. 265 - 271. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2017.1361041
Movement and physical demands of school and university rugby union match-play in England
Read, Dale, Weaving, Daniel, Phibbs, Padraic, Darrall-Jones, Joshua, Roe, Gregory, Weakley, Jonathon, Hendricks, Sharief, Till, Kevin and Jones, Ben. (2017). Movement and physical demands of school and university rugby union match-play in England. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. 2(1), pp. 1 - 7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000147
Relationship between preseason training load and in-season availability in elite australian football players
Murray, Nick B., Gabbett, Tim J. and Townshend, Andrew D.. (2017). Relationship between preseason training load and in-season availability in elite australian football players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12(6), pp. 749-755. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0806
The effect of physical contact on changes in fatigue markers following rugby union field-based training
Roe, Gregory, Darrall-Jones, Joshua, Till, Kevin, Phibbs, Padraic, Read, Dale, Weakley, Jonathon, Rock, Andrew and Jones, Ben. (2017). The effect of physical contact on changes in fatigue markers following rugby union field-based training. European Journal of Sport Science. 17(6), pp. 647 - 655. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1287960
To jump or cycle? Monitoring neuromuscular function in rugby union players
Roe, Gregory, Darrall-Jones, Joshua, Till, Kevin, Phibbs, Padraic J., Read, Dale, Weakley, Jonathon and Jones, Ben. (2017). To jump or cycle? Monitoring neuromuscular function in rugby union players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12(5), pp. 690 - 696. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0273
The energetic cost of gait retraining: A pilot study of the acute effect
Townshend, Andrew, Smith, Melinda and Creaby, Mark. (2017). The energetic cost of gait retraining: A pilot study of the acute effect. Physical Therapy in Sport. 23, pp. 113 - 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.08.010
The effect of body mass on the 30-15 intermittent fitness test in rugby union players
Darrall-Jones, Joshua David, Roe, Gregory A. B., Carney, Shane, Clayton, Ryan, Phibbs, Padraic J., Read, Dale B., Weakley, Jonathon, Till, Kevin and Jones, Ben. (2016). The effect of body mass on the 30-15 intermittent fitness test in rugby union players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 11(3), pp. 400 - 403. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0231
Between-days reliability and sensitivity of common fatigue measures in rugby players
Roe, Gregory A. B., Darrall-Jones, Joshua David, Till, Kevin, Phibbs, Padraic J., Read, Dale B., Weakley, Jonathon and Jones, Ben. (2016). Between-days reliability and sensitivity of common fatigue measures in rugby players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 11(5), pp. 581 - 586. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0413
Physical qualities and activity profiles of sub-elite and recreational Australian football players
Stein, Joshua, Gabbett, Tim, Townshend, Andrew and Dawson, Brian. (2015). Physical qualities and activity profiles of sub-elite and recreational Australian football players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 18, pp. 742 - 747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.10.008
Spontaneous pacing during overground hill running
Townshend, Andrew Douglas, Worringham, Charles and Stewart, Ian. (2010). Spontaneous pacing during overground hill running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 42(1), pp. 160 - 169. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181af21e2
Assessment of speed and position during human locomotion using nondifferential GPS
Townshend, Andrew, Worringham, Charles and Stewart, Ian. (2008). Assessment of speed and position during human locomotion using nondifferential GPS. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 40(1), pp. 124 - 132. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181590bc2