Seeking solitude skills : Do memories of intrinsic goals enhance enjoyment of alone time?

Journal article

Bradshaw, Emma, Ferber, Kelly and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2024). Seeking solitude skills : Do memories of intrinsic goals enhance enjoyment of alone time? Journal of Personality. pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12914
AuthorsBradshaw, Emma, Ferber, Kelly and Ryan, Richard Michael
Abstract

Objective: Further investigate the application of self-determination theory (SDT) to experiences of solitude by examining the effects of recalling intrinsic versus non-intrinsic memories.

Background: SDT research indicates that recalling memories associated with intrinsic goals (e.g., personal growth, relationships, altruism) enhances present moment wellness by satisfying basic psychological needs.

Method: Two studies were conducted with American adults. Study 1 included 465 participants (age = 49.49 [SD = 19.01], 49.46% female) and Study 2 comprised 490 participants (age = 54.16 [SD = 18.89], 51.84% female). Both studies assessed the impact of recalling intrinsic versus non-intrinsic memories prior to a five-minute solitude session.

Results: Study 1 found intrinsic memories were linked to more basic psychological need satisfaction than non-intrinsic memories, but both memory types resulted in similar wellness improvements. Contrary to expectations, Study 2 revealed extrinsic memories (e.g., wealth, fame, image) led to the highest basic psychological need satisfaction and least need frustration compared to intrinsic and neutral memories, with all memory conditions showing similar wellness gains.

Conclusions: Solitude appears beneficial regardless of memory content. While different memories vary in need satisfying quality, this does not seem to impact the benefits of solitude. These findings suggest further exploration is needed before developing a “solitude skill set” for use during inevitable periods of solitude.

Keywordsautonomy; extrinsic; loneliness; mindfulness; motivation
Year01 Jan 2024
JournalJournal of Personality
Journal citationpp. 1-17
PublisherWiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc. (US)
ISSN1467-6494
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12914
Web address (URL)https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jopy.12914
Open accessPublished as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
Research or scholarlyResearch
Page range1-17
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Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online15 Jan 2024
Publication process dates
Accepted11 Dec 2023
Deposited05 Feb 2024
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© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Personality published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Place of publicationAustria
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Dorian Peters, Rafael A. Calvo and Richard Ryan. (2018). Designing for motivation, engagement and wellbeing in digital experience. Frontiers in Psychology. 9, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00797
Leader autonomy support in the workplace: A meta-analytic review
Slemp, Gavin R., Kern, Margaret L., Patrick, Kent J. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2018). Leader autonomy support in the workplace: A meta-analytic review. Motivation and Emotion. 42(5), pp. 706 - 724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9698-y
Self-determination theory in human resource development: New directions and practical considerations
Rigby, C. Scott and Ryan, Richard M.. (2018). Self-determination theory in human resource development: New directions and practical considerations. Advances in Developing Human Resources. 20(2), pp. 133 - 147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422318756954
Meaningfulness as satisfaction of autonomy, competence, relatedness, and beneficence: Comparing the four satisfactions and positive affect as predictors of meaning in life
Martela, Frank, Ryan, Richard M. and Steger, Michael F.. (2018). Meaningfulness as satisfaction of autonomy, competence, relatedness, and beneficence: Comparing the four satisfactions and positive affect as predictors of meaning in life. Journal of Happiness Studies. 19(5), pp. 1261 - 1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9869-7
Community gardening: Basic psychological needs as mechanisms to enhance individual and community well-being
Quested, Eleanor, Thøgersen-Ntoumani, Cecilie, Uren, Hannah, Hardcastle, Sarah J. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2018). Community gardening: Basic psychological needs as mechanisms to enhance individual and community well-being. Ecopsychology. 10(3), pp. 173 - 180. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2018.0002
Benefits of emotional integration and costs of emotional distancing
Roth, Guy, Shahar, Bat-Hen, Zohar-Shefer, Yael, Benita, Moti, Moed, Anat, Bibi, Uri, Kanat-Maymon, Yaniv and Ryan, Richard M.. (2018). Benefits of emotional integration and costs of emotional distancing. Journal of Personality. 86(6), pp. 919 - 934. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12366
Solitude as an approach to affective self-regulation
Nguyen, Thuy-vy T., Ryan, Richard M. and Deci, Edward L.. (2018). Solitude as an approach to affective self-regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 44(1), pp. 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217733073
Effects of a Dual-Approach Instruction on Students’ Science Achievement and Motivation
Kadir Binte, Munirah Shaik, Yeung, Alex, Ryan, Richard, Forbes, Anne and Diallo, Thierno M. O.. (2018). Effects of a Dual-Approach Instruction on Students’ Science Achievement and Motivation. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-018-9449-3
Users’ intrinsic goals linked to alcohol dependence risk level and engagement with a health promotion website (Hello Sunday Morning): Observational study
Bradshaw, Emma, Sahdra, Baljinder, Calvo, Rafael A., Mrvaljevich, Alex and Ryan, Richard. (2018). Users’ intrinsic goals linked to alcohol dependence risk level and engagement with a health promotion website (Hello Sunday Morning): Observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 5(4), pp. 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.2196/10022
Evidence of a continuum structure of academic self-determination : A two-study test using a bifactor-ESEM representation of academic motivation
Litalien, David, Morin, Alexandre J. S., Gagné, Marylène, Vallerand, Robert J., Losier, Gaëtan F. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2017). Evidence of a continuum structure of academic self-determination : A two-study test using a bifactor-ESEM representation of academic motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 51, pp. 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.06.010
Examining links from civic engagement to daily well-being from a self-determination theory perspective
Wray-Lake, Laura, DeHaan, C. R., Shubert, Jennifer and Ryan, Richard. (2017). Examining links from civic engagement to daily well-being from a self-determination theory perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology: dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388432
Mentoring interventions for underrepresented scholars in biomedical and behavioral sciences: Effects on quality of mentoring interactions and discussions
Lewis, Vivian, Martina, Camille A., McDermott, Michael P., Chaudron, Linda, Trief, Paula M., LaGuardia, Jennifer G., Sharp, Daryl, Goodman, Steven R., Morse, Gene D. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2017). Mentoring interventions for underrepresented scholars in biomedical and behavioral sciences: Effects on quality of mentoring interactions and discussions. CBE Life Sciences Education. 16, pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.16-07-0215
The emerging neuroscience of intrinsic motivation: a new frontier in self-determination research
Di Domenico, Stefano and Ryan, Richard. (2017). The emerging neuroscience of intrinsic motivation: a new frontier in self-determination research. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 11(145), pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00145
Commentary: Primary emotional systems and personality: An evolutionary perspective
Di Domenico, Stefano I. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2017). Commentary: Primary emotional systems and personality: An evolutionary perspective. Frontiers in Psychology. 8, pp. 1 - 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01414
Competence as central, but not sufficient, for high-quality motivation: A self-determination theory perspective
Ryan, Richard and Moller, Arlen C.. (2017). Competence as central, but not sufficient, for high-quality motivation: A self-determination theory perspective. In In A. J. Elliot, C. S. Dweck and D. S. Yeager (Ed.). Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application pp. 214 - 231 Guilford Press.
