Meditation training and enduring changes in psychological functioning : A 7-year longitudinal study

Journal article

Aichele, Stephen R., Sahdra, Baljinder K., Zanesco, Anthony P., King, Brandon G., Bradshaw, Emma L., Pokorny, Jennifer J., Ferrer, Emilio, Shaver, Phillip R. and Saron, Clifford D.. (2024). Meditation training and enduring changes in psychological functioning : A 7-year longitudinal study. The Journal of Positive Psychology. pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2024.2378700
AuthorsAichele, Stephen R., Sahdra, Baljinder K., Zanesco, Anthony P., King, Brandon G., Bradshaw, Emma L., Pokorny, Jennifer J., Ferrer, Emilio, Shaver, Phillip R. and Saron, Clifford D.
Abstract

Considerable research has now documented the beneficial effects of mindfulness-based practices on psychological functioning. Less is known about the long-term durability of such changes following formal meditation training. In a sample of adults (N = 67, 52% female, ages 22–70 years), we examined changes in 16 measures of psychological adaptive functioning across a 3-month residential meditation intervention and across a subsequent 7-year period. We observed general training-related improvements followed by multi-year returns toward pre-training levels. However, beneficial changes in two personality attributes (agreeableness and neuroticism) were of moderate effect size (d = 0.51 and d = 0.45, respectively) and were retained across the 7-year follow-up. We further found that individual variation in changes was represented by three latent attributes: (Changes related to) Mindful Well-being, Resilient Extraversion, and Self-Compassionate Openness. These results suggest that intensive meditation training is associated with improved adaptive functioning and enduring changes in aspects of personality.