Are people mindful in different ways? Disentangling the quantity and quality of mindfulness in latent profiles and exploring their links to mental health and life effectiveness
Sahdra, Baljinder K., Ciarrochi, Joseph, Parker, Philip D., Basarkod, Geetanjali, Bradshaw, Emma L. and Baer, Ruth. (2017). Are people mindful in different ways? Disentangling the quantity and quality of mindfulness in latent profiles and exploring their links to mental health and life effectiveness. European Journal of Personality. 31(4), pp. 347-365. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2108
Self-determination theory
Adams, Nicole, Little, Todd D. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2017). Self-determination theory. In In M. L. Wehmeyer, K. A. Shogren and T. D. Little and S. J. Lopez (Ed.). Development of self-determination through the life-course pp. 47 - 54 Springer Science and Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1042-6_4
Self-determination theory in work organizations: state of a science
Deci, Edward, Olafsen, Anja H. and Ryan, Richard. (2017). Self-determination theory in work organizations: state of a science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 4, pp. 19 - 43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108
Pervasive influences on wellness and thriving: Cultural, political, and economic contexts and the support of basic psychological needs
Ryan, Richard M., Di Domenico, Stefano I., Ryan, William S. and Deci, Edward L.. (2017). Pervasive influences on wellness and thriving: Cultural, political, and economic contexts and the support of basic psychological needs. In In F. Guay, H. W. Marsh and D. M. McInerney and R. Craven (Ed.). SELF: Driving positive psychology and well-being pp. 199 - 231 Information Age Publishing.
Motivating young language learners: a longitudinal model of self-determined motivation in elementary school foreign language classes
Oga-Baldwin, W. L. Q., Nakata, Yoshiyuki, Parker, Phil and Ryan, Richard. (2017). Motivating young language learners: a longitudinal model of self-determined motivation in elementary school foreign language classes. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 49, pp. 140 - 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.01.010
Daily autonomy support and sexual identity disclosure predicts daily mental and physical health outcomes
Legate, N., Ryan, Richard and Rogge, Ronald D.. (2017). Daily autonomy support and sexual identity disclosure predicts daily mental and physical health outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 43(6), pp. 860 - 873. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217700399
Time well-spent? Motivation for entertainment media and its eudaimonic aspects through the lens of self-determination theory
Rigby, C. Scott and Ryan, Richard M.. (2017). Time well-spent? Motivation for entertainment media and its eudaimonic aspects through the lens of self-determination theory. In In L. Reinecke and M. B. Oliver (Ed.). The Routledge handbook of media use and well-being: International perspectives on theory and research on positive media effects pp. 34 - 48 Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315714752.ch3
The link between perceived maternal and paternal autonomy support and adolescent well-being across three major educational transitions
Duineveld, Jasper J., Parker, Philip D., Ryan, Richard M., Ciarrochi, Joseph and Salmela-Aro, Katariina. (2017). The link between perceived maternal and paternal autonomy support and adolescent well-being across three major educational transitions. Developmental Psychology. 53(10), pp. 1978-1994. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000364
Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness
Ryan, Richard M. and Deci, Edward L.. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness Guilford Press.
Time well-spent? : Motivation for entertainment media and its eudaimonic aspects through the lens of self-determination theory
Rigby, C and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). Time well-spent? : Motivation for entertainment media and its eudaimonic aspects through the lens of self-determination theory. In In Reinecke, Leonard and Oliver, Mary Beth (Ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Media Use and Well-Being : International Perspectives on Theory and Research on Positive Media Effects pp. 34 Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315714752
Understanding motivation in education: Theoretical and practical considerations
Liu, Woon Chia, Wang, John Chee Ken and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). Understanding motivation in education: Theoretical and practical considerations. In In L. W.Chia, J. W. C.Keng and R. M.Ryan (Ed.). Building Autonomous Learners: Perspectives from Research and Practice using Self-Determination Theory pp. 1 - 7 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0
Toward a positive psychology of indigenous thriving and reciprocal research partnership model
Craven, Rhonda Gai, Ryan, Richard Michael, Mooney, Janet, Vallerand, Robert J., Dillon, Anthony William Oswald, Blacklock, Fabri and Magson, Natasha R.. (2016). Toward a positive psychology of indigenous thriving and reciprocal research partnership model. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 43, pp. 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.04.003
Family partner intervention influences self-care confidence and treatment self-regulation in patients with heart failure
Stamp, Kelly D., Dunbar, Sandra B., Clark, Patricia C., Reilly, Carolyn M., Gary, Rebecca A., Higgins, Melinda and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). Family partner intervention influences self-care confidence and treatment self-regulation in patients with heart failure. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 15(5), pp. 317-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515115572047
Daily stress and the benefits of mindfulness: Examining the daily and longitudinal relations between present-moment awareness and stress responses
Donald, James, Atkins, Paul William Bamkin, Parker, Phillip David, Christie, Alison M. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). Daily stress and the benefits of mindfulness: Examining the daily and longitudinal relations between present-moment awareness and stress responses. Journal of Research in Personality. 65, pp. 30 - 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.09.002
The empirical study of human autonomy using self-determination theory
Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). The empirical study of human autonomy using self-determination theory. In In S. Robert, F. Susan and F. Donald (Ed.). Scientists making a difference: One hundred eminent behavioral and brain scientists talk about their most important contributions pp. 311 - 315 Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316422250.068
Students' motivational profiles in the physical education context
Wang, John C. K., Morin, Alexandre, Ryan, Richard and Liu, W. C.. (2016). Students' motivational profiles in the physical education context. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 38(6), pp. 612 - 630. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0153
Eudaimonia as a way of living: Connecting aristotle with self- determination theory
Ryan, Richard Michael and Martela, Frank. (2016). Eudaimonia as a way of living: Connecting aristotle with self- determination theory. In In J.Vittersø (Ed.). Handbook of Eudaimonic Well-Being, International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life pp. 109 - 122 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3
Enhancing physical function in HIV-infected older adults: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Shah, Krupa N., Majeed, Zahraa, Yoruk, Yilmaz B., Yang, Hongmei, Hilton, Tiffany N., McMahon, James M., Hall, William J., Walck, Donna, Luque, Amneris E. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). Enhancing physical function in HIV-infected older adults: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000311
Optimizing students' motivation in the era of testing and pressure : A self-determination theory perspective
Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2016). Optimizing students' motivation in the era of testing and pressure : A self-determination theory perspective. In In Woon Chia Liu, Wang, John Chee Keng and Ryan, Richard M. (Ed.). Building autonomous learners pp. 9-29 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_2
Mindfulness enhances episodic memory performance: Evidence from a multimethod investigation
Brown, Kirk W., Goodman, Robert J., Ryan, Richard M. and Analayo, Bhikkhu. (2016). Mindfulness enhances episodic memory performance: Evidence from a multimethod investigation. PLoS ONE. 11(4), pp. 1 - 19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153309
Outcomes of the Smoker's Health Project: a pragmatic comparative effectiveness trial of tobacco-dependence interventions based on self-determination theory
Williams, Geoffrey C., Niemiec, Christopher P., Patrick, Heather, Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward Lewis. (2016). Outcomes of the Smoker's Health Project: a pragmatic comparative effectiveness trial of tobacco-dependence interventions based on self-determination theory. Health Education Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyw046
Can being autonomy-supportive in teaching improve students' self-regulation and performance?
Wang, John Chee Keng, Ng, Betsy L. L., Liu, Woon Chia and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). Can being autonomy-supportive in teaching improve students' self-regulation and performance? In In W. C. Liu, J. C. K.Wang and R. M.Ryan (Ed.). Building Autonomous Learners pp. 227 - 243 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-630-0_12
Autonomy support and diastolic blood pressure: Long term effects and conflict navigation in romantic relationships
Weinstein, Netta, Legate, Nicole, Kumashiro, Madoka and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). Autonomy support and diastolic blood pressure: Long term effects and conflict navigation in romantic relationships. Motivation and Emotion. 40(2), pp. 212 - 225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9526-6
Materialism, spending, and affect: An event-sampling study of marketplace behavior and its affective costs
Brown, Kirk Warren, Kasser, Tim, Ryan, Richard M. and Konow, James. (2016). Materialism, spending, and affect: An event-sampling study of marketplace behavior and its affective costs. Journal of Happiness Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9694-9
The impact of every classroom, every day on high school student achievement: Results from a school-randomized trial
Early, Diane M., Berg, Juliette K., Alicea, Stacey, Si, Yajuan, Aber, J. Lawrence, Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward Lewis. (2016). The impact of every classroom, every day on high school student achievement: Results from a school-randomized trial. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness. 9(1), pp. 3 - 29. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2015.1055638
Naturally good?: Basic psychological needs and the proximal and evolutionary bases of human benevolence
Ryan, Richard Michael and Hawley, Patricia. (2016). Naturally good?: Basic psychological needs and the proximal and evolutionary bases of human benevolence. In In K. W. Brown and M. R. Leary (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of hypo-egoic phenomena pp. 205 - 221 Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.14
Facilitating and hindering motivation, learning, and well-being in schools: Research and observations from Self-Determination Theory
Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward Lewis. (2016). Facilitating and hindering motivation, learning, and well-being in schools: Research and observations from Self-Determination Theory. In In K. R.Wentzel and D. B.Miele (Ed.). Handbook of Motivation At School pp. 96 - 119 Routledge.
Nussbaum's capabilities and self-determination theory's basic psychological needs: Relating some fundamentals of human wellness
DeHaan, Cody R., Hirai, Tadashi and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). Nussbaum's capabilities and self-determination theory's basic psychological needs: Relating some fundamentals of human wellness. Journal of Happiness Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9684-y
Epilogue: Distinct motivations and their differentiated mechanisms: Reflections on the emerging neuroscience of human motivation
Ryan, Richard Michael and Di Domenico, Stefano. (2016). Epilogue: Distinct motivations and their differentiated mechanisms: Reflections on the emerging neuroscience of human motivation. In In S.-I.Kim, J.Reeve and M.Bong (Ed.). Recent Developments in Neuroscience Research on Human Motivation pp. 349 - 369 Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0749-742320160000019009
The benefits of benevolence: Basic psychological needs, beneficence, and the enhancement of well-being
Martela, Frank and Ryan, Richard M.. (2016). The benefits of benevolence: Basic psychological needs, beneficence, and the enhancement of well-being. Journal of Personality. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12215
Editorial for positive computing: A new partnership between psychology, social sciences and technologists
Calvo, Rafael A., Vella-Brodrick, Dianne, Desmet, Pieter and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). Editorial for positive computing: A new partnership between psychology, social sciences and technologists. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. 6(10), pp. 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13612-016-0047-1
Autonomy and autonomy disturbances in self-development and psychopathology: Research on motivation, attachment, and clinical process
Ryan, Richard M., Deci, Edward L. and Vansteenkiste, Maarten. (2016). Autonomy and autonomy disturbances in self-development and psychopathology: Research on motivation, attachment, and clinical process. In In D.Cicchetti (Ed.). Developmental psychopathology: Volume one: Theory and method pp. 385 - 438 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy109
A randomized controlled trial of mentoring interventions for underrepresented minorities
Lewis, Vivian, Martina, Camille A., McDermott, Michael P., Trief, Paula M., Goodman, Steven R., Morse, Gene D., LaGuardia, Jennifer G., Sharp, Daryl and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of mentoring interventions for underrepresented minorities. Academic Medicine. 91(7), pp. 994 - 1001. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001056
Prosocial behavior increases well-being and vitality even without contact with the beneficiary: Causal and behavioral evidence
Martela, Frank and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2016). Prosocial behavior increases well-being and vitality even without contact with the beneficiary: Causal and behavioral evidence. Motivation and Emotion. 40(3), pp. 351 - 357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-016-9552-z
Diminished neural responses predict enhanced intrinsic motivation and sensitivity to external incentive
Marsden, Karen, Ma, Weiji, Deci, Edward, Ryan, Richard and Chiu, Pearl. (2015). Diminished neural responses predict enhanced intrinsic motivation and sensitivity to external incentive. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience. 15(2), pp. 276 - 286. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0324-5
A self-determination theory perspective on fostering healthy self-regulation from within and without
Brown, Kirk Warren and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2015). A self-determination theory perspective on fostering healthy self-regulation from within and without. In In S. Joseph and P. Linley (Ed.). Positive psychology in practice: Promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life pp. 139 - 157 John Wiley & Sons.