Keywordslongitudinal; adaptive functioning; factor of curves; loving kindness; self-compassion; mindfulness; personality; neuroticism; affect regulation; altruism
Year2024
JournalThe Journal of Positive Psychology
Journal citationpp. 1-15
PublisherRoutledge
ISSN1743-9760
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2024.2378700
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85200270824
FunderFetzer Institute
John Templeton Foundation
Publisher's version
License
All rights reserved
File Access Level
Controlled
Output statusIn press
Publication dates
Online01 Aug 2024
Publication process dates
Accepted09 May 2024
Deposited17 Jan 2025
Grant ID2191
39970
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Grossmann, Igor, Sahdra, Baljinder Kaur and Ciarrochi, Joseph. (2016). A heart and a mind: Self-distancing facilitates the association between heart rate variability. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 10, pp. 1 - 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00068
The development of compulsive internet use and mental health : A four-year study of adolescence
Ciarrochi, Joseph, Parker, Philip, Sahdra, Baljinder, Marshall, Sarah L., Jackon, Chris, Gloster, Andrew and Heaven, Patrick C.L.. (2016). The development of compulsive internet use and mental health : A four-year study of adolescence. Developmental Psychology. 52(2), pp. 272-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000070
Contextual positive psychology: Policy recommendations for implementing positive psychology into schools
Ciarrochi, Joseph, Atkins, Paul W., Hayes, Louise L., Sahdra, Baljinder and Parker, Phil. (2016). Contextual positive psychology: Policy recommendations for implementing positive psychology into schools. Frontiers in Psychology. 7, pp. 1 - 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01561
Nonattachment and mindfulness: Related but distinct constructs
Sahdra, Baljinder Kaur, Ciarrochi, Joseph and Parker, Phillip David. (2016). Nonattachment and mindfulness: Related but distinct constructs. Psychological Assessment. 28(7), pp. 1 - 5. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000264
Using genetic algorithms in a large nationally representative American sample to abbreviate the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire
Sahdra, Baljinder Kaur, Ciarrochi, Joseph, Parker, Phillip David and Scrucca, Luca. (2016). Using genetic algorithms in a large nationally representative American sample to abbreviate the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology. 7(189), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00189
Intensive meditation training influences emotional responses to suffering
Rosenberg, Erika, Zanesco, Anthony, King, Brandon, Aichele, Stephen, Jacobs, Tonya, Bridwell, David, MacLean, Katherine, Shaver, Philip, Ferrer, Emilio, Sahdra, Baljinder, Lavy, Shiri, Wallace, Alan and Saron, Clifford. (2015). Intensive meditation training influences emotional responses to suffering. Emotion. 15(6), pp. 775 - 790. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000080
Self-compassion protects against the negative effects of low self-esteem : A longitudinal study in a large adolescent sample
Marshall, Sarah, Parker, Philip D., Ciarrochi, Joseph, Sahdra, Baljinder, Jackson, Chris and Heaven, Patrick. (2015). Self-compassion protects against the negative effects of low self-esteem : A longitudinal study in a large adolescent sample. Personality and Individual Differences. 74, pp. 116 - 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.013
High-frequency heart rate variability linked to affiliation with a new group
Sahdra, Baljinder, Ciarrochi, Joseph and Parker, Philip D.. (2015). High-frequency heart rate variability linked to affiliation with a new group. PLoS One (online). 10(6), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129583
Hope, friends, and subjective well-being : A social network approach to peer group contextual effects
Parker, Philip D., Ciarrochi, Joseph, Heaven, Patrick, Marshall, Sarah, Sahdra, Baljinder and Kiuru, Noona. (2015). Hope, friends, and subjective well-being : A social network approach to peer group contextual effects. Child Development. 86(2), pp. 642-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12308
Security enhancement, self-esteem threat, and mental depletion affect provision of a safe haven and secure base to a romantic partner
Mikulincer, Mario, Shaver, Phillip, Bar-On, Naama and Sahdra, Baljinder. (2014). Security enhancement, self-esteem threat, and mental depletion affect provision of a safe haven and secure base to a romantic partner. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 31(5), pp. 630 - 650. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514525887
Psychological flexibility is not a single dimension: The distinctive flexibility profiles of underweight, overweight, and obese people
Ciarrochi, Joseph, Sahdra, Baljinder, Marshall, Sarah, Parker, Philip and Horwath, Caroline. (2014). Psychological flexibility is not a single dimension: The distinctive flexibility profiles of underweight, overweight, and obese people. Journal of Contextual Behavioural Science. 3(4), pp. 236 - 247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.07.002
Security enhancement, self-esteem threat, and mental depletion affect provision of a safe haven and secure base to a romantic partner
Mikulincer, Mario, Shaver, Phillip, Bar-On, Naama and Sahdra, Baljinder. (2014). Security enhancement, self-esteem threat, and mental depletion affect provision of a safe haven and secure base to a romantic partner. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 31(5), pp. 630 - 650. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514525887
Comparing Attachment Theory and Buddhist Psychology
Sahdra, Baljinder and Shaver, Phillip. (2013). Comparing Attachment Theory and Buddhist Psychology. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.795821
Comparing Attachment Theory and Buddhist Psychology
Sahdra, Baljinder and Shaver, Phillip. (2013). Comparing Attachment Theory and Buddhist Psychology. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.795821
Can security-enhancing interventions overcome psychological barriers to responsiveness in couple relationships?
Mikulincer, Mario, Shaver, Phillip, Sahdra, Baljinder and Bar-On, Naama. (2013). Can security-enhancing interventions overcome psychological barriers to responsiveness in couple relationships? Attachment and Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013.782653
Can security-enhancing interventions overcome psychological barriers to responsiveness in couple relationships?
Mikulincer, Mario, Shaver, Phillip, Sahdra, Baljinder and Bar-On, Naama. (2013). Can security-enhancing interventions overcome psychological barriers to responsiveness in couple relationships? Attachment and Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013.782653
Self-reported mindfulness and cortisol during a shamatha meditation retreat
Jacobs, T, Shaver, P, Epel, E, Zanesco, A, Aichele, S, Bridwell, D, Rosenberg, E, King, B., MacLean, K and Sahdra, Baljinder. (2013). Self-reported mindfulness and cortisol during a shamatha meditation retreat. Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031362
Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation state-related EEG oscillatory activity
Saggar, M, King, B., Zanesco, A, MacLean, K, Aichele, S, Jacobs, T, Bridwell, D, Shaver, P, Rosenberg, E and Sahdra, Baljinder. (2012). Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation state-related EEG oscillatory activity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 6(September), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00256
Enhanced response inhibition during intensive meditation training predicts improvements in self-reported adaptive socioemotional functioning
Sahdra, Baljinder, MacLean, Katherine, Ferrer, Emilio, Shaver, Phillip, Rosenberg, Erika, Jacobs, Tonya, Zanesco, Anthony, King, Brandon, Aichele, Stephen and Bridwell, David. (2011). Enhanced response inhibition during intensive meditation training predicts improvements in self-reported adaptive socioemotional functioning. Emotion. 11(2), pp. 299 - 312. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022764
Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators
Jacobs, T, Epel, E, Lin, J, Blackburn, E, Wolkowitz, O, Bridwell, D, Zanesco, A, Aichele, S, Sahdra, Baljinder, MacLean, K, King, Brandon, Shaver, P, Rosenberg, E, Ferrer, E, Wallace, B and Saron, C. (2011). Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36(5), pp. 664 - 681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.010
A scale to measure nonattachment : A Buddhist complement to western research on attachment and adaptive functioning
Sahdra, Baljinder, Shaver, Phillip and Brown, Kirk. (2010). A scale to measure nonattachment : A Buddhist complement to western research on attachment and adaptive functioning. Journal of Personality Assessment. 92(2), pp. 116 - 127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890903425960
Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention
MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Aichele, S. R., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, Anthony P., Jacobs, T. L., King, B. G., Rosenberg, E. L., Sahdra, Baljinder, Shaver, P. R., Wallace, B. Alan, Mangun, G. R. and Saron, Clifford D.. (2010). Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychological Science. 21(6), pp. 829 - 839. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610371339
A scale to measure nonattachment : A buddhist complement to western research on attachment and adaptive functioning
Sahdra, Baljinder, Shaver, Phillip and Brown, Kirk. (2010). A scale to measure nonattachment : A buddhist complement to western research on attachment and adaptive functioning. Journal of Personality Assessment. 92(2), pp. 116 - 127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890903425960
Group identification and historical memory
Sahdra, Baljinder and Ross, Michael. (2007). Group identification and historical memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 33(3), pp. 384 - 395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296103