Righting the wrong : Reparative coping after going along with ostracism
Legate, Nicole, DeHaan, Cody and Ryan, Richard. (2015). Righting the wrong : Reparative coping after going along with ostracism. Journal of Social Psychology. 155(5), pp. 471 - 482. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1062352
The importance of autonomy support and the mediating role of work motivation for well-being: Testing self-determination theory in a Chinese work organization
Nie, Youyan, Chua, Bee Leng, Yeung, Alexander Seeshing, Ryan, Richard M. and Chan, Wai Yen. (2015). The importance of autonomy support and the mediating role of work motivation for well-being: Testing self-determination theory in a Chinese work organization. International Journal of Psychology. 50(4), pp. 245 - 255. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12110
How self-determined choice facilitates performance : A key role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Murayama, Kou, Matsumoto, Madoka, Izuma, Keise, Sugiura, Ayaka, Ryan, Richard, Deci, Edward and Matsumoto, Kenji. (2015). How self-determined choice facilitates performance : A key role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex. 25(5), pp. 1241 - 1251. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht317
The "why", "what", and "how" of healthy self-regulation: Mindfulness and well-being from a self-determination theory perspective
Schultz, Patricia P. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2015). The "why", "what", and "how" of healthy self-regulation: Mindfulness and well-being from a self-determination theory perspective. In In B. D. Ostafin, M. D. Robinson and B. P. Meier (Ed.). Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation pp. 81 - 94 Springer.
Did the Buddha have a self?
Ryan, Richard and Rigby, C Scott. (2015). Did the Buddha have a self? In In K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell and R. M. Ryan (Ed.). Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice pp. 245 - 265 Guilford Press.
Mindfulness, work climate, and psychological need satisfaction in employee well-being
Schultz, Patricia, Ryan, Richard, Niemiec, Christopher, Legate, Nicole and Williams, Geoffrey. (2015). Mindfulness, work climate, and psychological need satisfaction in employee well-being. Mindfulness. 6(5), pp. 971 - 985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0338-7
Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures
Chen, Beiwen, Vansteenkiste, Maarten, Beyers, Wim, Boone, Liesbet, Deci, Edward, Van der Kaap-Deeder, Jolene, Duriez, Bart, Lens, Willy, Matos, Lennia, Mouratidis, Athanasios, Ryan, Richard, Sheldon, Kennon, Soenens, Bart, Van Petegem, Stijn and Verstuyf, Joke. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion. 39(2), pp. 216 - 236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1
Components of sleep quality as mediators of the relation between mindfulness and subjective vitality among older adults
Visser, Preston, Hirsch, Jameson, Brown, Kirk, Ryan, Richard and Moynihan, Jan. (2015). Components of sleep quality as mediators of the relation between mindfulness and subjective vitality among older adults. Mindfulness. 6(4), pp. 723 - 731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0311-5
Being aware and functioning fully
Deci, Edward L., Ryan, Richard M., Schultz, Patricia P. and Niemiec, Christopher P.. (2015). Being aware and functioning fully. In In K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell and R. M. Ryan (Ed.). Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice pp. 112 - 129 Guilford Press.
Introduction: The evolution of mindfulness science
Brown, Kirk Warren, Creswell, J. David and Ryan, Richard M.. (2015). Introduction: The evolution of mindfulness science. In In K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell and R. M. Ryan (Ed.). Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice pp. 1 - 6 Guilford Press.
Intrinsic motivations and open-ended development in animals, humans, and robots: An overview
Baldassarre, G. T., Stafford, T., Mirolli, M., Redgrave, P., Ryan, Richard Michael and Barto, A.. (2014). Intrinsic motivations and open-ended development in animals, humans, and robots: An overview. Frontiers in Psychology. 5, pp. 6 - 10.
Changes in materialism, changes in psychological well-being: Evidence from three longitudinal studies and an intervention experiment
Kasser, Tim, Rosenblum, Katherine L., Sameroff, Arnold J., Deci, Edward L., Niemiec, Christopher P., Ryan, Richard Michael, Arnadottir, Osp, Bond, Rod, Dittmar, Helga, Dungan, Nathan and Hawks, Susan. (2014). Changes in materialism, changes in psychological well-being: Evidence from three longitudinal studies and an intervention experiment. Motivation and Emotion. 38(1), pp. 1 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9371-4
The importance of universal psychological needs for understanding motivation in the workplace
Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2014). The importance of universal psychological needs for understanding motivation in the workplace. In In M. Gagne (Ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Work Motivation, Engagement, and Self-Determination Theory pp. 1 - 36 Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199794911.013.003
Competence-impeding electronic games and players' aggressive feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
Przybylski, Andrew K., Deci, Edward L., Rigby, C. S. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2014). Competence-impeding electronic games and players' aggressive feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 106(3), pp. 441 - 457. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036148
Mindfulness, interest-taking, and self-regulation: A self-determination theory perspective on the role of awareness in optimal functioning
Rigby, C. Scott, Schultz, Patricia P. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2014). Mindfulness, interest-taking, and self-regulation: A self-determination theory perspective on the role of awareness in optimal functioning. In In A. Le, C. T. Ngnoumen and E. J. Langer (Ed.). The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness pp. 216 - 235 John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118294895.ch12
Symptoms of wellness: Happiness and eudaimonia from a self-determination theory perspective
DeHann, Cody R. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2014). Symptoms of wellness: Happiness and eudaimonia from a self-determination theory perspective. In In K. M. Sheldon and R. E. Lucas (Ed.). Stability of happiness: Theories and evidence on whether happiness can change pp. 37 - 55 Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411478-4.00003-5
The ombudsman : Do CEOs' aspirations for wealth harm stockholders?
Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2013). The ombudsman : Do CEOs' aspirations for wealth harm stockholders? Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.2013.0707
Hurting You Hurts Me Too : The Psychological Costs of Complying With Ostracism
Legate, N, DeHaan, C, Weinstein, N and Ryan, Richard. (2013). Hurting You Hurts Me Too : The Psychological Costs of Complying With Ostracism. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457951
Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II)
Vallerand, Robert, Pelletier, Luc, Rocchi, Meredith, Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002
Toward a social psychology of assimilation: Self-determination theory in cognitive development and education
Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward. (2013). Toward a social psychology of assimilation: Self-determination theory in cognitive development and education. In In B. W. Sokol, F. M. E. Grouzet and U. Muller (Ed.). Self-Regulation and Autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct pp. 191 - 207 Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139152198.014
Thoughts on the genesis of self-determination theory
Ryan, Richard Michael. (2013). Thoughts on the genesis of self-determination theory. American Journal of Health Promotion. 27(6), pp. TAHP-8 - TAHP-8. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.27.6.tahp
Hurting You Hurts Me Too : The Psychological Costs of Complying With Ostracism
Legate, N, DeHaan, C, Weinstein, N and Ryan, Richard. (2013). Hurting You Hurts Me Too : The Psychological Costs of Complying With Ostracism. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457951
Parental autonomy support and discrepancies between implicit and explicit sexual identities : Dynamics of self-acceptance and defense
Weinstein, Netta, Ryan, William S., DeHaan, Cody R., Przybylski, Andrew K., Legate, Nicole and Ryan, Richard M.. (2012). Parental autonomy support and discrepancies between implicit and explicit sexual identities : Dynamics of self-acceptance and defense. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 102(4), pp. 815-832. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026854
Motivation, Personality, and Development within Embedded Social Contexts : An Overview of Self-Determination Theory
Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2012). Motivation, Personality, and Development within Embedded Social Contexts : An Overview of Self-Determination Theory. In The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation pp. 1 - 26 Oxford University Press.
Psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS)
Deng, Yu-Qin, Li, Song, Tang, Yi-Yuan, Zhu, Lian-Hua, Ryan, Richard and Brown, Kirk. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS). Mindfulness. 3(1), pp. 10 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0074-1
The index of autonomous functioning : Development of a scale of human autonomy
Weinstein, N, Przybylski, A and Ryan, Richard. (2012). The index of autonomous functioning : Development of a scale of human autonomy. Journal of Research in Personality. 46(4), pp. 397 - 413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.03.007
Through a fly's eye: Multiple yet overlapping perspectives on future directions from human motivation research
Ryan, Richard Michael and Legate, N.. (2012). Through a fly's eye: Multiple yet overlapping perspectives on future directions from human motivation research. In In Richard M. Ryan (Ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0030
Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory : A systematic review
Teixeira, P, Carraca, E, Markland, D, Silva, M and Ryan, Richard. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory : A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 9, pp. 1 - 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-78
The ideal self at play : The appeal of video games that let you be all you can be
Przybylski, A, Weinstein, N, Murayama, K and Ryan, Richard. (2012). The ideal self at play : The appeal of video games that let you be all you can be. Psychological Science. 23(1), pp. 69 - 76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418676
Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts : A Meta-Analysis
Ntoumanis, N, Thogersen-Ntoumani, C, Deci, Edward, Ryan, Richard, Duda, J and Ng, Johan. (2012). Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts : A Meta-Analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7(4), pp. 325 - 340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612447309
The index of autonomous functioning : Development of a scale of human autonomy
Weinstein, N, Przybylski, A and Ryan, Richard. (2012). The index of autonomous functioning : Development of a scale of human autonomy. Journal of Research in Personality. 46(4), pp. 397 - 413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.03.007
is coming out always a "good thing"? : exploring the relations of autonomy support, outness, and wellness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals
Legate, N, Ryan, Richard and Weinstein, N. (2012). is coming out always a "good thing"? : exploring the relations of autonomy support, outness, and wellness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 3(2), pp. 145 - 152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611411929
The ideal self at play : The appeal of video games that let you be all you can be
Przybylski, A, Weinstein, N, Murayama, K and Ryan, Richard. (2012). The ideal self at play : The appeal of video games that let you be all you can be. Psychological Science. 23(1), pp. 69 - 76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418676
Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts : A Meta-Analysis
Ntoumanis, N, Thogersen-Ntoumani, C, Deci, Edward, Ryan, Richard, Duda, J and Ng, Johan. (2012). Self-Determination Theory Applied to Health Contexts : A Meta-Analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7(4), pp. 325 - 340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612447309
Is coming out always a "good thing"? Exploring the relations of autonomy support, outness, and wellness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals
Legate, Nicole, Ryan, Richard M. and Weinstein, Netta. (2012). Is coming out always a "good thing"? Exploring the relations of autonomy support, outness, and wellness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 3(2), pp. 145 - 152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611411929
Glued to games: How video games draw us in and hold us spellbound
Rigby, C. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2011). Glued to games: How video games draw us in and hold us spellbound Praeger.
Levels of analysis, regnant causes of behavior and well-being :The role of psychological needs
Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2011). Levels of analysis, regnant causes of behavior and well-being :The role of psychological needs. Psychological inquiry. 22(1), pp. 17 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2011.545978
Out of the Armchair and into the Streets :Measuring Mindfulness Advances Knowledge and improves interventions: Reply to Grossman (2011)
Brown, K, Ryan, Richard, Loverich, T and Biegel, G. (2011). Out of the Armchair and into the Streets :Measuring Mindfulness Advances Knowledge and improves interventions: Reply to Grossman (2011). Psychological Assessment. 23(4), pp. 1041 - 1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025781
Positive Psychology and Self-Determination Theory : A Natural Interface
Sheldon, Kennon M. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2011). Positive Psychology and Self-Determination Theory : A Natural Interface. In In V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan and K. M. Sheldon (Ed.). Human Autonomy in Cross-Cultural Context pp. 33 - 44 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9667-8_2
A self-determination theory perspective on social, institutional, cultural, and economic supports for autonomy and their importance for well-being
Ryan, Richard M. and Deci, Edward L.. (2011). A self-determination theory perspective on social, institutional, cultural, and economic supports for autonomy and their importance for well-being. In In V. I. Chirkov, R. M. Ryan and K. M. Sheldon (Ed.). Human Autonomy in Cross-Cultural Context pp. 45 - 64 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9667-8_3
Motivational Determinants of integrating Positive and Negative Past identities
Weinstein, N, Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2011). Motivational Determinants of integrating Positive and Negative Past identities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 100(3), pp. 527 - 544. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022150
Motivation and autonomy in counseling, psychotherapy, and behavior change :A look at theory and practice
Ryan, Richard, Vansteenkiste, M and Lynch, Martin. (2011). Motivation and autonomy in counseling, psychotherapy, and behavior change :A look at theory and practice. Counseling Psychologist. 39(2), pp. 193 - 260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000009359313
The Smoker's Health Project :A self-determination theory intervention to facilitate maintenance of tobacco abstinence
Williams, Gregory, Patrick, H, Niemiec, C, Ryan, Richard, Deci, Edward and Lavigne, H. (2011). The Smoker's Health Project :A self-determination theory intervention to facilitate maintenance of tobacco abstinence. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 32(4), pp. 535 - 543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2011.03.002
Self-determination theory and diminished functioning :The role of interpersonal control and psychological need thwarting
Bartholomew, K, Ntoumanis, N, Ryan, Richard, Bosch, J and Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Self-determination theory and diminished functioning :The role of interpersonal control and psychological need thwarting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 37(11), pp. 1459 - 1473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211413125
Self-determination theory
Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard M.. (2011). Self-determination theory. In In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski and E. T. Higgins (Ed.). Handbook of theories and social psychology pp. 416 - 437 SAGE Publications Inc..
Psychological need thwarting in the sport context :Assessing the darker side of athletic experience
Bartholomew, K, Ntoumanis, N, Ryan, Richard and Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Psychological need thwarting in the sport context :Assessing the darker side of athletic experience. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 33(1), pp. 75 - 102. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.1.75
A self-determination theory approach to understanding stress incursion and responses
Weinstein, N and Ryan, Richard. (2011). A self-determination theory approach to understanding stress incursion and responses. Stress and Health. 27(1), pp. 4 - 17. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1368
Vitalizing effects of being outdoors and in nature
Ryan, Richard, Weinstein, N, Bernstein, J, Brown, K, Mistretta, L and Gagne, M. (2010). Vitalizing effects of being outdoors and in nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 30(2), pp. 159 - 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.009
Attributing autonomous versus introjected motivation to helpers and the recipient experience: Effects on gratitude, attitudes, and well-being
Weinstein, N., DeHaan, C. and Ryan, Richard. (2010). Attributing autonomous versus introjected motivation to helpers and the recipient experience: Effects on gratitude, attitudes, and well-being. Motivation and Emotion. 34(4), pp. 418 - 431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-010-9183-8
Being present in the face of existential threat : The role of trait mindfulness in reducing defensive responses to mortality salience
Niemiec, C, Brown, K, Kashdan, Todd, Cozzolino, P, Breen, W, Levesque-Bristol, C and Ryan, Richard. (2010). Being present in the face of existential threat : The role of trait mindfulness in reducing defensive responses to mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 99(2), pp. 344 - 365. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019388
Vitalizing effects of being outdoors and in nature
Ryan, Richard, Weinstein, N, Bernstein, J, Brown, K, Mistretta, L and Gagne, M. (2010). Vitalizing effects of being outdoors and in nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 30(2), pp. 159 - 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.009
Autonomy and control in dyads : Effects on interaction quality and joint creative performance
Weinstein, N, Hodgins, H and Ryan, Richard. (2010). Autonomy and control in dyads : Effects on interaction quality and joint creative performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 36(12), pp. 1603 - 1617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210386385
Mediating between the muse and the masses: Inspiration and the actualization of creative ideas
Thrash, Todd M., Maruskin, Laura A., Cassidy, Scott E., Fryer, James W. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2010). Mediating between the muse and the masses: Inspiration and the actualization of creative ideas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98(3), pp. 469 - 487. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017907
Self-determination theory and the relation of autonomy to self-regulatory processes and personality development
Niemiec, C., Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward. (2010). Self-determination theory and the relation of autonomy to self-regulatory processes and personality development. In In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.). Handbook of Personality and Self-Regulation pp. 169 - 191 Blackwell Publishers Inc.
When Helping Helps : Autonomous Motivation for Prosocial Behavior and its influence on Well-Being for the Helper and Recipient
Weinstein, N and Ryan, Richard. (2010). When Helping Helps : Autonomous Motivation for Prosocial Behavior and its influence on Well-Being for the Helper and Recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98(2), pp. 222 - 244. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016984
The energization of health-behavior change : Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence
Niemiec, C, Ryan, Richard, Patrick, H, Deci, Edward and Williams, Geoffrey. (2010). The energization of health-behavior change : Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 5(2), pp. 122 - 138. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903569162
Motivation and emotion and the society for the study of motivation: A joint venture
Ryan, Richard. (2010). Motivation and emotion and the society for the study of motivation: A joint venture. Motivation and Emotion. 34(1), pp. 1 - 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-010-9158-9
When Helping Helps : Autonomous Motivation for Prosocial Behavior and its influence on Well-Being for the Helper and Recipient
Weinstein, N and Ryan, Richard. (2010). When Helping Helps : Autonomous Motivation for Prosocial Behavior and its influence on Well-Being for the Helper and Recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98(2), pp. 222 - 244. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016984
Weekends, work, and well-being : Psychological need satisfactions and day of the week effects on mood, vitality, and physical symptoms
Ryan, Richard, Bernstein, J and Brown, K. (2010). Weekends, work, and well-being : Psychological need satisfactions and day of the week effects on mood, vitality, and physical symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 29(1), pp. 95 - 122. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.1.95
Autonomy and control in dyads : Effects on interaction quality and joint creative performance
Weinstein, N, Hodgins, H and Ryan, Richard. (2010). Autonomy and control in dyads : Effects on interaction quality and joint creative performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 36(12), pp. 1603 - 1617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210386385
Pursuing Pleasure or Virtue: The Differential and Overlapping Well-Being Benefits of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives
Huta, V. and Ryan, Richard. (2010). Pursuing Pleasure or Virtue: The Differential and Overlapping Well-Being Benefits of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives. Journal of Happiness Studies. 11(6), pp. 735 - 762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9171-4
A Motivational Model of Video Game Engagement
Przybylski, Andrew, Rigby, C and Ryan, Richard. (2010). A Motivational Model of Video Game Engagement. Review of General Psychology. 14(2), pp. 154 - 166. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019440
Mediating between the muse and the masses: Inspiration and the actualization of creative ideas
Thrash, Todd M., Maruskin, Laura A., Cassidy, Scott E., Fryer, James and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2010). Mediating between the muse and the masses: Inspiration and the actualization of creative ideas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98(3), pp. 469 - 487. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017907
The energization of health-behavior change : Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence
Niemiec, C, Ryan, Richard, Patrick, H, Deci, Edward and Williams, Geoffrey. (2010). The energization of health-behavior change : Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 5(2), pp. 122 - 138. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903569162
Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice
Niemiec, Christopher P. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and Research in Education. 7(2), pp. 133 - 144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878509104318
A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being
Weinstein, Netta, Brown, Kirk W. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality. 43(3), pp. 374 - 385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.008
When what one has is enough: Mindfulness, financial desire discrepancy, and subjective well-being
Brown, Kirk Warren, Kasser, Tim, Ryan, Richard Michael, Linley, P. Alex and Orzech, Kevin. (2009). When what one has is enough: Mindfulness, financial desire discrepancy, and subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality. 43(5), pp. 727 - 736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.002
The emotional and academic consequences of parental conditional regard: Comparing conditional positive regard, conditional negative regard, and autonomy support as parenting practices
Roth, Guy, Assor, Avi, Niemiec, Christopher P., Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). The emotional and academic consequences of parental conditional regard: Comparing conditional positive regard, conditional negative regard, and autonomy support as parenting practices. Developmental Psychology. 45(4), pp. 1119 - 1142. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015272
Wellness as healthy functioning or wellness as happiness: The importance of eudaimonic thinking (response to the Kashdan et al. and Waterman discussion)
Ryan, Richard Michael and Huta, Veronika. (2009). Wellness as healthy functioning or wellness as happiness: The importance of eudaimonic thinking (response to the Kashdan et al. and Waterman discussion). The Journal of Positive Psychology. 4(3), pp. 202 - 204. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760902844285
The impact of school suspensions: A student wellbeing issue
Williams, Geoffrey C., Niemiec, Christopher P., Patrick, Heather, Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). The impact of school suspensions: A student wellbeing issue. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 37(3), pp. 315 - 324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9090-y
Having to versus wanting to play: Background and consequences of harmonious versus obsessive engagement in video games
Przybylski, Andrew K., Weinstein, Netta, Ryan, Richard Michael and Rigby, C. Scott. (2009). Having to versus wanting to play: Background and consequences of harmonious versus obsessive engagement in video games. Cyberpsychology and Behavior. 12(5), pp. 485 - 492. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0083
Self-determination theory and physical activity: The dynamics of motivation in development and wellness
Ryan, Richard Michael, Williams, Geoffrey C., Patrick, Heather and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). Self-determination theory and physical activity: The dynamics of motivation in development and wellness. Hellenic Journal of Psychology. 6(2), pp. 107 - 124.
Can self-determination theory explain what underlies the productive, satisfying learning experiences of collectivistically oriented Korean students?
Jang, Hyungshim, Reeve, Johnmarshall, Ryan, Richard Michael and Kim, Ahyoung. (2009). Can self-determination theory explain what underlies the productive, satisfying learning experiences of collectivistically oriented Korean students? Journal of Educational Psychology. 101(3), pp. 644 - 661. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014241
Undermining quality teaching and learning: A self-determination theory perspective on high-stakes testing
Ryan, Richard Michael and Weinstein, Netta. (2009). Undermining quality teaching and learning: A self-determination theory perspective on high-stakes testing. Theory and Research in Education. 7(2), pp. 224 - 233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878509104327
Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory
Stone, D N., Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory. Journal of General Management. 34(3), pp. 75 - 91. https://doi.org/10.1177/030630700903400305
On being yourself in different cultures: Ideal and actual self-concept, autonomy support, and well-being in China, Russia, and the United States
Lynch, Martin F., La Guardia, Jennifer G. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2009). On being yourself in different cultures: Ideal and actual self-concept, autonomy support, and well-being in China, Russia, and the United States. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 4(4 Special Issue), pp. 290 - 304. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760902933765
Aspiring to physical health: The role of aspirations for physical health in facilitating long-term tobacco abstinence
Niemiec, Christopher P., Ryan, Richard Michael, Deci, Edward L. and Williams, Geoffrey C.. (2009). Aspiring to physical health: The role of aspirations for physical health in facilitating long-term tobacco abstinence. Patient Education and Counseling. 74(2), pp. 250 - 257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2008.08.015
Self-determination theory in schools of education: Can an empirically supported framework also be critical and liberating?
Ryan, Richard Michael and Niemiec, Christopher P.. (2009). Self-determination theory in schools of education: Can an empirically supported framework also be critical and liberating? Theory and Research in Education. 7(2), pp. 263 - 272. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878509104331
The motivating role of violence in video games
Przybylski, Andrew K., Ryan, Richard Michael and Rigby, C. Scott. (2009). The motivating role of violence in video games. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 35(2), pp. 243 - 259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208327216
Promoting self-determined school engagement: Motivation, learning and well-being
Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). Promoting self-determined school engagement: Motivation, learning and well-being. In In K.R. Wentzel and A. Wigfield (Ed.). Handbook of motivation at school pp. 171 - 195 Routledge.
The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life
Niemiec, Christopher P., Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2009). The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life. Journal of Research in Personality. 43(3), pp. 291 - 306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.09.001
Can nature make us more caring? Effects of immersion in nature on intrinsic aspirations and generosity
Weinstein, Netta, Przybylski, Andrew K. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2009). Can nature make us more caring? Effects of immersion in nature on intrinsic aspirations and generosity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 35(10), pp. 1315 - 1329. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209341649
Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains
Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian Psychology. Canada: Canadian Psychology. pp. 14 - 23 https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14
The role of awareness and autonomy in quieting the ego: A self-determination theory perspective
Niemiec, Christopher P., Ryan, Richard Michael and Brown, Kirk Warren. (2008). The role of awareness and autonomy in quieting the ego: A self-determination theory perspective. In In H.A. Wayment and J.J. Bauer (Ed.). Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego pp. 107 - 116 American Psychological Association.
Self-determination theory and the role of basic psychological needs in personality and the organization of behavior
Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2008). Self-determination theory and the role of basic psychological needs in personality and the organization of behavior. In In O.P. John, R.W. Robins and L.A. Pervin (Ed.). Handbook of personality: Theory and research pp. 1867 - 1938 Guilford Press.
Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction
Deci, Edward L. and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies. 9(1), pp. 1 - 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1
Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia
Ryan, Richard Michael, Huta, Veronika and Deci, Edward L.. (2008). Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies. 9(1), pp. 139 - 170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4
Too good to last: The short but inspiring career of an autonomy-supportive english teacher
Ryan, Richard Michael. (2008). Too good to last: The short but inspiring career of an autonomy-supportive english teacher. In In F. Pajares and T.C. Urdan (Ed.). The ones we remember: Scholars reflect on teachers who made a difference pp. 149 - 159 Information Age Publishing, Inc..
Facilitating health behaviour change and its maintenance: Interventions based on Self-Determination Theory
Ryan, Richard Michael, Patrick, Heather, Deci, Edward L. and Williams, Geoffrey C.. (2008). Facilitating health behaviour change and its maintenance: Interventions based on Self-Determination Theory. European Psychologist. 10, pp. 2 - 5.
Beyond me: Mindful responses to social threat
Brown, Kirk Warren, Ryan, Richard Michael, Creswell, J. David and Niemiec, Christopher P.. (2008). Beyond me: Mindful responses to social threat. In In H.A. Wayment and J.J. Bauer (Ed.). Transcending self-interest pp. 75 - 84 American Psychological Association.
A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy :The motivational basis for effective change
Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward. (2008). A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy :The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012753
Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory
Stone, D. N., Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2008). Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory. Journal of General Management. 34(3), pp. 75 - 91.
Self-determination theory and the explanatory role of psychological needs in human well-being
Deci, Edward L., Ryan, Richard Michael and Vansteenkiste, Maurizio. (2008). Self-determination theory and the explanatory role of psychological needs in human well-being. In In L. Bruni and F. Comim (Ed.). Capabilities and happiness pp. 187 - 223 Oxford University Press.
What makes lessons interesting? The role of situational and individual factors in three school subjects
Tsai, Yi-Miau, Kunter, Mareike, Ludtke, Oliver, Trautwein, Ulrich and Ryan, Richard Michael. (2008). What makes lessons interesting? The role of situational and individual factors in three school subjects. Journal of Educational Psychology. 100(2), pp. 460 - 472. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.2.460
From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self
Ryan, Richard Michael and Deci, Edward L.. (2008). From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2(2), pp. 702 - 717. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00098.x
Why identities fluctuate: Variability in traits as a function of situational variations in autonomy support
La Guardia, J. G. and Ryan, Richard. (2007). Why identities fluctuate: Variability in traits as a function of situational variations in autonomy support. Journal of Personality. 75(6), pp. 1205 - 1228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00473.x
Some costs of AmericaN Corporate Capitalism: A Psychological Exploration of Value and Goal Conflicts
Kasser, T., Cohn, Steve, Kanner, Allen D. and Ryan, Richard. (2007). Some costs of AmericaN Corporate Capitalism: A Psychological Exploration of Value and Goal Conflicts. Psychological Inquiry: an international journal of peer commentary and review. 18(1), pp. 1 - 22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701386579
Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects
Brown, K. W., Ryan, Richard and Creswell, J. David. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry: an international journal of peer commentary and review. 18(4), pp. 211 - 237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298
Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: Adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning.
Soenens, Bart, Vansteenkiste, Maarten, Lens, Willy, Luyckx, Koen, Goossens, Luc, Beyers, Wim and Ryan, Richard. (2007). Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: Adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology. 43(3), pp. 633 - 646. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.633
How integrative is attachment theory? Unpacking the meaning and significance of felt security
Ryan, Richard, Brown, K. W. and Creswell, J. David. (2007). How integrative is attachment theory? Unpacking the meaning and significance of felt security. Psychological Inquiry: an international journal of peer commentary and review. 18(3), pp. 177 - 182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701512778
The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology
Ryan, Richard M., Deci, Edward L., Grolnick, Wendy S. and La Guardia, Jennifer G.. (2006). The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In In Cicchetti, Dante and Cohen, Donald J. (Ed.). Developmental psychopathalogy : Volume 1 : Theory and method pp. 795-849 John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470939383.ch20
Testing a self-determination theory intervention for motivating tobacco cessation: Supporting autonomy and competence in a clinical trial
Williams, Geoffrey C., McGregor, Holly, Sharp, Daryl, Lévesque, Chantal S., Kouides, Ruth W., Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward. (2006). Testing a self-determination theory intervention for motivating tobacco cessation: Supporting autonomy and competence in a clinical trial. Health Psychology. 25(1), pp. 91 - 101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.91
The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach
Ryan, Richard, Rigby, C. S. and Przybylski, A. K.. (2006). The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and Emotion. 30(4), pp. 347 - 363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8
Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will?
Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward. (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will? Journal of Personality. 74(6), pp. 1557 - 1585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00420.x
Social pressure, coercion, and client engagement at treatment entry: A self-determination theory perspective
Wild, T. Cameron, Cunningham, John A. and Ryan, Richard. (2006). Social pressure, coercion, and client engagement at treatment entry: A self-determination theory perspective. Addictive Behaviors. 31(10), pp. 1858 - 1872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.01.002
Choice and ego-depletion: The moderating role of autonomy
Moller, Arien C., Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2006). Choice and ego-depletion: The moderating role of autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 32(8), pp. 1024 - 1036. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206288008
A self-determination multiple risk intervention trial to improve smokers' health
Williams, Geoffrey C., McGregor, Holly, Sharp, Daryl, Kouides, Ruth W., Lévesque, Chantal S., Ryan, Richard M. and Deci, Edward L.. (2006). A self-determination multiple risk intervention trial to improve smokers' health. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 21(12), pp. 1288-1294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00621.x
Validation of the "important other" climate questionnaire: Assessing autonomy support for health-related change
Williams, Geoffrey C., Lynch, Martin F., McGregor, Holly, Ryan, Richard, Sharp, Daryl and Deci, Edward. (2006). Validation of the "important other" climate questionnaire: Assessing autonomy support for health-related change. Families, Systems, and Health. 24(2), pp. 179 - 194. https://doi.org/10.1037/1091-7527.24.2.179
The antecedents and consequences of autonomous self-regulation for college: A self-determination theory perspective on socialization
Niemiec, C. P., Lynch, Martin F., Vansteenkiste, Maarten, Bernstein, J H., Deci, Edward and Ryan, Richard. (2006). The antecedents and consequences of autonomous self-regulation for college: A self-determination theory perspective on socialization. Journal of Adolescence. 29(5), pp. 761 - 775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.11.009
On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support: Mutuality in close friendships
Deci, Edward, La Guardia, J. G., Moller, Arien C., Scheiner, Marc J. and Ryan, Richard. (2006). On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support: Mutuality in close friendships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 32(3), pp. 313 - 327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205282148
Self-determination theory and public policy: Improving the quality of consumer decisions without using coercion
Moller, Arien C., Ryan, Richard and Deci, Edward. (2006). Self-determination theory and public policy: Improving the quality of consumer decisions without using coercion. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing. 25(1), pp. 104 - 116. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.25.1.104